Airbus GmbH

Hamburg

Befreiender Konzernabschluss zum Geschäftsjahr vom 01.01.2023 bis zum 31.12.2023

Airbus SE

Amsterdam/Niederlande

Airbus Annual Report 2023

Financial Statements 2023

Financial Statements

This document is a PDF version of the 2023 annual financial statements of Airbus SE including the independent auditor's report and has been prepared for ease of use. The 2023 annual financial statements and the independent auditor's report were made publicly available pursuant to section 5:25c of the Dutch Financial Supervision Act (Wet op het financieel toezicht), and were filed with Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets in European single electronic reporting format ('the ESEF package') and are available on the AFM's website (https://www.afm.nl/nl-nl/sector/registers/meldingenregisters/financiele-verslaggeving) as well as on Airbus SE's website (https:// www.airbus.com/en/investors/ financial-results-annual-reports).

In any case of discrepancies between this 'PDF format' and 'the ESEF package', the ESEF package prevails.

1 Airbus SE IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements

Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Income Statement for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Revenue	12	65,446	58,763
Cost of sales		(55,402)	(48,192)
Gross margin	12	10,044	10,571
Selling expenses		(867)	(788)
Administrative expenses		(1,654)	(1,452)
Research and development expenses	13	(3,257)	(3,079)
Other income	14	243	471
Other expenses	14	(209)	(590)
Share of profit from investments accounted for under the equity method	15	267	134
Other income from investments	15	36	58
Profit before financial result and income taxes		4,603	5,325
Interest income	16	728	180
Interest expense	16	(753)	(412)
Other financial result	16	191	(18)
Total financial result	16	166	(250)
Income taxes	17	(1,156)	(939)
Profit for the period		3,613	4,136
Attributable to
Equity owners of the parent (Net income)		3,789	4,247
Non-controlling interests		(176)	(111)
Earnings per share		€	€
Basic	18	4.80	5.40
Diluted	18	4.80	5.39

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS).

Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Profit for the period		3,613	4,136
Other comprehensive income
Items that will not be reclassified to profit or loss:
Re-measurement of the defined benefit pension plans	31	(29)	3,530
Income tax relating to re-measurement of the defined benefit pension plans	17	(240)	(320)
Change in fair value of financial assets		61	(446)
Income tax relating to change in fair value of financial assets	17	(8)	56
Share of change from investments accounted for under the equity method		(20)	241
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss:
Foreign currency translation differences for foreign operations		4	101
Change in fair value of cash flow hedges	37	3,298	(3,203)
Income tax relating to change in fair value of cash flow hedges	17	(904)	857
Change in fair value of financial assets		289	(723)
Income tax relating to change in fair value of financial assets	17	(3)	22
Share of change from investments accounted for under the equity method		(1)	122
Other comprehensive income, net of tax		2,447	237
Total comprehensive income for the period		6,060	4,373
Attributable to:
Equity owners of the parent		6,216	4,485
Non-controlling interests		(156)	(112)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS).

Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Statement of Financial Position for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

Assets

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Non-current assets
Intangible assets	19	16,929	16,768
Property, plant and equipment	20	17,201	16,505
Investment property		35	37
Investments accounted for under the equity method	9	2,228	2,067
Other investments and other long-term financial assets	21	4,719	4,190
Non-current contract assets	22	26	26
Non-current other financial assets	25	922	781
Non-current other assets	26	1,854	1,872
Deferred tax assets	17	3,448	4,683
Non-current securities	36	7,508	6,013
Total non-current assets		54,870	52,942
Current assets
Inventories	23	33,741	32,202
Trade receivables	22	4,725	4,953
Current portion of other long-term financial assets	21	795	665
Current contract assets	22	1,823	1,501
Current other financial assets	25	1,851	2,542
Current other assets	26	2,697	2,850
Current tax assets		546	704
Current securities	36	1,301	1,762
Cash and cash equivalents	36	16,469	15,823
Total current assets		63,948	63,002
Assets and disposal group of assets classified as held for sale		53	0
Total assets		118,871	115,944

Equity and liabilities

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Equity attributable to equity owners of the parent
Capital stock		791	789
Share premium		3,983	3,837
Retained earnings		15,616	13,408
Accumulated other comprehensive income		(2,305)	(5,016)
Treasury shares		(390)	(68)
Total equity attributable to equity owners of the parent		17,695	12,950
Non-controlling interests		35	32
Total equity	34	17,730	12,982
Liabilities
Non-current liabilities
Non-current provisions	24	5,667	6,896
Long-term financing liabilities	36	10,202	10,631
Non-current contract liabilities	22	23,961	22,044
Non-current other financial liabilities	25	6,715	10,117
Non-current other liabilities	26	450	498
Deferred tax liabilities	17	361	164
Non-current deferred income		35	17
Total non-current liabilities		47,391	50,367
Current liabilities
Current provisions	24	4,161	4,127
Short-term financing liabilities	36	3,389	2,142
Trade liabilities	22	14,323	13,261
Current contract liabilities	22	24,537	23,869
Current other financial liabilities	25	2,569	4,073
Current other liabilities	26	3,507	3,803
Current tax liabilities		740	817
Current deferred income		450	503
Total current liabilities		53,676	52,595
Disposal group of liabilities classified as held for sale		74	0
Total liabilities		101,141	102,962
Total equity and liabilities		118,871	115,944

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS).

Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Operating activities
Profit for the period attributable to equity owners of the parent (Net income)		3,789	4,247
Loss for the period attributable to non-controlling interests		(176)	(111)
Adjustments to reconcile profit for the period to cash provided by operating activities:
Interest income	16	(728)	(180)
Interest expense	16	753	412
Interest received		690	250
Interest paid		(606)	(322)
Income tax expense	17	1,156	939
Income tax paid		(544)	(790)
Depreciation and amortisation	11	2,242	2,716
Valuation adjustments		(541)	(569)
Results on disposals of non-current assets		64	25
Results of investments accounted for under the equity method	15	(267)	(133)
Change in current and non-current provisions	24	(114)	(1,016)
Contribution to plan assets	31	(668)	(601)
Change in other operating assets and liabilities		1,205	1,421
Inventories	23,36	(1,854)	(3,218)
Trade receivables	22	258	(115)
Contract assets and liabilities	36	2,277	3,300
Trade liabilities	22,36	1,421	3,309
Other assets and liabilities	25,26	(897)	(1,855)
Cash provided by operating activities		6,255	6,288
Investing activities
Purchases of intangible assets, property, plant and equipment, investment property	20	(3,051)	(2,464)
Proceeds from disposals of intangible assets, property, plant and equipment and investment property	20	75	101
Acquisitions of subsidiaries, joint ventures, businesses and non-controlling interests (net of cash)	8	(65)	(188)
Payments for investments accounted for under the equity method, other investments and other long-term financial assets		(960)	(777)
Proceeds from disposals of investments accounted for under the equity method, other investments and other long-term financial assets		509	459
Dividends paid by companies valued at equity	9	150	100
Disposals of non-current assets and disposal groups classified as assets held for sale and liabilities directly associated	8	0	0
Payments for investments in securities	36	(2,700)	(1,851)
Proceeds from disposals of securities	36	1,914	1,507
Cash (used for) investing activities		(4,128)	(3,113)
Financing activities
Increase in financing liabilities	36	247	171
Repayment of financing liabilities	36	(52)	(1,348)
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders	34	(1,421)	(1,181)
Dividends paid to non-controlling interests		0	(1)
Payments for liability for puttable instruments		138	135
Changes in capital and non-controlling interests	34	146	145
Change in treasury shares	34	(334)	(36)
Cash (used for) financing activities		(1,276)	(2,115)
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(201)	191
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents	36	650	1,251
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period	36	15,823	14,572
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	36	16,473	15,823
thereof presented as cash and cash equivalents	36	16,469	15,823
thereof presented as part of disposal groups classified as held for sale	8	4	0

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS)

Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

		Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent
					Accumulated other comprehensive income
(In € million)	Note	Capital stock	Share premium	Retained earnings	Financial assets at fair value	Cash flow hedges
Balance at 1 January 2022		787	3,712	6,834	456	(3,448)
Profit for the period		0	0	4,247	0	0
Other comprehensive income		0	0	3,432	(1,091)	(2,240)
Total comprehensive income for the period		0	0	7,679	(1,091)	(2,240)
Capital increase	34	2	125	0	0	0
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	32	0	0	115	0	0
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders / Dividends paid to non-controlling interests	34	0	0	(1,181)	0	0
Equity transaction (IAS 27)		0	0	(39)	0	0
Change in treasury shares	34	0	0	0	0	0
Balance at 31 December 2022		789	3,837	13,408	(635)	(5,688)
Profit for the period		0	0	3,789	0	0
Other comprehensive income		0	0	(284)	339	2,390
Total comprehensive income for the period		0	0	3,505	339	2,390
Capital increase	34	2	146	0	0	0
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	32	0	0	168	0	0
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders / Dividends paid to non-controlling interests	34	0	0	(1,421)	0	0
Equity transaction (IAS 27)		0	0	(44)	0	0
Change in treasury shares	34	0	0	0	0	0
Balance at 31 December 2023		791	3,983	15,616	(296)	(3,298)

	Equity attributable to equity holders of the parent
	Accumulated other comprehensive income
(In € million)	Foreign currency translation adjustments	Treasury shares	Total	Non-controlling interests	Total equity
Balance at 1 January 2022	1,170	(45)	9,466	20	9,486
Profit for the period	0	0	4,247	(111)	4,136
Other comprehensive income	137	0	238	(1)	237
Total comprehensive income for the period	137	0	4,485	(112)	4,373
Capital increase	0	0	127	0	127
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	0	0	115	0	115
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders / Dividends paid to non-controlling interests	0	0	(1,181)	(1)	(1,182)
Equity transaction (IAS 27)	0	0	(39)	125	86
Change in treasury shares	0	(23)	(23)	0	(23)
Balance at 31 December 2022	1,307	(68)	12,950	32	12,982
Profit for the period	0	0	3,789	(176)	3,613
Other comprehensive income	(18)	0	2,427	20	2,447
Total comprehensive income for the period	(18)	0	6,216	(156)	6,060
Capital increase	0	0	148	0	148
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	0	0	168	0	168
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders / Dividends paid to non-controlling interests	0	0	(1,421)	0	(1,421)
Equity transaction (IAS 27)	0	0	(44)	159	115
Change in treasury shares	0	(322)	(322)	0	(322)
Balance at 31 December 2023	1,289	(390)	17,695	35	17,730

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements (IFRS).

2 Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements

2.1 Basis of Preparation

1. The Company

The accompanying IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements present the financial position and the results of operations of Airbus SE (together with its subsidiaries referred to as "the Company"), a European public limited-liability company (Societas Europaea) with its seat (statutaire zetel) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, its registered address at Mendelweg 30, 2333 CS Leiden, The Netherlands, and registered with the Dutch Commercial Register

(Handelsregister) under number 24288945. The Company's reportable segments are Airbus, Airbus Helicopters and Airbus Defence and Space (see "- Note 11: Segment Information"). The Company is listed on the European stock exchanges in Paris, Frankfurt am Main, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Bilbao. The IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements were authorised for issue by the Company's Board of Directors on 14 February 2024.

2. Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Environment

While 2023 saw the stabilisation of both inflation and the energy crisis, the Company observed an overall cost increase over its businesses (see "- Note 12: Revenues and Gross Margin"). On the other hand, the continued high interest rate environment resulted in an improved interest result (see "- Note 16: Total Financial Result").

The war in Ukraine has increased the Company's exposure to supply chain disruption risk given that part of the titanium used by the Company is sourced from Russia, both directly and indirectly through the Company's suppliers. As a consequence, a de-risking plan is being implemented to increase resilience. It consists in establishing alternatives to the current materials and parts references. This has prevented the Company from any production disruptions in 2023 and it is continuously being reviewed to avoid any shortage in the supply chain.

In 2023, the Company maintained compliance with all applicable regulations and sanctions on its facilities and operations in Russia. The Representative Office in Moscow was closed in August 2023, while the Airbus Russia affiliate (Airbus RUS) and the Space Division's two joint ventures in Russia, Energia Satellite Technologies and Synertech, are in the process of being closed.

The Company was also indirectly exposed to risk through the joint venture ArianeGroup, which had received advance payments from customers and also made advance payments to the Russian Soyuz program in relation to launches that were suspended. As of 31 December 2023, agreements have been reached with all the clients on pre-payments received.

Although the Company is operating in a complex global environment and continues to be affected by delays of materials and parts in 2023, it maintains its production ramp-up trajectory. The A220 ramp-up continues towards a monthly production rate of 14 aircraft in 2026, with a focus on the programme's industrial maturity and financial performance. On the A320 Family programme, production is progressing well towards the previously announced rate of 75 aircraft per month in 2026. In 2023, construction of the second A320 Final Assembly capacities in Tianjin (China) and Mobile (US) commenced and the new A320 Family Final Assembly Line in Toulouse delivered its first aircraft in December. The first customer A321XLR entered into the Final Assembly Line in December, with entry-into-service for the aircraft type expected to take place in Q3 2024. On widebody aircraft, the Company continues towards a monthly rate of four aircraft for the A330 in 2024 and rate 10 in 2026 for the A350.

3. Climate Impacts

Climate change may have a major impact on both the company's industrial operations and its upstream and downstream value chain. The impacts have been taken into account by the management when preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company follows the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) to identify climate related risks and opportunities both transition and physical and establish a transition plan. The transition plan covers industrial operations, products and services, supply chain and employees and is consistent with the aviation sector's long-term aspirational decarbonisation goal of reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.

Scope 1 & 2 represent around 0.2% of total emissions each. The Company's Scope 3 category 11 - Use of sold products - has been identified as highly material for the Company, representing above 90% of total emissions. The second most material was Category 1 - Purchased goods and services, representing around 2.5% of total emissions. CO ₂ emissions from commercial aircraft in operation appear to be the most material category. In order to address the Company's carbon footprint, five strategic pathways that are part of the transition plan have been established. The strategic pathways focus on the following (i) renew current fleet with best-in-class aircraft (ii) developing and deploying SAF (all aircraft types compatible with up to 100% SAF by 2030) (iii) investing in technologies to reduce product emissions (iv) investing in smart air traffic management (ATM) solutions and optimised operations and (v) encouraging temporary CO ₂ emission compensation schemes.

As of 31 December 2023, the impacts of the transition plan were included in the Financial Statements as well as the Company's Operative Plan.

Accordingly, research and development expenditures mostly relate to the latest generation commercial aircraft programmes which are more fuel-efficient than the previous generation, therefore offering an immediate potential for aviation decarbonisation when replacing a previous generation aircraft. Research and development costs also included significant expenses related to "zero direct tailpipe CO ₂ emissions" technologies alongside research activities and technical work in order to reach the goal of obtaining certification for operating with up to 100% SAF for all current aircraft programmes before the end of the decade.

Furthermore, the Company invests in decarbonising its stationary sources (ground fixed assets) and mobile sources ("Beluga" air transport, flight operations and sea vessels). In 2023 above €30 million was invested in renewable energy, energy efficiency, biomass and industrial improvements, all of which are part of the Company's industrial decarbonisation roadmap. The internal carbon price, set at €150 per tonne of CO ₂ , is used to support decision making of the Company's capital expenditures investment taking into account CO ₂ reduction impacts on operations.

In 2023 the Company invested more than €40 million in companies and partnerships (e.g. DG Fuel, JetZero, ZeroAvia and Hy24) in order to foster the hydrogen and SAF ecosystem readiness.

According to the assessment performed for both acute and chronic physical risk using the TCFD recommendations (e.g. extreme temperatures, flood sea level rise or water stress), medium or high probability of these risks materialising is seen around 2050 in the well below 2°C (WB2°C) scenario. In this scenario societies gradually adopt practices to enable the required levels of reduction of emissions, including increasing investment in and development of technologies that could reduce emissions of the transport sector and limit emissions growth. For the comprehensive list of climate-related risks considered and a full description of the climate scenarios, please refer to the Risk Factors section in the "Report of the Board of Directors - 4.6.4 Environment, human rights, health & safety risks - Climate-related risks". Policies to decarbonise are progressively introduced. The weighted average remaining useful life for the predominant portion of depreciable assets in France, Germany, UK, Spain, United States and Canada collectively constituting the majority of the Company's Property, Plant, and Equipment is approximately 14 years. As a result, the Company did not identify a need to change the assumption on the useful life of its Property, Plant and Equipment as the largest share of the assets will fully depreciate before 2050.

In January 2023, the Company received approval from the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) for its greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reduction near-term targets. These targets, in line with the Paris Agreement's objectives, are based on climate science and cover the full set of the Company's emissions. The Company intends to reduce its Scope 1 and Scope 2 industrial emissions by up to 63% by 2030, in line with a 1.5°C pathway. The Company also committed to reducing by 46% the greenhouse gas emissions intensity generated by its commercial aircraft in service (Scope 3 - Use of Sold Product) by 2035. Both targets are based on the 2015 year as a baseline. In 2023, scope 1 & 2 GHG emissions have decreased by around 15% vs. 2022, and 42% vs. baseline 2015 year.

In addition, verified carbon compensation schemes were purchased voluntarily in order to compensate for its residual Scope 1 and 2 emissions - around 725k tons of CO ₂ e.

Capitalised development costs

The Company estimates that there is no impact on the useful life of capitalised development costs as it believes that its latest generation commercial aircraft programmes, which represent a majority of its capitalised development costs, will play a pivotal role in achieving near term decarbonisation targets. This will be supported by the fleet renewal with latest generation aircraft which deliver significant CO ₂ emissions savings when compared to previous generation aircraft. The Company's goal of obtaining certification for operating with up to 100% SAF for all current aircraft programmes before the end of the decade will further substantiate their useful life.

The Company's order book is composed almost entirely of these more fuel-efficient aircraft. Net orders, strengthening the order book in 2023, further demonstrate continuous demand for fuel efficient aircraft and their role in supporting the sector's decarbonisation ambitions.

The remaining portion of capitalised development costs relate to helicopter programmes that in 2023 saw strong demand and are planned to be capable of being operated with 100% SAF by 2030, satellite programmes as well as technologies such as High-Altitude Platform systems (HAPS). A significant share of these products plays an important role in supporting climate change monitoring and adaptation (e.g. earth observation satellites, search and rescue and firefighting helicopters as well as wildlife or environmental monitoring).

4. Material Accounting Policies

Basis of preparation - The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"), issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") as endorsed by the European Union ("EU") and Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code. When reference is made to IFRS, this intends to be EU-IFRS.

The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, unless otherwise indicated. They are prepared and reported in euro ("€") and all values are rounded to the nearest million appropriately. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not add up precisely to the totals provided and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

The Company describes the accounting policies applied in each of the individual notes to the Financial Statements and avoids repeating the text of the standard, unless this is considered relevant to the understanding of the note's content. The Company's accounting policies and methods are unchanged compared to 31 December 2022. The implementation of other amended standards has no material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements as of 31 December 2023. The most material accounting policies are described below, and have been updated accordingly.

Revenue recognition - Revenue is recognised when the Company transfers control of the promised goods or services to the customer. The Company measures revenue, for the consideration to which the Company is expected to be entitled in exchange for transferring promised goods or services. Variable considerations are included in the transaction price when it is highly probable that there will be no significant reversal of the revenue in the future. The Company identifies the various performance obligations of the contract and allocates the transaction price to these performance obligations. Advances and pre-delivery payments (contract liabilities) are received in the normal course of business and are not considered to be a significant financing component as they are intended to protect the Company from the customer failing to complete its contractual obligations.

Revenue from the sale of commercial aircraft is recognised at a point in time (i.e. at delivery of the aircraft). The Company estimates the amount of price concession granted by the Company's engine suppliers to their customers as a reduction of both revenue and cost of sales.

An aircraft can remain in storage under a bill-and-hold arrangement. In such cases, revenue is recognised when the requirements for the transfer of control under a bill-and-hold arrangement are fulfilled.

Revenue from the sale of military aircraft, space systems and services - When control of produced goods or rendered services is transferred over time to the customer, revenue is recognised over time, i.e. under the percentage of completion method ("PoC" method).

The Company transfers control over time when:

―	it produces a good with no alternative use and the Company has an irrevocable right to payment (including a reasonable margin) for the work completed to date, in the event of contract termination at the convenience of customers (e.g. Tiger contract); or
―	it creates a good which is controlled by the customer as the good is created or enhanced (e.g. Eurofighter contracts, some border security contracts, A400M development); or
―	the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided by the Company (e.g. maintenance contracts).

For the application of the over time method (PoC method), the measurement of progress towards complete satisfaction of a performance obligation is based on inputs (i.e. cost incurred).

When none of the criteria stated above have been met, revenue is recognised at a point in time. For instance, revenue is recognised at the delivery of aircraft under IFRS 15 from the sale of military transport aircraft, from the A400M launch contract and most of NH90 serial helicopters' contracts.

Provisions for onerous contracts - The Company records provisions for onerous contracts when it becomes probable that the total contract costs will exceed total contract revenue. Before a provision for onerous contracts is recorded, the related assets under construction are measured at their net realisable value and written-off if necessary. Onerous contracts are identified by monitoring the progress of the contract together with the underlying programme status. An estimate of the related contract costs is made, which requires significant and complex assumptions, judgements and estimates related to achieving certain performance standards (see "- Note 5: Key Estimates and Judgements", "- Note 12: Revenue and Gross Margin" and "- Note 24: Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities").

Research and development expenses - The costs for internally generated research are expensed when incurred. The costs for internally generated development are capitalised when:

―	the product or process is technically feasible and clearly defined (i.e. the critical design review is finalised);
―	adequate resources are available to successfully complete the development;
―	the benefits from the assets are demonstrated (a market exists or the internal usefulness is demonstrated) and the costs attributable to the projects are reliably measured;
―	the Company intends to produce and market or use the developed product or process and can demonstrate its profitability.

Income tax credits granted for research and development activities are deducted from corresponding expenses or from capitalised amounts when earned.

Capitalised development costs, are recognised either as intangible assets or when the related development activities lead to the construction of specialised tooling for production ("jigs and tools"), or involve the design, construction and testing of prototypes and models, as property, plant and equipment. Capitalised development costs are generally amortised over the estimated number of units produced. If the number of units produced cannot be estimated reliably, they are amortised over the estimated useful life of the internally generated intangible asset. Amortisation of capitalised development costs is recognised in cost of sales. In testing long-life assets such as jigs and tools and capitalised development costs for impairment, the Company makes estimates on the number and timing of aircraft units to be delivered in the future, the margin of these aircraft, and the discount rate associated with the aircraft programme.

Inventories are measured at the lower of acquisition cost (generally the average cost) or manufacturing cost and net realisable value. Manufacturing costs comprise all costs that are directly attributable to the manufacturing process, such as direct material and labour, and production related overheads (based on normal operating capacity and normal consumption of material, labour and other production costs), including depreciation charges. Net realisable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of the business less the estimated costs to complete the sale. For aircraft that may need to be remarketed, the impairment of working progress and finished aircraft is assessed based on an estimation of the future selling price and associated remarketing costs.

Transactions in foreign currency, i.e. transactions in currencies other than the functional currency of an entity of the Company, are translated into the functional currency at the foreign exchange rate prevailing at the transaction date. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies at the end of the reporting period are remeasured into the functional currency at the exchange rate in effect at that date. Except when deferred in equity as qualifying cash flow hedges (see "- Note 37: Financial Instruments"), these foreign exchange remeasurement gains and losses are recognised, in line with the underlying item:

―	in profit before financial result and income taxes if the substance of the transaction is commercial (including sales financing transactions); and
―	in financial result for financial transactions.

Non-monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies that are stated at historical cost are translated into functional currency at the foreign exchange rate in effect at the date of the transaction. Translation differences on non-monetary financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value are reported as part of the fair value gain or loss. However, translation differences of non-monetary financial assets measured at fair value and classified as fair value through other comprehensive income ("OCI") are included in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI").

Hedge accounting - Most of the Company's revenue is denominated in US dollar ("US$"), while a major portion of its costs are incurred in euro. The Company is significantly exposed to the risk of currency changes, mainly resulting from US$/€ exchange rates. Furthermore, the Company is exposed, though to a much lesser extent, to foreign exchange risk arising from costs incurred in currencies other than the euro and to other market risks such as interest rate risk, commodity price and equity price risk.

In order to manage and mitigate those risks, the Company enters into derivative contracts. The Company applies hedge accounting to its derivative contracts whenever the relevant IFRS criteria can be met. Hedge accounting ensures that derivative gains or losses are recognised in profit or loss (mainly in revenue) in the same period that the hedged items or transactions affect profit or loss.

The major portion of the Company's derivative contracts is accounted for under the cash flow hedge model. The fair value hedge model is used only for certain interest rate derivatives. Derivative contracts which do not qualify for hedge accounting are accounted for at fair value through profit or loss; any related gains or losses being recognised in financial result.

The Company's hedging strategies and hedge accounting policies are described in more detail in "- Note 37: Financial Instruments".

Leases - The Company assesses whether a contract is, or contains, a lease, at inception of the contract.

The Company recognises a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability with respect to all lease arrangements in which it is the lessee, except for short-term leases and leases of low value assets.

The Company recognises right-of-use assets at the commencement date of the lease, when the underlying asset is available for use. The right-of-use assets comprise the initial measurement of the corresponding lease liability, lease payments made at or before the commencement day, less any lease incentives received and any initial direct costs. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid at the commencement date, discounted by using the rate implicit in the lease. If this rate cannot be readily determined, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate.

The Company presents right-of-use assets within "Property, plant and equipment" and lease liabilities within "Financing liabilities" and classifies the principal portion of lease payments within financing activities and the interest portion within operating activities.

When the Company is the lessor, assets under operating leases are also included in "Property, plant and equipment". Lease income from operating leases is recognised on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease (see "- Note 20: Property, Plant and Equipment" "- Note 36.3: Financing Liabilities").

5. Key Estimates and Judgements

The preparation of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions. In preparing these Financial Statements, management exercises its best judgement based upon its experience and the circumstances prevailing at that time. The estimates and assumptions are based on available information and conditions at the end of the financial period presented and are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Key estimates and judgements that have a significant influence on the amounts recognised in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements are mentioned below:

Revenue recognition for performance obligations transferred over time - The PoC method is used to recognise revenue for performance obligations transferred over time. This method places considerable importance on accurate estimates at completion as well as on the extent of progress towards completion. For the determination of the progress of the performance obligations, significant estimates include total contract costs, remaining costs to completion, total contract revenue, contract risks and other judgements.

The Company and its customer may agree to modify the scope or price of long-term contracts. Once the revised rights and obligations are agreed and enforceable, the Company estimates the change in the transaction price.

The management of the segments continually review all estimates involved in such performance obligations and adjusts them as necessary (see "- Note 22: Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities, Trade Receivables and Trade Liabilities").

Provisions - The evaluation of provisions, such as onerous contracts, program-related provisions and restructuring measures are based on best estimates. Onerous contracts are identified by monitoring the progress of the contract and the underlying programme performance. The associated estimates of the relevant contract costs require significant judgement related to performance achievements. Depending on the size and nature of the Company's contracts and related programmes, the extent of assumptions, judgements and estimates in these monitoring processes differs. In particular, the introduction of commercial or military aircraft programmes (e.g. A400M) or major derivative aircraft programmes involves an increased level of estimates and judgements associated with the expected development, production and certification schedules and expected cost components (see "- Note 24: Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities").

In view of overall commercial relationships, contract adjustments may occur, and must be considered on a case-by-case basis.

Estimates and judgements are subject to change based on new information as contracts and related programmes progress. Furthermore, the complex design and manufacturing processes of the Company's industry require challenging integration and coordination along the supply chain including an ongoing assessment of suppliers' assertions which may additionally impact the outcome of these monitoring processes.

A restructuring provision is recognised when the Company has developed a detailed formal plan for the restructuring and has raised a valid expectation in those affected that it will carry out the restructuring by starting to implement the plan or announcing its main features to those affected by it. The measurement of a restructuring provision is at the best estimate of the anticipated costs and includes only the direct expenditures arising from the restructuring, which are those amounts that are both necessarily entailed by the restructuring and not associated with the ongoing activities of the Company.

Financial instruments fair value measurement using Level 3 inputs - The Company uses its judgement to select a valuation methodology and make assumptions in order to determine the fair value of financial instruments that are not traded in an active market and for which no inputs other than quoted prices are observable. Valuation techniques (including Discounted Cash Flow model) rely on market conditions available at the reporting period together with estimates derived from the Company's own data. Changes in assumptions may result in a significant change in the reported fair value measurement of these financial instruments (See "- Note 37.2: Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments").

Non-current assets - Non-current other assets include payments to be made to Airbus by suppliers after aircraft delivery and are recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold at the time of aircraft delivery. This valuation involves the use of judgement and is based on the best available estimate of the future aircraft operations, the pattern of future maintenance activity and escalation of costs of long-term contractual arrangement with suppliers. The impact of climate change is also considered when making these estimates. These future payments are discounted to reflect specific contractual terms and repayment profile. In making such estimates, Airbus relies on both management experience and industry regulations, however, these estimates can be subject to revision (see - "Note 26: Other Assets and Other Liabilities").

Hedge accounting - The hedge portfolio covers a large portion of the Company's highly probable forecasted transactions derived from its commercial activities. The Company makes estimates and judgement in assessing the highly probable criteria of the forecasted transactions, in order to anticipate future events, as risk of future cancellations of orders (see "- Note 37: Financial Instruments").

Employee benefits - The Company accounts for pension and other post-retirement benefits in accordance with actuarial valuations. These valuations rely on statistical and other factors in order to anticipate future events. The actuarial assumptions may differ materially from actual developments mainly due to changing market and economic conditions and therefore result in a significant change in post-retirement employee benefit obligations and the related future expenses (see "- Note 31: Post-Employment Benefits").

Legal contingencies - The Company is party to litigations related to a number of matters as described in "- Note 38: Litigation and Claims". The outcome of these matters may have a material effect on the financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company. Management regularly analyses current information concerning these matters and provides provisions for probable cash outflows, including the estimate of legal expenses to resolve the matters. Internal and external lawyers are used for these assessments. In making the decision regarding the need for provisions, management considers the degree of probability of an unfavourable outcome and the ability to make a sufficiently reliable estimate of the amount of loss. The filing of a suit or formal assertion of a claim against the Airbus companies or the disclosure of any such suit or assertion, does not automatically indicate that a provision may be appropriate.

Income taxes - The Company operates and earns income in numerous countries and is subject to changing tax laws in multiple jurisdictions within these countries. Significant judgements are necessary in determining the worldwide income tax liabilities. Although management believes that it has made reasonable estimates about the final outcome of tax uncertainties, no assurance can be given that the final tax outcome of these matters will be consistent with what is reflected in the historical income tax provisions. At each end of the reporting period, the Company assesses whether the realisation of future tax benefits is probable to recognise deferred tax assets. This assessment requires the exercise of judgement on the part of management with respect to, among other things, benefits that could be realised from available tax strategies and future taxable income, as well as other positive and negative factors.

The recorded amount of total deferred tax assets could be reduced, through valuation allowances recognition, if estimates of projected future taxable income and benefits from available tax strategies are lowered, or if changes in current tax regulations are enacted that impose restrictions on the timing or extent of the Company's ability to utilise future tax benefits. The basis for the recoverability test of deferred tax assets is the same as the Company's latest operative planning also taking into account certain qualitative aspects regarding the nature of the temporary differences. Qualitative factors include but are not limited to an entity's history of planning accuracy, performance records, business model, backlog, existence of long-term contracts as well as the nature of temporary differences (see "- Note 17: Income Taxes").

Other subjects that involve assumptions and estimates are further described in the respective notes (see "- Note 8: Acquisitions and Disposals", "- Note 19: Intangible Assets" and "- Note 22: Contract Assets, Contract Liabilities and Trade Receivables, and Trade Liabilities").

6. Change in Accounting Policies and Disclosures

The accounting policies applied by the Company in preparation of its 2023 year-end Consolidated Financial Statements are the same as applied for the previous year. Other than that, amendments, improvements to and interpretations of standards effective from 1 January 2023 have no material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.

New, Revised or Amended IFRSs Applied from 1 January 2023

Amendments to IAS 12 "Income Taxes - International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules"

The amendments introduce a temporary exception to the accounting requirements for deferred taxes in IAS 12, so that an entity would neither recognise nor disclose information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. As a consequence, no deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognised in the Consolidated Financial Statements as of 31 December 2023.

New, Revised or Amended IFRSs Issued but not yet Applied

A number of new or revised standards, amendments and improvements to standards as well as interpretations are not yet effective for the year-ended 31 December 2023 and have not been applied in preparing these Consolidated Financial Statements and early adoption is not planned:

Standards and related amendments	IASB effective date for annual reporting periods beginning on or after	Endorsement status
Amendments to IFRS 16 "Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback"	1 January 2024	Endorsed
Amendments to IAS 1 "Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current"	1 January 2024	Endorsed
Amendments to IAS 1 "Non-current Liabilities with Covenants"	1 January 2024	Endorsed
Amendments to IAS 7 "Statement of Cash Flows" and IFRS 7 "Financial Instruments: Disclosures: Supplier Finance Arrangements" ⁽¹⁾	1 January 2024	Not yet endorsed
Amendments to IAS 21 "The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates: Lack of Exchangeability"	1 January 2025	Not yet endorsed

⁽¹⁾ As of 31 December 2023, for additional information related to Supplier Finance Arrangements, see "- Note 22. Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities, Trade Receivables and Trade Liabilities".

2.2 Airbus Structure

7. Scope of Consolidation

Consolidation - The Company's Consolidated Financial Statements include the Financial Statements of Airbus SE and all material subsidiaries controlled by the Company. The Company's subsidiaries prepare their Financial Statements at the same reporting date as the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements (see Appendix "Simplified Airbus Structure" chart).

Subsidiaries are entities controlled by the Company including so-called structured entities, which are created to accomplish a narrow and well-defined objective. They are fully consolidated from the date control commences to the date control ceases.

The assessment of control of a structured entity is performed in three steps. In a first step, the Company identifies the relevant activities of the structured entities (which may include managing lease receivables, managing the sale or re-lease at the end of the lease and managing the sale or re-lease on default) and in a second step, the Company assesses which activity is expected to have the most significant impact on the structured entities' return. Finally, the Company determines which party or parties control this activity.

The Company's interests in equity-accounted investees comprise investments in associates and joint ventures. Such investments are accounted for under the equity method and are initially recognised at cost.

The Financial Statements of the Company's investments in associates and joint ventures are generally prepared for the same reporting period as for the parent company. Adjustments are made where necessary to bring the accounting policies and accounting periods in line with those of the Company.

PERIMETER OF CONSOLIDATION

	31 December
(Number of companies)	2023	2022
Fully consolidated entities	175	179
Investments accounted for under the equity method
in joint ventures	63	53
in associates	21	29
Total	259	261

8. Acquisitions and Disposals

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method, as at the acquisition date, which is the date on which control is transferred to the Company.

The determination of the fair value of the acquired assets and the assumed liabilities which are the basis for the measurement of goodwill requires key estimates. Land, buildings and equipment are usually independently appraised while marketable securities are valued at market prices. If intangible assets are identified, depending on the type of intangible asset and the complexity of determining its fair value, the Company either consults with an independent external valuation expert or develops the fair value internally, using appropriate valuation techniques which are generally based on a forecast of the total expected future net cash flows.

These evaluations are linked closely to the assumptions made by management regarding the future performance of the assets concerned and the discount rate applied.

Loss of control, loss of joint control, loss of significant influence - Upon loss of control of a subsidiary, the assets and liabilities and any components of the Company's equity related to the subsidiary are derecognised. Any gain or loss arising from the loss of control is recognised within other income or other expenses in the Consolidated Income Statement. If the Company retains any interest in the previous subsidiary, such interest is measured at fair value at the date the control is lost.

Assets and liabilities of a material subsidiary for which a loss of control is highly probable are classified as assets and liabilities held for sale when the Company has received sufficient evidence that the loss of control will occur in the 12 months after the classification. These assets and liabilities are presented after elimination of intercompany transactions.

When the loss of significant influence or the loss of joint control of an investment accounted for under the equity method is highly probable and is expected to occur in the coming 12 months, this associate or joint venture is classified as an asset held for sale.

Sale of investment in an associate or joint venture - Any gain or loss arising from the disposal of investment accounted for under the equity method is recognised within share of profit from investments.

8.1 Acquisitions

On 20 June 2022, a Share Purchase Agreement was signed by the Company, Safran and Tikehau Capital for the acquisition of Aubert & Duval from Eramet. On 28 April 2023, the acquisition was finalised following the satisfaction of all conditions precedent including required regulatory approvals. Aubert & Duval is a strategic supplier providing high-performance steel, superalloy, aluminium or titanium parts to high-precision customers in aerospace and other industries. Aubert & Duval investment is owned equally by Airbus, Safran and Tikehau Capital and is accounted for under the equity method.

On 20 July 2022, Satair USA, Inc. signed a Membership Interest Purchase Agreement under which it acquired 100% of the shares of VAS Aero Services, LLC. VAS Aero Services provides aviation logistics and aftermarket services including end-of-life support. A preliminary goodwill of €67 million was recognised as of 31 December 2022. The one-year window period for the completion of the purchase price allocation ended in June 2023 which confirmed the preliminary goodwill assessment.

On 31 December 2022, Airbus Helicopters Deutschland GmbH acquired 100% of the shares of ZF Luftfahrttechnik GmbH. ZF Luftfahrttechnik was subsequently renamed Airbus Helicopters Technik GmbH. The company is a manufacturer of dynamic components for light and medium helicopters and a maintenance, repair, and overhaul service partner for helicopter fleet. The purchase price allocation ended on 31 December 2023 with a final goodwill of €45 million.

As of 31 December 2023, the total consideration paid for acquisitions of subsidiaries, joint ventures, businesses and non-controlling interests (net of cash) amounts to €-65 million (2022: -188 million).

8.2 Assets and Disposal Groups Classified as Held for Sale

As of 31 December 2023, the Company intends to divest one of its subsidiaries. The assets and liabilities relating to this disposal have been reclassified to assets classified as held for sale for a net amount of €-22 million. The transaction is expected to be closed in 2024.

9. Investments Accounted for under the Equity Method

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Investments in joint ventures	1,830	1,686
Investments in associates	398	381
Total	2,228	2,067

Investments accounted for under the equity method increased by €+161 million to €2,228 million (2022: €2,067 million). They mainly include the equity investments in ArianeGroup, MBDA and ATR GIE.

9.1 Investments in Joint Ventures

The joint ventures in which the Company holds an interest are structured in separate incorporated companies. Under joint arrangement agreements, unanimous consent is required from all parties to the agreement for all relevant activities. The Company and its partners have rights to the net assets of these entities through the terms of the contractual agreements.

The Company's interest in its joint ventures, accounted for under the equity method, is stated in aggregate in the following table:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Carrying amount of the investments at 1 January	1,686	1,471
New joint ventures	109	0
Share of results from continuing operations	211	99
Share of other comprehensive income	(15)	173
Dividends received during the year	(136)	(99)
Capital increase (decrease)	(17)	36
Changes in consolidation	0	0
Others	(8)	6
Carrying amount of the investments at 31 December	1,830	1,686

The Company's individually material joint ventures are ArianeGroup, Paris (France), MBDA S.A.S., Paris (France), and ATR GIE, Blagnac (France), as parent companies of their respective groups. These joint venture companies are not publicly listed.

ArianeGroup is a 50% joint venture between the Company and Safran. ArianeGroup is the head company in a group comprising several subsidiaries and affiliates, such as: APP, Arianespace, Eurocryospace, Europropulsion, Nuclétudes, Pyroalliance, Regulus and Sodern. ArianeGroup inherits a rich portfolio of products and services, enabling it to deliver innovative and competitive solutions to numerous customers around the world. In 2022, ArianeGroup has been strongly impacted by the Ukraine crisis. All Soyuz flights operated by Arianespace and Starsem have been canceled since 24 February 2022 (see "- Note 2: Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Environment"). In 2023, ArianeGroup has announced the postponement of the inaugural flight of the Ariane 6 launcher. It is planned for the period between mid-June to end of July 2024.

The Company holds a 37.5% stake in MBDA at 31 December 2023, which is a joint venture between the Company, BAE Systems and Leonardo. MBDA offers missile systems capabilities that cover the whole range of solutions for air dominance, ground-based air defence and maritime superiority, as well as advanced technological solutions for battlefield engagement.

ATR GIE manufactures advanced turboprop aircraft. It is a 50% joint venture between Leonardo and the Company. Both Leonardo and the Company provide airframes which are assembled by ATR GIE in France. The members of ATR GIE are legally entitled exclusively to the benefits and are liable for the commitments of the joint venture. ATR GIE is obliged to transfer its cash to each member of the joint venture.

The following table summarises financial information for ArianeGroup, MBDA and ATR GIE based on their Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with IFRS:

	ArianeGroup		MBDA		ATR GIE
(In € million)	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022
Revenue	2,298	2,357	4,451	4,210	1,033	852
Depreciation and amortisation	(122)	(153)	(192)	(199)	(41)	3
Interest income	39	2	168	39	0	0
Interest expense	(16)	(23)	(13)	(25)	0	0
Income tax	4	(19)	(146)	(123)	(9)	(2)
Profit (loss) from continuing operations	(32)	19	498	386	24	(11)
Other comprehensive income	7	70	(49)	316	0	0
Total comprehensive income (100%)	(26)	89	449	702	24	(11)
Non-current assets	6,110	6,086	3,022	2,748	244	239
Current assets	7,362	6,841	10,111	8,160	719	785
thereof cash and cash equivalents	1,219	1,409	4,740	2,987	9	4
Non-current liabilities	1,116	909	166	206	95	75
thereof non-current financial liabilities (excluding trade and other payables and provisions)	334	358	17	11	0	0
Current liabilities	8,155	7,790	11,330	9,171	686	748
thereof current financial liabilities (excluding trade and other payables and provisions)	85	59	749	22	0	0
Total equity (100%)	4,201	4,228	1,637	1,531	182	201
Equity attributable to the equity owners of the parent	4,217	4,230	1,637	1,531	182	201
Non-controlling interests	(16)	(2)	0	0	0	0

	ArianeGroup		MBDA		ATR GIE
(In € million)	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022
The Company's interest in equity on investee	2,108	2,115	614	575	91	100
Goodwill	244	244	282	282	0	0
PPA adjustments, net of tax	(1,718)	(1,709)	0	0	0	0
Contingent liability release adjustment	(36)	(36)	0	0	0	0
Fair value adjustments and modifications for differences in accounting policies	(87)	(93)	(8)	(10)	0	0
Elimination of downstream inventory	2	2	0	0	0	(4)
Other	0	0	0	0	0	(3)
Carrying amount of the investment at 31 December	513	523	888	847	91	93

The development of these investments is as follows:

	ArianeGroup		MBDA		ATR GIE
(In € million)	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022
Carrying amount of the investment at 1 January	523	532	847	676	93	59
Share of results from continuing operations	(13)	(47)	186	146	12	(5)
Share of other comprehensive income	3	38	(20)	117	(2)	8
Dividends received during the year	0	0	(125)	(92)	0	0
Capital increase (decrease)	0	0	0	0	(16)	36
Changes in consolidation	0	0	0	0	0	0
Others	0	0	0	0	4	(5)
Carrying amount of the investment at 31 December	513	523	888	847	91	93

The Company's share of contingent liabilities and other commitments as of 31 December 2023 relating to MBDA is €438 million (2022: €500 million).

9.2 Investments in Associates

The Company's interests in associates, accounted for under the equity method, are stated in aggregate in the following table:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Carrying amount of the investment at 1 January	381	201
Share of results from continuing operations	56	35
Share of other comprehensive income	(4)	138
Dividends received during the year	(15)	(1)
Capital increase (decrease)	(23)	0
Changes in consolidation	0	6
Others	3	2
Carrying amount of the investment at 31 December	398	381

10. Related Party Transactions

(In € million)	Sales of goods and services and other income	Purchases of goods and services and other expenses	Receivables at 31 December	Liabilities at 31 December	Loans granted / Other receivables due at 31 December	Loans received / Other liabilities due at 31 December
2023
Total transactions with associates	354	174	4	35	81	0
Total transactions with joint ventures	2,868	319	1,249	1,563	0	2,143
2022
Total transactions with associates	20	177	2	(0)	96	32
Total transactions with joint ventures	3,073	206	1,273	1,199	2	1,692

Transactions with unconsolidated subsidiaries are immaterial to the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

As of 31 December 2023, the Company granted guarantees of €104 million to NHI Industries in France (2022: €225 million), there are no more guarantees granted to Air Tanker Group in the UK (2022: €129 million).

For information regarding the funding of the Company's pension plans, which are considered as related parties, see "- Note 31: Post-Employment Benefits".

The information relative to compensation and benefits granted to Members of the Executive Committee and Board of Directors are disclosed in "- Note 33: Remuneration".

2.3 Segment Information

The Company operates in three reportable segments which reflect the internal organisational and management structure according to the nature of the products and services provided:

―	Airbus - Development, manufacturing, marketing and sale of commercial jet passenger aircraft of more than 100 seats, freighter aircraft and regional turboprop aircraft and aircraft components; aircraft conversion and related services. It also includes the holding function of the Company and its bank activities.
―	Airbus Helicopters - Development, manufacturing, marketing and sale of civil and military helicopters; provision of helicopter related services.
―	Airbus Defence and Space - Military Air Systems design, development, delivery and support of manned and unmanned military air systems and their associated services. Space Systems design, development, delivery, and support of a broad range of civil and defence space systems for telecommunications, earth observations, navigation, science and orbital systems. Connected Intelligence provision of services around data processing from platforms, secure communication and cyber security. In addition, the main joint ventures design, develop, deliver, and support missile systems and space launcher systems.

The following tables present information with respect to the Company's business segments. As a rule, inter-segment transfers are carried out on an arm's length basis. Inter-segment sales predominantly take place between Airbus and Airbus Defence and Space and between Airbus Helicopters and Airbus. Consolidation effects are reported in the column "Eliminations".

The Company uses EBIT as a key indicator of its economic performance.

11. Segment Information

The following tables present information with respect to the Company's business segments. As a rule, inter-segment transfers are carried out on an arm's length basis. Inter-segment sales predominantly take place between Airbus and Airbus Defence and Space and between Airbus Helicopters and Airbus. Consolidation effects are reported in the column "Eliminations".

The Company uses EBIT as a key indicator of its economic performance.

Business segment information for the year-ended 31 December 2023 is as follows:

(In € million)	Airbus	Airbus Helicopters	Airbus Defence and Space	Eliminations	Consolidated Airbus
Total revenue	47,763	7,337	11,495	0	66,595
Inter-segment revenue	(787)	(300)	(62)	0	(1,149)
Revenue	46,976	7,037	11,433	0	65,446
thereof
sales of goods at a point in time	42,756	3,226	3,530	0	49,512
sales of goods over time	0	536	4,048	0	4,584
services, including sales of spare parts	4,220	3,275	3,855	0	11,350
Profit before financial result and income taxes (EBIT)	3,610	717	220	56	4,603
thereof
depreciation and amortisation	(1,597)	(192)	(453)	0	(2,242)
research and development expenses	(2,698)	(335)	(275)	51	(3,257)
share of profit from investments accounted for under the equity method	17	4	245	1	267
additions to other provisions ⁽¹⁾	(1,076)	(479)	(1,181)	3	(2,733)
Interest result					(25)
Other financial result					191
Income taxes					(1,156)
Profit for the period					3,613

⁽¹⁾ See "- Note 24: Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities".

Business segment information for the year-ended 31 December 2022 is as follows:

(In € million)	Airbus	Airbus Helicopters	Airbus Defence and Space	Eliminations	Consolidated Airbus
Total revenue	41,428	7,048	11,259	0	59,735
Inter-segment revenue	(622)	(291)	(59)	0	(972)
Revenue	40,806	6,757	11,200	0	58,763
thereof
sales of goods at a point in time	37,681	3,429	3,369	0	44,479
sales of goods over time	18	310	4,115	0	4,443
services, including sales of spare parts	3,107	3,018	3,716	0	9,841
Profit before financial result and income taxes (EBIT)	4,800	639	(118)	4	5,325
thereof
depreciation and amortisation	(1,571)	(189)	(961)	5	(2,716)
research and development expenses	(2,607)	(275)	(266)	69	(3,079)
share of profit from investments accounted for under the equity method	(4)	6	132	0	134
additions to other provisions	(1,035)	(342)	(788)	(19)	(2,184)
Interest result					(232)
Other financial result					(18)
Income taxes					(939)
Profit for the period					4,136

Segment capital expenditures	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Airbus	2,053	1,730
Airbus Helicopters	221	183
Airbus Defence and Space	777	551
Eliminations	0	0
Total capital expenditures ⁽¹⁾	3,051	2,464

⁽¹⁾ Excluding expenditure for leased assets.

Segment assets	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Airbus	70,116	68,367
Airbus Helicopters	12,531	9,262
Airbus Defence and Space	20,952	17,835
Eliminations	(14,053)	(8,505)
Total segment assets	89,546	86,959
Unallocated
Deferred and current tax assets	3,994	5,387
Securities	8,809	7,775
Cash and cash equivalents	16,469	15,823
Assets classified as held for sale	53	0
Total assets	118,871	115,944

Revenue by geographical areas is disclosed in "- Note 12: Revenue and Gross Margin". Property, plant and equipment by geographical areas is disclosed in "- Note 20: Property, Plant and Equipment".

	31 December
	2023		2022
Segment order backlog	(In € million)	(In %)	(In € million)	(In %)
Airbus	490,812	89	390,456	86
Airbus Helicopters	21,525	4	20,774	5
Airbus Defence and Space	42,195	8	38,426	9
Eliminations	(639)	0	(415)	0
Total	553,893	100	449,241	100

As of 31 December 2023, the total backlog represents the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to the unsatisfied and partially unsatisfied performance obligations to the Company's customers. Backlog commitments are relative to the Company's enforceable contracts with its customers where it is probable that the consideration will be collected. As a result, contractual rebates, engines concessions, and variable considerations are taken into consideration for measurement. Contracts stipulated in a currency different than the presentation currency are translated to euro using the spot rate as of 31 December 2023 and 2022 respectively. Adjustments to the value of the backlog could result from changes in the transaction price.

Order backlog valued at €554 billion at the end of 2023 (2022: €449 billion) with an order intake amounting to €186.5 billion (2022: €82.5 billion) and revenues to €65.4 billion (2022: €58.8 billion). The increase mainly reflects a book to bill of 2.8 partly offset by the weakening of the US dollar. In Airbus, total gross commercial aircraft orders amount to 2,319 units (2022: 1078 units) with net orders of 2,094 aircraft after cancellations (2022: 820 aircraft) and total deliveries amount to 735 units (2022: 661 units) as of 31 December 2023. In 2024, approximately 9% of the Airbus backlog in units is expected to be converted into revenues.

2.4 Airbus Performance

12. Revenue and Gross Margin

Revenue increased by €6,683 million to €65,446 million (2022: higher contributions from Airbus Defence and Space and €58,763 million). The increase is mainly driven by higher aircraft strong services business in Airbus Helicopters. deliveries of 735 aircraft (in 2022: 661 aircraft), paired with higher contributions from Airbus Defence and Space and strong services business in Airbus Helicopters.

Revenue by geographical areas based on the location of the customer is as follows:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Europe	25,733	24,261
Asia-Pacific	18,733	15,380
North America	13,784	13,549
Middle East	3,933	2,598
Latin America	1,737	2,086
Other countries	1,526	889
Total	65,446	58,763

The gross margin decreased by €-527 million to €10,044 million compared to €10,571 million in 2022. It is mainly driven by negative foreign exchange impacts (largely related to €-1.4 billion US dollar Working Capital mismatch impact year-on-year which mainly reflects the phasing impact arising from the difference between transaction date and delivery date), higher costs due to hiring linked to the production ramp-up and updated estimates at completion (EAC) of certain space programmes of -0.6 billion, partly offset by higher deliveries, strong services across the Company's segments and the release of compliance-related provisions. In 2022, it included a non-recurring positive impact related to the re-measurement of past service cost in the retirement obligations of €0.4 billion.

The gross margin rate decreased from 18.0% to 15.3%.

In 2023, the Company has delivered eight A400M aircraft.

The Company has continued with development activities towards achieving the revised capability roadmap. Retrofit activities are progressing in close alignment with the customer.

In 2022, an update of the contract estimate at completion was performed and an additional charge of €477 million recorded, mainly reflecting updated assumptions, including inflation and risks related to the remaining SOC3 contractual development milestones to be achieved. In 2023, an additional update of the contract estimate at completion has been performed and a net charge of €41 million recorded.

Risks remain on the qualification of technical capabilities and associated costs, on aircraft operational reliability, on cost reductions and on securing overall volume as per the revised baseline.

In addition, the updated EACs of certain space programmes led to a charge of €-0.6 billion as of 31 December 2023. This includes an updated assessment of assumptions and estimates related to the remaining revenue and costs to completion and the progress of the contracts together with the underlying programmes status (see "- Note 5: Key Estimates and Judgements").

In a notice of termination dated 9 June 2022, the Norwegian Defence Material Agency notified NHIndustries SAS ("NHI") of the Norwegian Ministry of Defence's decision to terminate its contract for the supply of 14 NH90 helicopters. In a press release dated 10 June 2022, NHI noted it "is extremely disappointed by the decision taken by the Norwegian Ministry of Defence and refutes the allegations being made against the NH90 as well as against [NHI]." NHI considers the termination to be legally groundless and reserves its right to take any necessary legal action to challenge it. The parties are working towards resolving this matter, with a mediation process having been initiated during the second quarter of 2023.

13. Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses increased by € +178 million to €3,257 million compared to €3,079 million in 2022 mainly due to ramp-up in activities to prepare the technologies of the future.

Research and development expenses mainly reflect the development of latest generation commercial aircraft programmes, including the A321 XLR and A350 Freighter.

14. Other Income and Other Expenses

Other income decreased by €-228 million to €243 million compared to €471 million in 2022. In 2022, it included an insurance income of €200 million linked to the launch failure of the two satellites Pléiades Neo 5 and 6 in December 2022 (see "- Note 20: Property, Plant and Equipment").

Other expenses decreased by €-381 million to €-209 million compared to €-590 million in 2022, mainly due to the impact of €-437 million linked to the launch failure of the two satellites Pléiades Neo 5 and 6 in December 2022 (see "- Note 20: Property, Plant and Equipment").

15. Share of Profit from Investments Accounted for under the Equity Method and Other Income from Investments

(In € million)	2023	2022
Share of profit from investments in joint ventures	211	99
Share of profit from investments in associates	56	35
Share of profit from investments accounted for under the equity method	267	134
Other income from investments	36	58

Share of profit from investments under the equity method and other income from investments increased by €+111 million to €303 million compared to €192 million in 2022, mainly linked to higher share of result from the Company's main joint ventures (ArianeGroup, MBDA and ATR GIE, see "Note 9.1 - Investments in Joint Ventures").

16. Total Financial Result

Interest income derived from the Company's asset management and lending activities is recognised as interest accrues, using the effective interest rate method.

(In € million)	2023	2022
Interest income	728	180
Interest expense	(753)	(412)
thereof Interests on European Governments' refundable advances	(120)	(133)
Total interest result	(25)	(232)
Change in fair value measurement of financial instruments	39	(346)
Foreign exchange translations on monetary items	37	(99)
Unwinding of discounted provisions	(3)	8
Others	118	419
Total other financial result	191	(18)
Total	166	(250)

Total financial result improved by €+416 million to €166 million compared to €-250 million in 2022. The financial result mainly reflects a positive impact from the revaluation of certain equity investments.

17. Income Taxes

The expense for income taxes is comprised of the following:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Current tax expense	(892)	(536)
Deferred tax expense	(264)	(403)
Total	(1,156)	(939)

Main income tax rates and main changes impacting the Company:

(Rate in %)	2022	2023	2024	> 2025
Netherlands	25.80	25.80	25.80	25.80
France	25.83	25.83	25.83	25.83
Germany	30.00	30.00	30.00	30.00
Spain	25.00	25.00	25.00	25.00
UK ⁽¹⁾	19.00	25.00	25.00	25.00

⁽¹⁾ A tax law has been enacted in 2022 increasing the rate for income taxes to 25.00% from April 2023 and beyond.

On 19 December 2023, the government of the Netherlands, where the parent company is incorporated, enacted the Pillar Two income taxes legislation effective from 1 January 2024. Based on its assessment, the Company does not expect a material exposure to Pillar Two.

The following table shows a reconciliation from the theoretical income tax (expense) using the Dutch corporate tax rate to the reported income tax (expense):

(In € million)	2023	2022
Profit before income taxes	4,769	5,075
Corporate income tax rate	25.8%	25.8%
Expected (expense) for income taxes	(1,230)	(1,309)
Effects from tax rate differentials / Change of tax rate	(45)	39
Capital gains and losses on disposals / mergers	20	0
Income from investment and associates	57	29
Tax credit	48	41
Change in valuation allowances ⁽¹⁾	(67)	53
Tax contingencies	76	156
Other non-deductible expenses and tax-free income	(15)	52
Reported tax (expense)	(1,156)	(939)

⁽¹⁾ Reassessments of the recoverability of deferred tax assets based on future taxable profits.

The income tax expense amounts to €-1,156 million (2022: €-939 million) and corresponds to an effective income tax rate of 24.2%. This includes impacts from the tax-free revaluation of certain equity investments under IFRS 9, tax risk updates and deferred tax assets impairments. As a result of a corporate reorganisation in Germany, a prior year deferred tax asset impairment was partially reversed for €237 million, out of which €160 million recorded in the income statement and €77 million in other comprehensive income.

As the Company controls the timing of the reversal of temporary differences associated with its subsidiaries (usually referred to as "outside basis differences") arising from yet undistributed profits and changes in foreign exchange rates, it does not recognise a deferred tax liability. For temporary differences arising from investments in associates the Company recognises deferred tax liabilities. The rate used reflects the assumptions that these differences will be recovered from dividend distribution unless a management resolution for the divestment of the investment exists at the closing date. For joint ventures, the Company assesses its ability to control the distribution of dividends based on existing shareholder agreements and recognises deferred tax liabilities accordingly.

As of 31 December 2023, the aggregate amount of temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries, branches and associates and interests in joint arrangements, for which deferred tax liabilities have not been recognised, amounts to €230 million.

Deferred taxes on net operating losses ("NOLs"), trade tax loss carry forwards and tax credit carry forwards are:

(In € million)	France	Germany	Spain	UK	Other countries	31 December 2023
NOL	48	2,732	95	1,465	4,193	8,533
Trade tax loss carry forwards	0	3,108	0	0	0	3,108
Tax credit carry forwards	0	0	215	0	1	216
Tax effect	12	884	238	366	1,048	2,548
Valuation allowances	(8)	(421)	(100)	(104)	(984)	(1,617)
Deferred tax assets on NOLs and tax credit carry forwards	4	463	138	262	64	931

(In € million)	31 December 2022
NOL	8,161
Trade tax loss carry forwards	3,719
Tax credit carry forwards	225
Tax effect	2,506
Valuation allowances	(1,670)
Deferred tax assets on NOLs and tax credit carry forwards	836

NOLs, capital losses and trade tax loss carry forwards are indefinitely usable under certain restrictions in France, Germany, the UK and Spain. They are usable for 20 years in Canada. In Spain, R&D tax credit carry forwards will expire after 18 years.

Roll forward of deferred tax:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Net deferred tax assets at 1 January	4,519	4,207
Deferred tax expense in income statement	(264)	(403)
Deferred tax recognised directly in AOCI	(915)	935
Deferred tax on remeasurement of the net defined benefit pension plans	(240)	(320)
Others	(13)	100
Net deferred tax assets at 31 December	3,087	4,519

Details of deferred tax recognised cumulatively in equity are as follows:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Financial assets at fair value through OCI	(35)	(24)
Cash flow hedges	1,276	2,180
Deferred tax on remeasurement of the net defined benefit pension plans	1,566	1,806
Total	2,807	3,962

Deferred income taxes as of 31 December 2023 are related to the following assets and liabilities:

	1 January 2023	Other movements		Movement through income statement		31 December 2023
(In € million)	Deferred tax assets (liabilities)	OCI / IAS 19	Others ⁽¹⁾	R&D tax credits	Deferred tax benefit (expense)	Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Intangible assets	(287)	0	3	0	(153)	(437)
Property, plant and equipment	(1,046)	0	(2)	0	944	(104)
Investments and other long-term financial assets	1,423	1	0	0	273	1,697
Inventories	2,642	0	0	0	543	3,185
Receivables and other assets	(1,414)	(70)	(145)	0	(36)	(1,665)
Prepaid expenses	10	0	0	0	(11)	(1)
Provisions for retirement plans	302	(298)	(2)	0	(366)	(364)
Other provisions	(53)	0	(7)	0	176	116
Liabilities	2,500	(925)	84	0	(1,492)	167
Deferred income	(33)	0	(1)	0	(150)	(184)
NOLs and tax credit carry forwards	2,506	0	(24)	(9)	75	2,548
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) before offsetting	6,550	(1,292)	(94)	(9)	(197)	4,958
Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets	(2,031)	137	58	32	(67)	(1,871)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	4,519	(1,155)	(36)	23	(264)	3,087

⁽¹⁾ "Others" mainly comprises changes in the consolidation scope and foreign exchange rate effects.

Deferred income taxes as of 31 December 2022 are related to the following assets and liabilities:

	1 January 2022	Other movements		Movement through income statement		31 December 2022
(In € million)	Deferred tax assets (liabilities)	OCI / IAS 19	Others ⁽¹⁾	R&D tax credits	Deferred tax benefit (expense)	Deferred tax assets (liabilities)
Intangible assets	(302)	0	(26)	0	41	(287)
Property, plant and equipment	(764)	0	(1)	0	(281)	(1,046)
Investments and other long-term financial assets	1,113	0	6	0	304	1,423
Inventories	2,165	0	(1)	0	478	2,642
Receivables and other assets	(683)	1,986	4	0	(2,721)	(1,414)
Prepaid expenses	8	0	(1)	0	3	10
Provisions for retirement plans	1,083	(770)	43	0	(54)	302
Other provisions	617	0	24	0	(694)	(53)
Liabilities	1,107	(900)	(4)	0	2,297	2,500
Deferred income	(247)	0	2	0	212	(33)
NOLs and tax credit carry forwards	2,519	0	23	5	(41)	2,506
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) before offsetting	6,616	316	69	5	(456)	6,550
Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets	(2,409)	299	(20)	46	53	(2,031)
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	4,207	615	49	51	(403)	4,519

⁽¹⁾ "Others" mainly comprises changes in the consolidation scope and foreign exchange rate effects.

18. Earnings per Share

	2023	2022
Profit for the period attributable to equity owners of the parent (Net income)	€3,789 million	€4,247 million
Weighted average number of ordinary shares	788,720,779	787,080,579
Basic earnings per share	€4.80	€5.40

Diluted earnings per share - The Company's dilutive potential ordinary shares are equity-settled Performance Shares relating to Long-Term Incentive Plans ("LTIP").

In 2023, a total of 1,039,820 equity-settled Performance Shares was considered in the calculation of diluted earnings per share.

LTIP 2023 plan has been excluded from the calculation because of its antidilutive effect.

	2023	2022
Profit for the period attributable to equity owners of the parent (Net income), adjusted for diluted calculation	€3,789 million	€4,247 million
Weighted average number of ordinary shares (diluted)	789,760,599	787,753,485
Diluted earnings per share	€4.80	€5.39

2.5 Operational Assets and Liabilities

19. Intangible Assets

Intangible assets comprise (i) goodwill (see "- Note 7: Scope of Consolidation"), (ii) capitalised development costs (see "- Note 4: Material Accounting Policies") and (iii) other intangible assets, e.g. internally developed software and acquired intangible assets.

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are generally amortised on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives (three to ten years) to their estimated residual values.

31 December 2023 and 2022 comprise the following:

	31 December 2023			31 December 2022
(In € million)	Gross amount	Amortisation / Impairment	Net book value	Gross amount	Amortisation / Impairment	Net book value
Goodwill	14,183	(1,042)	13,141	14,205	(1,040)	13,165
Capitalised development costs	3,165	(1,459)	1,706	2,801	(1,319)	1,482
Other intangible assets	5,305	(3,223)	2,082	5,350	(3,229)	2,121
Total	22,653	(5,724)	16,929	22,356	(5,588)	16,768

Net Book Value

(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2023	Exchange differences	Additions	Changes in consolidation scope	Reclassification	Disposals
Goodwill	13,165	(12)	0	(13)	0	0
Capitalised development costs	1,482	2	377	0	8	0
Other intangible assets	2,121	(52)	206	22	24	(8)
Total	16,768	(62)	583	9	32	(8)

(In € million)	Amortisation / Impairment	Balance at 31 December 2023
Goodwill	0	13,141
Capitalised development costs	(164)	1,706
Other intangible assets	(230)	2,082
Total	(394)	16,929

(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2022	Exchange differences	Additions	Changes in Consolidation scope	Reclassification	Disposals
Goodwill	13,028	10	0	127	0	0
Capitalised development costs	1,286	(12)	319	0	(1)	0
Other intangible assets	2,053	89	160	159	5	(7)
Total	16,367	87	479	286	4	(7)

(In € million)	Amortisation / Impairment	Balance at 31 December 2022
Goodwill	0	13,165
Capitalised development costs	(110)	1,482
Other intangible assets	(338)	2,121
Total	(448)	16,768

Intangible assets increased by €+161 million to €16,929 million (2022: €16,768 million). Intangible assets mainly relate to goodwill of €13,141 million (2022: €13,165 million). Based on management's best estimate, there is no impact on the useful life of capitalised development costs resulting from the Company's journey towards sustainable aerospace (see "- Note 3: Climate Impacts").

Capitalised Development Costs

The Company has capitalised development costs in the amount of €1,706 million as of 31 December 2023 (€1,482 million as of 31 December 2022), for Airbus programmes (€880 million), Airbus

Defence and Space (€517 million) and Airbus Helicopters (€309 million).

Impairment Tests

Each year the Company assesses whether there is an indication that a non-financial asset or a cash generating unit ("CGU") to which the asset belongs may be impaired. In addition, intangible assets with an indefinite useful life, intangible assets not yet available for use and goodwill are tested for impairment annually, irrespective of whether there is any indication for impairment. An impairment loss is recognised in the amount by which the asset's carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. For the purpose of impairment testing, any goodwill is allocated to the CGU or group of CGUs in a way that reflects the way goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes.

The discounted cash flow method is used to determine the recoverable amount of a CGU or the group of CGUs to which goodwill is allocated. The discounted cash flow method is particularly sensitive to the selected discount rates and estimates of future cash flows by management. Discount rates are based on the weighted average cost of capital ("WACC") for a CGU or the groups of CGUs. The discount rates are calculated based on a risk-free rate of interest and a market risk premium. In addition, the discount rates reflect the current market assessment of the risks specific to each group of CGUs by taking into account specific peer group information on beta factors, leverage and cost of debt. Consequently, slight changes to these elements can materially affect the resulting valuation and therefore the amount of a potential impairment charge.

These estimates are influenced by several assumptions including the growth rate of CGUs used in the computation of the terminal value, the increase of deliveries in the coming years, the availability and composition of future defence and institutional budgets, and foreign exchange fluctuations or implications arising from the volatility of capital markets. Cash flow projections take into account past experience and represent management's best estimate of future developments which align with the Company's climate-related commitments.

The Company tested the intangible assets for which an indicator of impairment was identified. In particular, the Company tested the intangible assets associated with certain aircraft and space programmes and no material impairment was recorded.

As of 31 December 2023 and 2022, goodwill was allocated to CGUs or group of CGUs and is summarised in the following schedule:

(In € million)	Airbus	Airbus Helicopters	Airbus Defence and Space	Eliminations	Consolidated Airbus
Goodwill as of 31 December 2023	10,803	184	2,154	0	13,141
Goodwill as of 31 December 2022	10,816	199	2,150	0	13,165

The goodwill mainly relates to the creation of the Company in 2000 and the Airbus Combination in 2001.

The annual impairment tests performed in 2023 led to no impairment charge.

The Company performed sensitivity tests in order to confirm the recoverability of its long-lived assets, and no reasonably possible changes in the main assumptions used would cause the value in use of the goodwill to fall below its carrying value.

General Assumptions Applied in the Planning Process

The basis for determining the recoverable amount is the value in use of the CGUs.

Cash flow projections used for the impairment testing are based on both the operative planning which represents the Company's WB2°C scenario through embarking an array of investments and expenses, and management's best estimate of the impact of climate-related commitments over the long-term horizon. It incorporates the strategic pathways (see "Note - 3. Climate impacts") in its assumptions as well as investments to decarbonise mobile and stationary industrial operations.

The operative planning, is based on the following key assumptions which are relevant for all CGUs:

―	increase of expected future labour expenses of 4.5% for 2024 including an inflation rate of 4.5%;
―	future interest rates projected per geographical market, for the European Monetary Union, the UK and the US;
―	future exchange rate of 1.125 US$/€ for 2024 to convert in euro the portion of future US dollar which is not hedged (see "- Note 37: Financial Instruments").

General economic data derived from external macroeconomic and financial studies have been used to derive the general key assumptions.

In addition to these general planning assumptions, the following additional CGU specific assumptions, which represent management's current best assessment as of the date of these Consolidated Financial Statements, have been applied.

Airbus

―	The planning takes into account both the current market conditions and Airbus' production rate, and includes management's best estimates of the progressive increase in aircraft deliveries over the operative planning period.
―	The period beyond the operative plan horizon was considered through long-term projections and a terminal value with a perpetual growth rate of 2%, aligned with Airbus SBTi commitments and the baseline for the WB2°C scenario.
―	The carrying value and planned cash flows of the CGU Airbus are materially influenced due to the significant hedge portfolio.
―	Cash flows are discounted using a euro weighted pre-tax WACC of 13.5% (2022: 14.1%).

Airbus Helicopters

―	The planning takes into account the evolution of programmes based upon the current backlog and an assessment of order intake for platforms and services.
―	Long-term commercial assumptions in respect of market share, deliveries and market value are based on the latest helicopter market forecast. The global helicopter market is demonstrating continued signs of recovering towards pre-COVID-19 levels, despite continued geopolitical instabilities and economic volatility. Over the next ten years, according to market forecasts, around 6,900 Civil & Parapublic helicopters and 6,800 Military helicopters are expected to be delivered globally.
―	In the absence of long-term financial reference, expected cash flows generated beyond the planning horizon are considered through a terminal value with a perpetual growth rate of 1%.
―	Cash flows are discounted using a euro weighted pre-tax WACC of 12.4% (2022: 13.1%).

Airbus Defence and Space

―	Overall the defence and space markets are expected to have growth during the period of the operative planning horizon.
―	Business growth is underpinned by growing defence and space opportunities. Underlying performance is improved by focusing on project delivery, cost control and efficiency.
―	In the absence of long-term financial reference, expected cash flows generated beyond the planning horizon are considered through a terminal value, with a perpetual growth rate of 1%.
―	Cash flows are discounted using a euro weighted pre-tax WACC of 11.2% (2022: 11.5%).

20. Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment is valued at acquisition or manufacturing costs less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses. Items of property, plant and equipment are generally depreciated on a straight-line basis. The following useful lives are assumed:

Buildings	10 to 50 years
Site improvements	6 to 30 years
Technical equipment and machinery	2 to 20 years
Jigs and tools (1)	5 years
Other equipment, factory and office equipment	2 to 10 years

⁽¹⁾ If more appropriate, jigs and tools are depreciated using the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the tools (sum-of-the-units method).

Property, plant and equipment as of 31 December 2023 and 2022 comprises the following:

	31 December 2023			31 December 2022
(In € million)	Gross amount	Depreciation / Impairment	Net book value	Gross amount	Depreciation / Impairment	Net book value
Land, leasehold improvements and buildings, including buildings on land owned by others	10,948	(5,783)	5,165	10,536	(5,539)	4,997
Technical equipment and machinery	22,416	(15,587)	6,829	21,982	(15,286)	6,696
Other equipment, factory and office equipment ⁽¹⁾	3,955	(3,108)	847	3,932	(3,107)	825
Construction in progress	2,720	0	2,720	2,241	0	2,241
Right-of-use assets ⁽²⁾	2,616	(975)	1,641	2,578	(832)	1,746
Total	42,654	(25,453)	17,201	41,269	(24,764)	16,505

⁽¹⁾ Includes the net book value of aircraft under operating lease (see "- Note 27: Sales Financing Transactions").
⁽²⁾ The net book value of Land and Buildings under Right-of-use assets amounts to €1,493 million.

Net Book Value

(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2023	Exchange differences	Additions	Changes in consolidation scope	Reclassification	Disposals
Land, leasehold improvements and buildings, including buildings on land owned by others	4,997	5	109	3	379	(23)
Technical equipment and machinery	6,696	(19)	442	9	841	(19)
Other equipment, factory and office equipment	825	(6)	131	5	96	(15)
Construction in progress	2,241	(1)	1,766	0	(1,264)	(22)
Right-of-use assets	1,746	(24)	181	12	(26)	(30)
Total	16,505	(45)	2,629	29	26	(109)

(In € million)	Depreciation / Impairment	Balance at 31 December 2023
Land, leasehold improvements and buildings, including buildings on land owned by others	(306)	5,165
Technical equipment and machinery	(1,119)	6,829
Other equipment, factory and office equipment	(190)	847
Construction in progress	0	2,720
Right-of-use assets	(218)	1,641
Total	(1,833)	17,201

(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2022	Exchange differences	Additions	Changes in Consolidation scope	Reclassification	Disposals
Land, leasehold improvements and buildings, including buildings on land owned by others	5,020	(20)	21	4	227	(21)
Technical equipment and machinery	7,088	10	310	2	942	(44)
Other equipment, factory and office equipment	840	10	299	6	62	(215)
Construction in progress	1,890	(5)	1,479	0	(1,123)	0
Right-of-use assets	1,698	33	308	0	(29)	(40)
Total	16,536	28	2,417	12	79	(320)

(In € million)	Depreciation / Impairment	Balance at 31 December 2022
Land, leasehold improvements and buildings, including buildings on land owned by others	(234)	4,997
Technical equipment and machinery	(1,612)	6,696
Other equipment, factory and office equipment	(177)	825
Construction in progress	0	2,241
Right-of-use assets	(224)	1,746
Total	(2,247)	16,505

Property, plant and equipment increased by €+696 million to €17,201 million (2022: €16,505 million). Property, plant and equipment include right-of-use assets for an amount of €1,641 million as of 31 December 2023 (2022: €1,746 million).

For details on assets related to lease arrangements on sales financing, see "- Note 27: Sales Financing Transactions".

Property, Plant and Equipment by Geographical Areas

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
France	7,919	7,423
Germany	4,286	4,124
UK	1,478	1,433
Spain	1,285	1,267
United States	868	791
Canada	438	421
Other countries	927	1,046
Total	17,201	16,505

The Company as lessee

The Company leases mainly real estate assets, cars and equipment (such as land, warehouses, storage facilities and offices).

Short-term leases and leases of low-value assets refer mainly to IT equipment (e.g. printers, laptops and mobile phones) and other equipment.

The Company incurred interest expense on lease liabilities of €37 million. The expense in relation to short-term and low-value assets is insignificant.

There are no significant variable lease payments included in the Company's lease arrangements.

The discount rate used to determine the right-of-use asset and the lease liability for each country and leased asset is calculated based on the incremental borrowing rate at inception of the lease. The Company calculated the rate applicable to each lease contract on the basis of the lease duration.

The maturity analysis of lease liabilities, based on contractual undiscounted cash flows is shown in "- Note 37.1: Financial Risk Management".

Real estate leases

The Company leases land and buildings mainly for its operational business warehouses including logistic facilities, offices, production halls and laboratories. The major leases are located in France, Germany, the US, Canada and China. As lease contracts are negotiated on an individual basis, lease terms contain a wide range of different terms and conditions. Leases are typically made for a fixed period of 3-25 years and may include extension, termination and other options, which provide operational flexibility to the Company.

Vehicle leases

The Company leases cars for management and other functions. Vehicle leases typically run for an average period of three years and do not provide renewal options.

Other leases

The Company also leases IT equipment, machinery and other equipment that combined are insignificant to the total leased asset portfolio.

Off-Balance Sheet Commitments

Commitments related to property, plant and equipment comprise contractual commitments for future capital expenditures and contractual commitments for purchases of "Land, leasehold improvements and buildings including buildings on land owned by others" (€1,345 million as of 31 December 2023, 2022: €1,144 million).

21. Other Investments and Other Long-Term Financial Assets

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Other investments	2,798	2,641
Other long-term financial assets	1,921	1,549
Total non-current other investments and other long-term financial assets	4,719	4,190
Current portion of other long-term financial assets	795	665
Total	5,514	4,855

Other investments mainly comprise the Company's participations and include the remaining investment in Dassault Aviation (9.90%, 2022: 9.90%) amounting to €1,483 million at 31 December 2023 (2022: €1,309 million).

Other long-term financial assets and the current portion of other long-term financial assets include other loans in the amount of €2,601 million as of 31 December 2023 (2022: €2,129 million), and the sales financing activities in the form of finance lease receivables and loans from aircraft financing. The increase is mainly reflecting additional loans in Airbus bank.

22. Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities, Trade Receivables and Trade Liabilities

Contract assets represent the Company's right to consideration in exchange for goods or services that the Company has transferred to a customer when that right is conditioned by something other than the passage of time (e.g. revenue recognised from the application of the PoC method before the Company has a right to invoice).

Contract liabilities represent the Company's obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company has received consideration, or for which an amount of consideration is due from the customer (e.g. advance payments received).

Net contract assets and contract liabilities are determined for each contract separately. For serial contracts, contract liabilities are presented in current contract liabilities, if revenues are expected within the next twelve months or material expenses for the manufacturing process have already occurred. For long-term production contracts (e.g. governmental contracts such as A400M, Tiger, NH90), contract liabilities are classified as current when the relating inventories or receivables are expected to be recognised within the normal operating cycle of the long-term contract.

Trade receivables arise when the Company provides goods or services directly to a customer with no intention of trading the receivable. Trade receivables include claims arising from revenue recognition that are not yet settled by the debtor. Trade receivables are initially recognised at their transaction prices and are subsequently measured at amortised cost less any allowances for impairment. Gains and losses are recognised in the Consolidated Income Statement when the receivables are derecognised and impaired.

Impairment and allowances of trade receivables and contract assets are measured at an amount equal to the life-time expected loss as described in "- Note 37: Financial Instruments".

Contract Assets, Contract Liabilities and Trade Receivables

Significant changes in contract assets and contract liabilities during the period are as follows:

	2023		2022
(In € million)	Contract assets	Contract liabilities	Contract assets	Contract liabilities
Revenue recognised that was included in the contract liability balance at 1 January	-	(26,175)	-	(23,494)
Increases due to cash received, excluding amounts recognised as revenue ⁽¹⁾	-	29,198	-	26,797
Transfers from contract assets recognised at 1 January	(2,168)	-	(2,798)	-
Increase as a result of changes in the measure of progress	2,509	-	3,034	-

⁽¹⁾ Including final payments received from customers and others parties in anticipation.

As of 31 December 2023, trade receivables amounting to €227 million (2022: €301 million) will mature after more than one year.

The respective movement in the allowance for expected credit losses in respect of trade receivables and contract assets during the period was as follows:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Allowance balance at 1 January	(380)	(363)
Utilisations / disposals and business combinations	86	56
Additions	(65)	(73)
Allowance balance at 31 December	(359)	(380)

Trade Liabilities

Trade liabilities of €14,323 million (2022: €13,261 million) increased by €+1,062 million, mainly driven by higher volume in Airbus due to ramp-up.

As of 31 December 2023, trade liabilities amounting to €87 million (2022: €86 million) will mature after more than one year.

Similar to previous years, the Company has supported its suppliers concerning supply chain financing arrangements. As of 31 December 2023, these arrangements have no impact in the Consolidated Financial Statements. The range of payment due dates is not impacted by the supplier finance arrangements. The Company evaluates such suppliers' early payment arrangements with a financing third party against a number of indicators to assess whether the payable continues to hold the characteristics of a trade payable or should be classified as borrowings; these indicators include whether the payment terms exceed customary payment terms in the industry. As of 31 December 2023, the payables subject to supplier financing arrangements do not meet the criteria to be reclassified as borrowings.

23. Inventories

	31 December 2023			31 December 2022
(In € million)	Gross amount	Write-down	Net book value	Gross amount	Write-down	Net book value
Raw materials and manufacturing supplies	5,025	(739)	4,286	4,387	(643)	3,744
Work in progress	20,648	(1,091)	19,558	20,484	(1,229)	19,255
Finished goods and parts for resale	5,169	(1,273)	3,896	5,218	(1,060)	4,158
Advance payments to suppliers	6,061	(60)	6,001	5,114	(69)	5,045
Total	36,904	(3,163)	33,741	35,203	(3,001)	32,202

Inventories of €33,741 million (2022: €32,202 million) increased by €+1,539 million. This is mostly driven by work in progress, raw materials and manufacturing supplies resulting in inventory build up to support the ramp-up, partially offset by less finished goods reflecting higher deliveries. Advance payments made to suppliers increased by €+956 million to €6,001 million (2022: 5,045 million) largely due to payments made to suppliers to support Airbus' ramp-up and de-risk the supply chain.

In 2023, write-downs of inventories in the amount of €-782 million (2022: €-394 million) are recognised in cost of sales, whereas reversal of write-downs amounts to €149 million (2022: €243 million). At 31 December 2023, €18,973 million of work in progress and €3,883 million of finished goods and parts for resale were carried at net realisable value.

Inventories recognised as an expense during the period amount to €41,644 million (2022: €35,710 million).

24. Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities

Provisions - The determination of provisions, e.g. for onerous contracts, program-related provisions, warranty costs, restructuring measures and legal proceedings is based on best estimates.

In general, in the aerospace sector, the contractual and technical parameters considered for provision calculations are complex. Hence uncertainty exists with regard to the timing and amounts of expenses to be taken into account.

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Provisions for pensions	2,715	3,509
Other provisions	7,113	7,514
Total	9,828	11,023
thereof non-current portion	5,667	6,896
thereof current portion	4,161	4,127

As of 31 December 2023, provisions for pensions amount to €2.7 billion (2022: €3.5 billion). The decrease mainly reflects the improved performance on plan assets and additional funding put in place in 2023 partly offset by the decrease of the discount rates in Germany, France, Canada and the UK (see "- Note 31: Post-Employment Benefits").

As of 31 December 2023, a non-current asset of €0.4 billion (2022: €0.6 billion) is accounted for to reflect the surplus in two pension funds in the UK, the Airbus Section of the participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme and the Company UK Pension Scheme (see "- Note 26: Other Assets and Other Liabilities").

The French pension reform signed into law in April 2023 and accounted for as a plan amendment did not have any material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other provisions decreased mainly due to the utilisation of provisions for onerous contracts related to the A400M and A220 programmes and the release and utilisation of compliance-related provisions. This is partly offset by additional provisions related to the updates of certain space programmes (see "- Note 12: Revenue and Gross Margin").

Movements in other provisions during the year were as follows:

(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2023	Exchange differences	Increase from passage of time	Additions	Reclassification / Change in consolidated group	Used
Onerous contracts	1,808	(27)	0	527	(55)	(558)
Outstanding costs	1,374	(1)	(1)	562	0	(396)
Aircraft financing risks ⁽¹⁾	5	0	0	0	0	0
Obligation from services and maintenance agreements	384	0	12	65	0	(72)
Warranties	397	(3)	2	148	0	(71)
Personnel-related provisions ⁽²⁾	743	(3)	5	453	4	(363)
Litigation and claims ⁽³⁾	331	0	0	84	(5)	(124)
Asset retirement	147	0	5	5	0	0
Others risks and charges	2,325	1	(1)	889	(11)	(380)
Total	7,514	(31)	22	2,733	(69)	(1,964)

(In € million)	Released	Balance at 31 December 2023
Onerous contracts	(57)	1,638
Outstanding costs	(106)	1,432
Aircraft financing risks ⁽¹⁾	(3)	2
Obligation from services and maintenance agreements	(88)	301
Warranties	(78)	395
Personnel-related provisions ⁽²⁾	(65)	774
Litigation and claims ⁽³⁾	(183)	103
Asset retirement	(23)	134
Others risks and charges	(489)	2,334
Total	(1,092)	7,113

⁽¹⁾ See "- Note 27: Sales Financing Transactions".
⁽²⁾ See "- Note 30: Personnel-Related Provisions".
⁽³⁾ See "- Note 38: Litigation and Claims".

Provisions for onerous contracts in 2023 mainly include the utilisation and net presentation of the A400M programme losses against inventories and the reduction in the A220 programme.

Personnel-related provisions include restructuring provisions and other personnel charges. For more details, see "- Note 30: Personnel-Related Provisions".

Provisions for litigation and claims decreased mainly due to the release of compliance-related provisions for an amount of €0.1 billion.

Contingent assets and contingent liabilities - The Company is exposed to technical and commercial contingent obligations due to the nature of its businesses. To mitigate this exposure, the Company has subscribed a Global Aviation Insurance Programme ("GAP"). Information required under IAS 37 "Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities" is not disclosed if the Company concludes that disclosure can be expected to prejudice seriously its position in a dispute with other parties.

For other contingent liabilities, see "- Note 38: Litigation and Claims" and "- Note 12: Revenue and Gross Margin" (mainly A400M programme).

Other commitments include contractual guarantees and performance bonds to certain customers as well as commitments for future capital expenditures and amounts which may be payable to commercial intermediaries if future sales materialise.

25. Other Financial Assets and Other Financial Liabilities

Other Financial Assets

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Positive fair values of derivative financial instruments ⁽¹⁾	897	753
Others	25	28
Total non-current other financial assets	922	781
Receivables from related companies	1,252	1,104
Positive fair values of derivative financial instruments ⁽¹⁾	330	1,141
Others	269	297
Total current other financial assets	1,851	2,542
Total	2,773	3,323

⁽¹⁾ See "- Note 37: Financial Instruments".

Other Financial Liabilities

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Liabilities for derivative financial instruments ⁽¹⁾	2,859	6,163
European Governments' refundable advances ⁽²⁾	3,671	3,717
Others	185	237
Total non-current other financial liabilities	6,715	10,117
Liabilities for derivative financial instruments ⁽¹⁾	1,891	3,450
European Governments' refundable advances ⁽²⁾	185	140
Liabilities to related companies	183	186
Others	310	297
Total current other financial liabilities	2,569	4,073
Total	9,284	14,190

⁽¹⁾ See "- Note 37: Financial Instruments".
⁽²⁾ Refundable advances from European Governments are provided to the Company to finance research and development activities for certain projects on a risk-sharing basis, i.e. they are repaid to the European Governments subject to the success of the project.

The total net fair value of derivative financial instruments increased by €+4,196 million to €-3,523 million (2022: €-7,719 million) as a result of the reduction of the volume of financial instruments and the weakening of the US dollar (see "- Note 37.4: Notional Amounts of Derivative Financial Instruments").

In 2023, the European Governments' refundable advances remained stable at €3,856 million (2022: €3,857 million).

The allocation of European Governments' refundable advances between non-current and current presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements ended 31 December 2023 is based on the applicable contractual repayment dates.

26. Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other Assets

(In € million)	31 December
	2023	2022
Cost to fulfil a contract	468	337
Prepaid expenses	129	149
Others ⁽¹⁾	1,257	1,386
Total non-current other assets	1,854	1,872
Value added tax claims	1,600	1,732
Cost to fulfil a contract	460	448
Prepaid expenses	174	161
Others ⁽¹⁾	463	509
Total current other assets	2,697	2,850
Total	4,551	4,722

⁽¹⁾ As of 31 December 2023, other assets include €874 million of payments to be made to Airbus by suppliers after aircraft delivery (2022: €673 million). They are recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold at the time of aircraft delivery. These future payments are discounted to reflect specific contractual terms and repayment profile.
As of 31 December 2023, a non-current asset of €373 million (2022: €642 million) is accounted for to reflect the surplus in two pension funds in the UK. The change of €-269 million is mainly explained by actuarial losses on pension obligations from financial assumptions of €-204 million and from experience adjustments of €-75 million as well as the actuarial losses related to the performance of assets of €-124 million. It is partly offset by the contributions to plan assets of €163 million. (see "-
Note 24: Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities").

Other Liabilities

(In € million)	31 December
	2023	2022
Others ⁽¹⁾	450	498
Total non-current other liabilities	450	498
Tax liabilities (excluding income tax)	740	1,082
Others ⁽¹⁾	2,767	2,721
Total current other liabilities	3,507	3,803
Total	3,957	4,301

⁽¹⁾ "Others" mainly comprises tax (excluding income tax) and personnel liabilities (e.g. Salaries, Social insurance contribution, Liabilities from personnel restructuring).

27. Sales Financing Transactions

Sales financing - With a view to facilitating aircraft sales for Airbus and Airbus Helicopters, the Company may enter into either on-balance sheet or off-balance sheet sales financing transactions.

On-balance sheet transactions where the Company is lessor are classified as operating leases, finance leases and loans, inventories and to a minor extent, equity investments:

(i) operating leases - Aircraft leased out under operating leases are included in property, plant and equipment at cost less accumulated depreciation (see "- Note 20: Property, Plant and Equipment"). Rental income from operating leases is recorded as revenue on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease;

(ii) finance leases and loans - When, pursuant to a financing transaction, substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financed aircraft reside with a third party, the transaction is characterised as either a finance lease or a loan. In such instances, revenues from the sale of the aircraft are recorded upon delivery, while financial interest is recorded over time as financial income. The outstanding balance of principal is recorded on the Statement of Financial Position (on-balance sheet) in long-term financial assets, net of any accumulated impairments;

(iii) inventories - Second-hand aircraft acquired as part of a commercial buyback transaction, returned to Airbus after a payment default or at the end of a lease agreement are classified as inventories held for resale if there is no subsequent lease agreement in force (see "- Note 23: Inventories").

Off-balance sheet commitments - Financing commitments are provided to the customer either as backstop commitments before delivery, asset value guarantees at delivery or counter guarantees:

(i) backstop commitments are guarantees by Airbus, made when a customer-order is placed, to provide financing to the customer in the event that the customer fails to secure sufficient funding when payment becomes due under the order. Such commitments are not considered to be part of Gross Customer Financing Exposure as (i) the financing is not in place, (ii) commitments may be transferred in full or part to third parties prior to delivery, (iii) past experience suggests it is unlikely that all such proposed financings actually will be implemented and, (iv) Airbus retains the asset until the aircraft is delivered and does not incur an unusual risk in relation thereto. In order to mitigate customer credit risks for Airbus, such commitments typically contain financial conditions, such as condition precedents, which guaranteed parties must satisfy in order to benefit therefrom;

(ii) asset value guarantees are guarantees whereby Airbus guarantees a portion of the value of an aircraft at a specific date after its delivery. Airbus considers the financial risks associated with such guarantees to be acceptable, because (i) the guarantee only covers a tranche of the estimated future value of the aircraft, and its level is considered prudent in comparison to the estimated future value of each aircraft, and (ii) the exercise dates of outstanding asset value guarantees are distributed through 2031.

As of 31 December 2023, the nominal value of asset value guarantees considered as variable considerations under IFRS 15 provided to beneficiaries amounts to €151 million (2022: €247 million), excluding €9 million (2022: €9 million) where the risk is considered to be remote. The present value of the risk inherent in asset value guarantees where a settlement is being considered probable is fully provided for and included in the total of contract liabilities for an amount of €127 million (2022: €236 million) (see "- Note 22: Contract Assets, Contract Liabilities and Trade Receivables, and Trade Liabilities").

Exposure - In terms of risk management, the Company manages its gross exposure arising from its sales financing activities ("Gross Customer Financing Exposure") separately for (i) customer's credit risk and (ii) asset value risk.

Gross Customer Financing Exposure is the sum of (i) the book value of operating leases before impairment, (ii) the outstanding principal amount of finance leases or loans due before impairment, (iii) the guaranteed amounts under financial guarantees (iv) the book value of second-hand aircraft for resale before impairment, and (v) the outstanding value of any other investment in sales financing structured entities before impairment. This Gross Customer Financing Exposure may differ from the value of related assets on the Company's Statement of Financial Position and related off-balance sheet contingent commitments, mainly because (i) assets are recorded in compliance with IFRS, but may relate to transactions that are financed on a limited recourse basis and (ii) the carrying amount of the assets on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position may have been adjusted for impairment losses.

Gross Customer Financing Exposure amounts to US$ 0.4 billion (€0.3 billion) (2022: US$ 0.4 billion (€0.3 billion)).

Net exposure is the difference between Gross Customer Financing Exposure and the collateral value. Collateral value is assessed using a dynamic model based on the net present value of expected future receivables, expected proceeds from resale and potential cost of default. This valuation model yields results that are typically lower than residual value estimates by independent sources in order to allow for what management believes is its conservative assessment of market conditions and for repossession and transformation costs. The net exposure is provided for by way of impairment losses and other provisions.

Impairment losses and provisions - For the purpose of measuring an impairment loss, each transaction is tested individually. Impairment losses relating to aircraft under operating lease and second-hand aircraft for resale (included in inventory) are recognised for any excess of the aircraft's carrying amount over the higher of the aircraft's value in use and its fair value less cost to sell. Finance leases and loans are measured at fair value, based on the present value of estimated future cash flows (including cash flows expected to be derived from a sale of the aircraft). Under its provisioning policy for sales financing risk, Airbus and Airbus Helicopters record provisions as liabilities for estimated risk relating to off-balance sheet commitments.

Security - Sales financing transactions, including those that are structured through structured entities, are generally collateralised by the underlying aircraft. Additionally, the Company benefits from protective covenants and from security packages tailored according to the perceived risk and the legal environment.

The Company endeavours to limit its sales financing exposure by sharing its risk with third parties usually involving the creation of a structured entity. Apart from investor interest protection, interposing a structured entity offers advantages such as flexibility, bankruptcy remoteness, liability containment and facilitating sell-downs of the aircraft financed. An aircraft financing structured entity is typically funded on a non-recourse basis by a senior lender and one or more providers of subordinated financing. When the Company acts as a lender to such structured entities, it may take the role of the senior lender or the provider of subordinated loan. The Company consolidates an aircraft financing structured entity if it is exposed to the structured entity's variable returns and has the ability to direct the relevant remarketing activities. Otherwise, it recognises only its loan to the structured entity under other long-term financial assets. At 31 December 2023 the carrying amount of its loans from aircraft financing amounts to €85 million (2022: €49 million). This amount also represents the Company's maximum exposure to loss from its interest in unconsolidated aircraft financing structured entities.

On-Balance Sheet Operating and Finance Leases

The future minimum operating lease payments (undiscounted) due from customers to be included in revenue, and the future minimum lease payments (undiscounted) from investments in finance leases to be received in settlement of the outstanding receivable at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022 are as follows:

(In € million)	Aircraft under operating lease	Finance lease receivables
Not later than one year	6	5
Later than one year and not later than five years	6	35
Later than five years	81	18
31 December 2023	93	58

(In € million)	Aircraft under operating lease	Finance lease receivables
Not later than one year	10	6
Later than one year and not later than five years	48	35
Later than five years	72	21
31 December 2022	130	62

Customer Financing Cash Flows

Direct customer financing cash flows amount to €-436 million in 2023 (2022: €-146 million).

Customer Financing Exposure

The on-balance sheet assets relating to sales financing, the off-balance sheet commitments and the related financing exposure (not including asset value guarantees) as of 31 December 2023 and 2022 are as follows:

	31 December 2023			31 December 2022
(In € million)	Airbus	Airbus Helicopters	Total	Airbus	Airbus Helicopters	Total
Operating leases ⁽¹⁾	93	0	93	102	0	102
Finance leases and loans	122	17	139	101	31	132
Inventories	49	0	49	37	0	37
Other investments	42	0	42	66	0	66
On-balance sheet customer financing	306	17	323	306	31	337
Off-balance sheet customer financing	6	2	8	6	2	8
Gross Customer Financing Exposure	312	19	331	312	33	345
Collateral values	(252)	(19)	(271)	(262)	(33)	(295)
Net exposure	60	0	60	50	0	50
Operating leases	0	0	0	0	0	0
Finance leases and loans	(54)	0	(54)	(40)	0	(40)
On-balance sheet commitments - inventories	(5)	0	(5)	(5)	0	(5)
Off-balance sheet commitments - provisions ⁽²⁾	(1)	0	(1)	(5)	0	(5)
Asset impairments, fair value adjustments and provisions	(60)	0	(60)	(50)	0	(50)

⁽¹⁾ For 2023 and 2022, depreciation amounts to €5 million and €11 million respectively and related accumulated depreciation is €17 million and €14 million respectively.
⁽²⁾ See "- Note 24: Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities".

2.6 Employees Costs and Benefits

28. Number of Employees

	Airbus	Airbus Helicopters	Airbus Defence and Space	Consolidated Airbus
31 December 2023	90,032	22,336	35,525	147,893
31 December 2022	79,134	20,803	34,330	134,267

As of 31 December 2023, the total number of employees amounts to 147,893 (2022: 134,267). The increase mainly reflects ramp-up activities and perimeter changes.

29. Personnel Expenses

(In € million)	2023	2022
Wages, salaries and social contributions	14,965	13,509
Net periodic pension cost ⁽¹⁾	414	136
Total	15,379	13,645

⁽¹⁾ See "- Note 31: Post-Employment Benefits".

30. Personnel-Related Provisions

(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2023	Exchange differences	Increase from passage of time	Additions	Reclassification / Change in consolidated group	Used
Restructuring measures / pre-retirement part-time work	91	(2)	1	36	4	(37)
Other personnel charges	652	(1)	4	417	0	(326)
Total	743	(3)	5	453	4	(363)

(In € million)	Released	Balance at 31 December 2023
Restructuring measures / pre-retirement part-time work	(17)	76
Other personnel charges	(48)	698
Total	(65)	774

Other personnel charges of €695 million (2022: €652 million) are mainly related to short-term employee benefits.

31. Post-Employment Benefits

(In € million)	31 December
	2023	2022
Provisions for retirement plans	2,554	3,302
Provisions for deferred compensation	161	207
Retirement plans and similar obligations	2,715	3,509

In addition, a non-current asset of €373 million has been accounted for to reflect the surplus in two pension funds in the UK, the Airbus Section of the participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme and the Company UK Pension Scheme (see "- Note 26: Other Assets and Other Liabilities").

Plans description

When Company employees retire, they receive indemnities as stipulated in retirement agreements, in accordance with regulations and practices of the countries in which it operates.

Provision for deferred compensation represents obligations that arise if employees elect to convert part of their remuneration or bonus into an equivalent commitment for deferred compensation which is treated as a defined benefit post-employment plan.

France - The French pension system is operated on a "pay as you go" basis. Besides the basic pension from the French social security system, each employee is entitled to receive a complementary pension from defined contribution schemes AGIRC-ARRCO (Association pour le régime de retraite complémentaire des salariés and Association générale des institutions de retraite des cadres). Moreover, French law stipulates that employees are paid retirement indemnities in the form of lump sums on the basis of the length of service, which are considered as defined benefit obligations.

In 2023 the Company implemented a new funding vehicle in the form of an insurance contract to partially fund the retirement indemnities obligations.

Germany - The Company has a pension plan (P3) for executive and non-executive employees in place. Under this plan, the employer provides contributions for the services rendered by the employees, which are dependent on their salaries in the respective service period. These contributions are converted into components which become part of the accrued pension liability at the end of the year. Total benefits are calculated as a career average over the entire period of service. Certain employees that are not covered by this plan receive retirement indemnities based on salary earned in the last year or on an average of the last three years of employment. For some executive employees, benefits are dependent on the final salary of the respective individual at the date of retirement and the time period served as an executive.

In 2018, Airbus introduced the new Airbus Pensions Plan ("APP") with security-linked benefits in Germany, which all new entrants after 1 January 2018 will join. Accordingly, the existing pension plan has been closed for new entrants. As of 1 January 2019, deferred compensation, which is financed by the employees, is offered exclusively in APP for all employees. In 2020 the Company transferred about half of the active population of the P3 plan into APP. With effect as of 1 January 2020 these employees will accrue future benefits under APP but not in P3 anymore. Benefits related to past service are not affected by this transfer.

Parts of the pension obligation in Germany are funded by assets invested in specific funding vehicles. Besides a relief fund ("Unterstützungskasse"), the Company has implemented a Contractual Trust Arrangement. The Contractual Trust Arrangement structure is that of a bilateral trust arrangement. Assets that are transferred to the relief fund and the Contractual Trust Arrangement qualify as plan assets under IAS 19.

In the trust arrangements between the trust and the participating companies a minimum funding requirement is stipulated for the portion of the obligation for deferred compensation, which is not protected by the pension guarantee association or Pensions-Sicherungs Verein in case of an insolvency of the subsidiaries concerned. Some portions of the obligation must be covered with securities in the same amount, while other portions must be covered by 115%.

United Kingdom - The Company UK Pension Scheme ("the Scheme") was implemented by Airbus Defence and Space Ltd., Stevenage (UK) as the principal employer. This plan comprises all eligible employees of Airbus Defence and Space Ltd. as well as all personnel, who were recruited by one of the Company subsidiaries located in the UK and participating in the scheme. The major part of the obligation is funded by scheme assets due to contributions of the participating companies. The Scheme is a registered pension scheme under the Finance Act 2004. The trustee's only formal funding objective is the statutory funding objective under the Pensions Act part 3 2004, which is to have sufficient and appropriate assets to cover the Scheme's obligations. Since 1 November 2013, this plan is generally closed for joiners, who participate in a separate defined contribution plan.

Moreover, the Company participates in the UK in several funded trustee-administered pension plans for both executive and non-executive employees with BAE Systems being the principal employer. The Company's most significant investments in terms of employees participating in these BAE Systems UK pension plans is Airbus Operations Ltd. Participating Airbus Operations Ltd. employees have continued to remain members in the BAE Systems UK pension plans due to the UK pension agreement between the Company and BAE Systems and a change in the UK pensions legislation enacted in April 2006.

For the most significant of these BAE Systems Pension Schemes, the Main Scheme, BAE Systems, the Company and the scheme Trustees agreed on a sectionalisation, which was implemented on 1 April 2016. Although BAE Systems remains the only principal employer of the Scheme, the Company has obtained powers in relation to its section which are the same as if it were the principal employer.

Based on the funding situation of the respective pension schemes, the pension plan trustees determine the contribution rates to be paid by the participating employers to adequately fund the schemes. The latest funding valuation for the Main Scheme has been conducted in 2023 and the Main Scheme is currently in a surplus situation.

In the event that an employer who participates in the BAE Systems pension schemes fails or cannot be compelled to fulfil its obligations as a participating employer, the remaining participating employers are obliged to collectively take on its obligations.

The Company considers the likelihood of this event as remote. However, for the Main Scheme the Company considers that its obligation is in principle limited to that related to its section.

In addition, the Company has two guarantees to cover its obligation towards the Scheme and the BAE Systems pension schemes. To mitigate its exposure, the first guarantee covers an amount up to GBP 1.25 billion for an unlimited period of time while the second one covers an uncapped amount terminating in 2046, respectively for the Scheme and the BAE Systems Pension Schemes.

Canada - Airbus Canada Limited Partnership sponsors defined benefit plans for its salaried, hourly and executive employees. In 2020, Airbus acquired Stelia Aeronautics Saint-Laurent Inc. which sponsors a defined benefit plan for its salaried and hourly employees.

Actuarial risks for the Company

The Defined Benefit Obligation ("DBO") exposes the Company to actuarial risks, including mainly the following ones:

Market price risk - The return on plan assets is assumed to be the discount rate derived from AA-rated corporate bonds. If the actual return rate of plan assets is lower than the applied discount rate, the net liability increases accordingly. Moreover, the market values of the plan assets are subject to volatility, which also impacts the net liability.

Interest rate risk - The level of the DBO is significantly impacted by the applied discount rate. The low interest rates in recent years, particular in the euro-denominated market environment, lead to a relatively high net pension liability. If there is again a decline in returns of corporate bonds, the DBO will increase in future periods, which might only be offset partially by the positive development of market values of those corporate bonds included in plan assets. Generally, the pension obligation is sensitive to movements in the interest rate leading to volatile results in the valuation.

Inflation risk - The pension liabilities can be sensitive to movements in the inflation rate, whereby a higher inflation rate could lead to an increasing liability. Since some pension plans are directly related to salaries, increases in compensations could result in increasing pension obligations. For the deferred compensation plan P3, which is financed by the employees a fixed interest rate has been agreed.

Longevity risk - The pension liabilities are sensitive to the life expectancy of its members. Rising life expectancies lead to an increase in the valuation of the DBO.

Main average assumptions

The weighted average assumptions used in calculating the actuarial values of the most significant retirement plans as of 31 December 2023 are as follows:

	Pension plans in
	Germany		France		UK
(Rate in %)	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022
Discount rate	3.4	3.6	3.4	3.7	4.5	4.8
Rate of compensation increase	3.4	3.4	3.0	3.0	3.2	3.3
Rate of pension increase	2.4	2.4	2.1	2.1	2.9	3.0
Inflation rate	2.4	2.4	2.1	2.1	3.0	3.2

	Pension plans in
	Participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme in the UK		Canada
(Rate in %)	2023	2022	2023	2022
Discount rate	4.5	5.0	4.6	5.3
Rate of compensation increase	3.2	3.4	3.0	3.0
Rate of pension increase	3.0	3.1	2.0	2.0
Inflation rate	3.1	3.3	2.0	2.0

Discount rate - For Germany and France, the Company derives the discount rate used to determine the DBO from yields on high quality corporate bonds with an AA rating. The determination of the discount rate is based on the iBoxx € Corporates AA bond data and uses the granularity of single bond data in order to receive more market information from the given bond index. The discount rate for the estimated duration of the respective pension plan is then extrapolated along the yield curve. In the UK, it is determined with reference to the full yield curve of AA-rated sterling-denominated corporate bonds of varying maturities. In Canada the discount rate is determined based on the yield of corporate bonds with AA rating. The salary increase rates are based on long-term expectations of the respective employers, derived from the assumed inflation rate and adjusted by promotional or productivity scales.

Rate of pension increase - Rates for pension payment increases are derived from the respective inflation rate for the plan.

Inflation rates - Inflation rate for German and French plans corresponds to the expected long-term increase in cost of living. In the UK, the inflation assumptions are derived by reference to the difference between the yields on index-linked and fixed-interest long-term government bonds.

Mortality tables - For the calculation of the German pension obligation, the "2018 G" mortality tables (generation tables) as developed by Professor Dr. Klaus Heubeck are applied, while the disability rates of the Heubeck Tables have been reduced to 30%, to align with actual observation.

For the UK schemes, the Self-Administered Pensions S2 mortality tables based on year of birth (as published by the Institute of Actuaries) is used in conjunction with the results of an investigation into the actual mortality experience of scheme members. In France, Institute for French Statistics ("INSEE") tables are applied.

Funded status for retirement and deferred compensation plans

The development of the funded status for retirement and deferred compensation plans is set out below:

	DBO			Plan assets
(In € million)	Pension plans of the Company	Participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme in the UK	Total	Pension plans of the Company	Participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme in the UK	Total
Balance at 1 January 2022	17,699	4,598	22,297	(11,353)	(3,872)	(15,225)
Service cost (including past service cost)	(25)	72	47	0	0	0
Interest cost and income	217	85	302	(141)	(72)	(213)
Remeasurements: actuarial (gains) and losses arising from
changes in demographic assumptions	141	(3)	138	0	0	0
changes in financial assumptions	(5,246)	(2,056)	(7,302)	0	0	0
changes in experience adjustments	613	370	983	0	0	0
plan assets	0	0	0	1,911	740	2,651
Changes in consolidation, transfers and others	(34)	0	(34)	9	0	9
Benefits paid	(442)	(121)	(563)	159	121	280
Contributions by employer and other plan participants	80	1	81	(348)	(254)	(602)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(67)	(178)	(245)	80	183	263
Balance at 31 December 2022	12,936	2,768	15,704	(9,683)	(3,154)	(12,837)
Service cost (including past service cost)	282	38	320	0	0	0
Interest cost and income	454	138	592	(342)	(156)	(498)
Remeasurements: actuarial (gains) and losses arising from
changes in demographic assumptions	(7)	15	8	0	0	0
changes in financial assumptions	365	172	537	0	0	0
changes in experience adjustments	(209)	101	(108)	0	0	0
plan assets	0	0	0	(515)	107	(408)
Changes in consolidation, transfers and others	(67)	0	(67)	(12)	0	(12)
Benefits paid	(437)	(113)	(550)	156	113	269
Contributions by employer and other plan participants	80	1	81	(567)	(107)	(674)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	16	57	73	(23)	(65)	(88)
Balance at 31 December 2023	13,413	3,177	16,590	(10,986)	(3,262)	(14,248)

(In € million)	Total Funded status
Balance at 1 January 2022	7,072
Service cost (including past service cost)	47
Interest cost and income	89
Remeasurements: actuarial (gains) and losses arising from
changes in demographic assumptions	138
changes in financial assumptions	(7,302)
changes in experience adjustments	983
plan assets	2,651
Changes in consolidation, transfers and others	(25)
Benefits paid	(283)
Contributions by employer and other plan participants	(521)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	18
Balance at 31 December 2022	2,867
Service cost (including past service cost)	320
Interest cost and income	94
Remeasurements: actuarial (gains) and losses arising from
changes in demographic assumptions	8
changes in financial assumptions	537
changes in experience adjustments	(108)
plan assets	(408)
Changes in consolidation, transfers and others	(79)
Benefits paid	(281)
Contributions by employer and other plan participants	(593)
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(15)
Balance at 31 December 2023	2,342

The figures shown in the table include the surplus in two pension funds in the UK, resulting from a defined benefit obligation and assets of €4,360 million and €4,733 million that have been accounted as a non-current asset.

In the figures shown in the table, amounts of €1,873 million and €1,712 million are included for the defined benefit obligation and plan assets for deferred compensation plans in Germany (2022: €1,715 million and €1,508 million).

The past service cost included in the service cost amounts to €-6 million and €-400 million as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively. The employer contributions amount to €668 million and €6 million for other plan participants as of 31 December 2023 (2022: €595 million and €6 million respectively).

Additionally, the Company considers liabilities for lump sum payments (one-off payment or lump sum instalments) under the German P3 pension arrangement in the total amount of €194 million and €183 million as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The funding of the plans is as follows:

	31 December
	2023		2022
(In € million)	DBO	Plan assets	DBO	Plan assets
Unfunded pension plans	368	0	873	0
Funded pension plans (partial)	16,222	(14,248)	14,831	(12,837)
Total	16,590	(14,248)	15,704	(12,837)

As of 31 December 2023, provisions for pensions decreased by €-794 million. It mainly reflects the actuarial gains related to the strong performance of assets of €533 million and the contributions to plan assets of €505 million. It is partly offset by the actuarial losses on pension obligations from financial assumptions of €334 million, driven by the decrease in the discount rates.

The French pension reform signed into law in April 2023 and accounted for as a plan amendment did not have any material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In 2023, employer contributions for retirement and deferred compensation plans amount to €668 million. This consists of:

―	payments made to the pension and deferred compensation plans of the Company in Germany, UK and Canada of €247 million (2022: €342 million), mainly relating to a Contractual Trust Arrangement in Germany of €171 million (2022: €171 million), the relief fund in Germany of €0 million (2022: €99 million) and the Company UK scheme of €57 million (2022: €57 million);
―	payments made of €314 million (2022: €0 million) to partially fund the retirement indemnities provisions in France;
―	payments made to the participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme in the UK of €107 million (2022: €254 million).

Contributions of approximately €500 million are expected to be made in 2024.

The weighted average duration of the DBO for retirement plans and deferred compensation is 15 years at 31 December 2023 (31 December 2022: 15 years).

Pension obligations by countries and type of beneficiaries

The split of the DBO for retirement plans and deferred compensation between active, deferred and pensioner members for the most significant plans is as follows:

	Active	Deferred	Pensioner
Germany	45%	10%	45%
France	99%	0%	1%
UK	50%	20%	30%
Participation in BAE System Pension Scheme (Main Scheme)	37%	14%	49%
Canada	82%	2%	16%

Pension obligations and plan assets by countries and type of plans

The split of the pension obligations and plan assets for retirement plans and deferred compensation for the most significant plans is as follows:

	Present value of DBO		Plan assets
	Retirement plans	Deferred Compensation plans	Retirement plans	Deferred Compensation plans
Germany	82%	18%	80%	20%
France	100%	0%	100%	0%
UK	100%	0%	100%	0%
Participation in BAE System Pension Scheme (Main Scheme)	100%	0%	100%	0%
Canada	100%	0%	100%	0%

Pension obligations sensitivity to main assumptions

The following table shows how the present value of the DBO of retirement plans and deferred compensation would have been influenced by changes in the actuarial assumptions as set out for 31 December 2023:

	Change in actuarial assumptions	Impact on DBO
		Change at 31 December
		2023	2022
Present value of the DBO		16,590	15,704
Discount rate	Increase by 0.5%-point	(1,109)	(1,051)
	Decrease by 0.5%-point	1,242	1,178
Rate of compensation increase	Increase by 0.25%-point	88	84
	Decrease by 0.25%-point	(83)	(80)
Rate of pension increase	Increase by 0.25%-point	246	259
	Decrease by 0.25%-point	(238)	(250)
Life expectancy	Increase by one year	394	366

Sensitivities are calculated based on the same method (present value of the DBO calculated with the projected unit credit method) as applied when calculating the post-employment benefit obligations. The sensitivity analyses are based on a change of one assumption while holding all other assumptions constant. This is unlikely to occur in practice and changes of more than one assumption may be correlated leading to different impacts on the DBO than disclosed above. If the assumptions change at a different level, the effect on the DBO is not necessarily in a linear relation.

Plan assets allocation

The fair value of the plan assets for retirement plans and deferred compensation can be allocated to the following classes:

	2023			2022
(In € million)	Quoted prices	Unquoted prices	Total	Quoted prices	Unquoted prices	Total
Equity securities
Europe	475	0	475	565	0	565
Rest of the world	167	0	167	128	0	128
Emerging markets	206	0	206	417	0	417
Global	1,195	976	2,171	1,959	898	2,857
Bonds
Corporates	3,842	1,027	4,869	2,502	1,114	3,616
Governments	3,067	0	3,067	2,370	0	2,370
Pooled investments vehicles	640	0	640	725	0	725
Commodities	0	0	0	0	0	0
Hedge funds	0	0	0	0	0	0
Derivatives	0	(14)	(14)	0	(278)	(278)
Property	0	935	935	0	767	767
Cash and money market funds	320	193	513	202	144	346
Others	0	1,219	1,219	0	1,324	1,324
Balance at 31 December	9,912	4,336	14,248	8,868	3,969	12,837

The majority of funded plans apply broadly an asset-liability matching framework. The strategic asset allocation of the plans takes into account the characteristics of the underlying obligations. Investments are widely diversified, such that the failure of any single investment would not have a material impact on the overall level of assets. A large portion of assets in 2023 consists of fixed income and equity instruments, although the Company also invests in property, private markets and other alternatives. The Company reassesses the characteristics of the pension obligations from time to time or as required by the applicable regulation or governance framework. This typically triggers a subsequent review of the strategic asset allocation.

Funded status by countries

The funded status for retirement and deferred compensation plans can be allocated to the countries as follows:

	Pension plans of the Company				Participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme in the UK
(In € million)	Germany	France	UK	Canada		Total
DBO	10,360	1,353	1,183	517	3,177	16,590
Plan assets	8,768	333	1,471	414	3,262	14,248
Balance at 31 December 2023	1,592	1,020	(288)	103	(85)	2,342
DBO	10,157	1,243	1,100	436	2,768	15,704
Plan assets	7,957	19	1,356	351	3,154	12,837
Balance at 31 December 2022	2,200	1,224	(256)	85	(386)	2,867

Contributions to defined contribution plans

Employer's contribution to state and private pension plans, mainly in Germany and France, are to be considered as defined contribution plans. Contributions in 2023 amounted to €723 million (2022: €894 million).

32. Share-based Payment

Share-based compensation - From 2016 to 2020, the Company operated a Performance Units and Performance Shares Plan. Performance Units qualify as a cash-settled share-based payment plan under IFRS 2 and Performance Shares qualify as an equity-settled share-based payment plan under IFRS 2.

Since 2021, the Company operates only a Performance Shares Plan.

Plans granting Restricted Units, Performance Units and/or Performance Shares are also mentioned as "LTIP" in the following notes.

Since 2018, the Company operates also exceptional grants of Performance and Restricted Units as well as Performance and Restricted Shares under an Equity Pool. Such exceptional grants are validated by specific resolutions from the Board of Directors and qualify as cash-settled or equity-settled share-based payment plans under IFRS 2. Accounting principles and methodology are the ones applied for LTIP as described below.

For cash-settled plans, provisions for associated services received are measured at fair value by multiplying the number of units expected to vest with the fair value of one LTIP unit at the end of each reporting period, taking into account the extent to which the employees have rendered service to date. Changes of the fair value are recognised as personnel expenses of the period, leading to a re-measurement of the provision. The fair value of Performance Units is re-measured at each closing date as far as they are not paid.

For equity-settled plans, compensation expense is measured at the grant date at the fair value by multiplying the number of shares expected to vest by the fair value of one LTIP share taking into account the extent to which the employees have rendered service to date. The compensation expense is accounting for over the vesting period of each LTIP equity-settled plans.

The fair value of each LTIP share (equity or cash-settled plans) is determined using a forward pricing model and is based on publicly available risk-free rate, volatility and dividend rate.

Besides the equity-settled plans described above, the Employee Share Ownership Plan ("ESOP") is an additional equity-settled share-based payment plan. Under this plan, the Company offers its employees Airbus SE shares at fair value matched with a number of free shares based on a determining ratio. The fair value of shares provided is reflected as personnel expenses in the Company's Consolidated Income Statement with a corresponding increase in equity.

32.1 LTIP

The Company hedges the share price risk inherent in the cash-settled LTIP units by entering into equity swaps where the reference price is based on the Airbus SE share price. To the extent that cash-settled LTIP units are hedged, compensation expense recognised for these units will effectively reflect the reference price fixed under the equity swaps. In order to avoid any dilution of its current shareholders out of equity-settled LTIP units, the Company used to perform share buybacks to meet its obligations to its employees, following the decisions of the Board of Directors and approval of the Annual General Meeting ("AGM").

In 2023, compensation expenses for LTIPs (incl. Equity Pool) including the effect of the equity swaps amounted to €72 million (2022: €49 million), among which €22 million for cash-settled plans (2022: €21 million) and €50 million for equity-settled plans (2022: €28 million).

As of 31 December 2023, provisions of €72 million (2022: €57 million) relating to LTIP units (cash-settled) have been accounted for.

The lifetime of the Performance Units as well as Performance Shares is contractually fixed (see the description of the respective tranche in the following table). For the units, the measurement is next to other market data, mainly affected by the share price as of the end of the reporting period (€139.78 as of 29 December 2023) and the lifetime of the units.

The fair value of units and shares granted in the frame of the LTIP 2023 plan is as follows:

Expected vesting date (In € per unit / share granted)	Fair value of Performance Shares
May 2027 - Performance Shares	141.80

The principal characteristics of the LTIPs as at 31 December 2023 are summarised below:

	LTIP 2018 ⁽⁷⁾		LTIP 2019 ⁽⁸⁾		LTIP 2020 ⁽⁹⁾
Grant date ⁽¹⁾	30 October		29 October		28 October
	2018		2019		2020
	Performance Units and Performance Shares Plan
Units/Shares	Units	Shares	Units	Shares	Units	Shares
Number of units / shares granted ⁽²⁾	278,376	281,181	247,508	247,508	420,004	420,004
Fair value at grant date ⁽³⁾	84.09 /	85.01	112.83 /	112.92	51.04 /	55.49
	83.28		108.44		46.98
Fair Value of Performance Units as of 31 December 2023 ⁽³⁾	-	n.a.	125.20 /	n.a.	128.00 /	n.a.
			137.30		116.48
Number of units / shares granted through Equity Pool ⁽⁴⁾	6,664	6,664	4,343	4,252	2,473	2,473
Number of units / shares outstanding ⁽⁵⁾	-	-	55,050	-	575,805	575,805
Total number of eligible beneficiaries	1,626		1,576		1,603
Vesting conditions	The Performance Units and Performance Shares will vest if the participant is still employed by a company of the Group at the respective vesting dates and upon achievement of mid-term business performance. Vesting schedule is made up of two payments over two years for units, one date of delivery for shares.
Limited Share price per unit at vesting dates to ⁽⁶⁾	€213.88	n.a.	€244.12	n.a.	€136.08	n.a.
Expected	50% each in June 2022 and	100% in May 2022	50% each in June 2023 and in	100% in May 2023	50% each in June 2024 and in	100% Expected in May 2024
Vesting dates	June 2023		June 2024		June 2025
Number of accelerated vested units / shares ⁽¹⁰⁾	-	-	-	-	404	404
Number of vested units / shares	130,089	132,120	55,982	109,802	-	-

	LTIP 2021	LTIP 2022	LTIP 2023
Grant date ⁽¹⁾	15 December	14 December	14 December
	2021	2022	2023
	Performance Units and Performance Shares Plan
Units/Shares	Shares	Shares	Shares
Number of units / shares granted ⁽²⁾	520,870	649,373	558,055
Fair value at grant date ⁽³⁾	89.83	110.85	141.80
Fair Value of Performance Units as of 31 December 2023 ⁽³⁾	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Number of units / shares granted through Equity Pool ⁽⁴⁾	19,693	19,747	-
Number of units / shares outstanding ⁽⁵⁾	512,255	658,409	558,055
Total number of eligible beneficiaries	1,785	1,579	1,581
Vesting conditions	The Performance Units and Performance Shares will vest if the participant is still employed by a company of the Group at the respective vesting dates and upon achievement of mid-term business performance. Vesting schedule is made up of two payments over two years for units, one date of delivery for shares.
Limited Share price per unit at vesting dates to ⁽⁶⁾	n.a.	n.a.	n.a.
Expected	100%	100%	100%
Vesting dates	in May 2025	in May 2026	in May 2027
Number of accelerated vested units / shares ⁽¹⁰⁾	247	-	-
Number of vested units / shares	-	-	-

⁽¹⁾ Date, when the vesting conditions were determined.
⁽²⁾ Based on 100% target performance achievement. A minimum of 50% of Performance Units will vest; 100% in case of on-target performance achievement; up to a maximum of 150% in case of overachievement of performance criteria. In case of absolute negative results (cumulative EBIT of the Company) during the performance period, the Board of Directors can decide to review the vesting of the Performance Units including the 50% portion which is not subject to performance conditions (additional vesting condition).
⁽³⁾ Values are provided for units corresponding per vesting date.
⁽⁴⁾ Mirroring the respective plan rules and regulations, but granted at a different date based on specific Board of Directors' resolutions.
⁽⁵⁾ Including shares granted through the Equity Pool, if applicable and applicable performance achievement as per footnote 7,8,9 below.
⁽⁶⁾ Corresponds to 200% of the respective reference share price. Overall, the pay-out for Performance Units is limited to a total amount of 250% of the units originally granted, each valued with the respective reference share price of €73.81 (for LTIP 2017), €106.94 (for LTIP 2018), €122.06 (for LTIP 2019), €68.04 (for LTIP 2020).
⁽⁷⁾ Based on performance achievement of 50% for Performance Units under LTIP 2018.
⁽⁸⁾ Based on performance achievement of 50% for Performance Units under LTIP 2019.
⁽⁹⁾ Based on performance achievement of 150% for Performance Units under LTIP 2020.
⁽¹⁰ ) Accelerated vesting following the death of a beneficiary.

Additionally, the Board of Directors approved in 2023 the exceptional grant of 988 Restricted Units and 23,414 Restricted Shares (2022: 1,836 Units and 47,035 Shares) under the Equity Pool with an average fair value of €115.28. In 2023, 1,138 Units and 14,117 Shares have vested (2022: 4,826 Units and 2,165 Shares).

The number of units granted under the Equity Pool and outstanding as of 31 December 2023 is 1,419 Units and 63,368 Shares (2022: 1,836 Units and 56,857 Shares).

32.2 ESOP

In 2023, the Board of Directors approved a new ESOP scheme, like in 2022.

Eligible employees were able to purchase a fixed number of previously unissued shares at fair market value (5, 10, 15, 30, 60 or 100 shares in 2023 and 2022). The Company matched each fixed number of shares with a number of the Company free shares based on a determined ratio (5, 9, 12, 20, 35 and 55 free shares, respectively in 2023 and 2022). During a custody period of at least one year, employees are restricted from selling the shares, but have the right to receive all dividends paid. Employees who directly purchased the Airbus SE shares have, in addition, the ability to vote at the Annual Shareholder Meetings. The subscription price was equal to the closing price at the Paris stock exchange on 15 February 2023 (2022: 16 March 2022) and amounted to €119.06 (2022: €106.82). Investing through a mutual fund led to a price which corresponds to the average price at the Paris stock exchange during the 20 trading days immediately preceding 15 February 2023 (2022: 16 February 2022), resulting in a price of €116.68 (2022: €114.01).

In 2023, the Company issued and sold 1,314,184 ordinary shares (2022: 1,296,252) with a nominal value of €1.00 each.

In 2023, the Company issued and distributed 876,419 matching ordinary shares (2022: 824,793) with a nominal value of €1.00 each. Compensation expense (excluding social security contributions) of €118 million (2022: €82 million) was recognised in connection with ESOP in 2023.

33. Remuneration

33.1 Remuneration - Executive Committee

The Company's key management personnel consists of Members of the Executive Committee and Non-Executive Board Members. The Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), who chairs the Executive Committee, is the sole Executive Board Member. The annual remuneration and related compensation costs of the key management personnel as expensed in the respective year can be summarised as follows:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Executive Committee, including Executive Board Member
Salaries and other short-term benefits (including bonuses)	18.3	19.4
Post-employment benefit costs	2.4	4.0
Share-based remuneration ("LTIP award", including associated hedge result)	9.5	4.1
Termination benefits	0	0
Other benefits	0.3	0.3
Social charges ⁽¹⁾	5.7	6.0
Non-Executive Board Members
Short-term benefits (including social charges)	3.1	2.3
Total expense recognised	39.3	36.1

⁽¹⁾ Costs of benefits provided through applicable mandatory collective and social security plans are accounted for among social charges.

Salaries and Other Short-Term Benefits (Including Bonuses)

The amount of bonuses is based on estimated performance achievement as at the balance sheet date and difference between previous year estimation and actual pay-out in the current year. Outstanding short-term benefits (bonuses) at year-end 2023 for Executive Committee Members based on estimated performance achievement at year-end was €9.5 million (2022: €10.2 million).

In order to support the Company's target of reducing its Scope 1 and 2 carbon emissions by 63% by 2030, the Board of Directors decided to translate this ambition into a concrete objective and include the CO ₂ reduction target in the collective variable remuneration of the CEO and all executives.

Post-Employment and Other Long-Term Benefits

The post-employment and other long-term benefits defined obligation for the Executive Committee, including the CEO, amounted to €15.0 million at 31 December 2023 (2022: €16.7 million). The disclosed post-employment and other long-term benefits reflect the total outstanding balance for all Executive Committee Members in charge at the end of the respective balance sheet date.

Share-Based Remuneration ("LTIP Award")

The share-based payment expenses result from not yet forfeited units and shares granted to the Executive Committee Members under the Company's LTIP which are re-measured at fair value according to the methodology described in "- Note 32: Share-based Payment".

For LTIP 2023, the Members of the Executive Committee were granted 65,939 Performance Shares (2022: 70,562). The respective fair value of these Shares at grant date was €10.3 million (2022: €8.8 million).

As of 31 December 2023, provisions of €8.6 million (2022: €5.4 million) relating to LTIP have been recognised. The total number of outstanding Performance Units and Performance Shares granted to the current Members of the Executive Committee amounted to 70,992 and 273,325 respectively at 31 December 2023 (2022: 81,183 Performance Units and 206,211 Performance Shares).

In 2023, the expenses related to share based remuneration have significantly increased versus 2022 due to (i) the significant Airbus share price increase (from €111.02 end of 2022 to €139.78 end of 2023) which impacted the Performance Units plans and (ii) the higher performance achievement of unvested LTIP plan considered in the 2023 expense than the one for unvested LTIP plan considered in the 2022 expense which had been negatively impacted by the Covid.

Termination Benefits

The following benefits apply to Executive Committee Members, except the CEO.

In the case of contract termination, the Executive Committee Members are entitled to an indemnity equal to 1.5 times the Total Target Remuneration (defined as Base Salary and target Annual Variable Remuneration) with respect to applicable local legal requirements, if any.

This will not apply if the Executive Committee mandate is terminated for cause, in case of dismissal, if the Executive Committee Member resigns or has reached retirement age.

The Executive Committee Members' contract includes a non-compete clause which applies for a minimum of one year and can be extended at the Company's initiative for a further year. The Board of Directors has the discretion to waive or invoke the extension of the non-compete clause when legally or contractually possible. The compensation for each year that the non-compete clause applies is equal to 50% of the last Total Annual Remuneration (defined as Base Salary and Annual Variable Remuneration most recently paid) with respect to applicable local legal requirements, if any.

Past LTIP awards may be maintained in full or prorated, in such cases as in case of retirement or if a mandate is not renewed by the Company without cause, pro rata being based on the presence in the Company during performance periods. The vesting of past LTIP awards follows the plans' rules and regulations and is not accelerated in any case. LTIP awards are forfeited for Executives who leave the Company on their own initiative, but this is subject to review by the Board of Directors.

The termination benefits include assumptions about all effective, known or planned terminations to date.

Other Benefits

Other benefits include expenses for Executive Committee Members' medical, death and disability coverage, company car and other usual facilities as applicable.

33.2 Remuneration - CEO

The annual remuneration and related compensation costs of the CEO as expensed in the respective year can be summarised as follows:

(In €)	2023	2022
Base salary	1,485,000	1,485,000
Annual variable pay	1,945,350	2,008,800
Post-employment benefit costs	(1,049,054)	1,385,222
Share-based remuneration ("LTIP award") ⁽¹⁾	1,997,522	1,082,668
Termination benefits	0	0
Other benefits	34,969	32,734
Social charges ⁽²⁾	1,312,061	1,357,922

⁽¹⁾ Expense related to share-based payment plans as recognised in the annual period (service period) including the result from the hedge of cash-settled share-based payment (see "- Note 32: Share-Based Payment").
⁽²⁾ Social charges depend on the applicable regulation to the CEO. In France, social charges comprise benefits accrued through mandatory collective and state plans such as pension, death and disability or medical coverage.

Annual Variable Pay

The annual variable pay is based on estimated performance achievement as at the balance sheet date and difference between the previous year's estimation and actual pay-out in the current year.

Post-Employment Benefit Costs

Post-employment benefit costs relate to the aggregated amount of current service and interest costs for defined benefit plan and company cost for contributions base plans.

Following the Board decision approved in the AGM 2020, the CEO pension rights are accrued through a defined contributions plan from 1 January 2020, which coexists with the former defined benefit pension plan.

The accrued pension rights under the former defined benefit plan have been frozen at the end of 2019 and remain unvested until the retirement date of the CEO. The pension rights arising from the Company's defined contribution plan are deducted from the frozen defined pension rights.

As of 31 December 2023, the defined benefit obligation related to the frozen defined benefit commitment amounts to €3,875,518 (2022: €6,895,263). This obligation has been accrued in the 2023 Consolidated Financial Statements and will be updated annually up to the retirement date of the CEO considering additional service cost and future changes on economic assumptions or other factors like salary increase.

The decrease in the defined benefit obligation is mainly due to the change in retirement age following the pension reform in France in 2023. This change has been considered as a plan amendment and leads to the recognition of a profit in EBIT.

For the fiscal year 2023, the cost related to the CEO's pension rights accrued under Company's plans during the year represented a net profit of €1,049,054 composed by an expense of €1,404,951 and the effect of the French pension reform leading to a release of provision of €2,454,006 (2022: expense of €1,385,222).

The annual cost of pension rights accrued under applicable mandatory collective and state pension plans are accounted for among social charges.

Share-based Remuneration

The table below gives an overview of the interests of the CEO, under the various LTIPs of the Company:

Granted Date	LTIP 2018 ⁽¹⁾	LTIP 2019	LTIP 2020	LTIP 2021	LTIP 2022	LTIP 2023
Performance Units and Shares	8,416	11,060	19,840	12,121	14,115	11,619
Revaluation	50%	50%	150%	100%	100%	100%
Performance Units and Shares revalued	4,208	5,531	29,760	12,121	14,115	11,619
Vested in 2023
in cash	1,052	1,383	-	-	-	-
in shares	-	2,765	-	-	-	-
Outstanding 2023
in cash	-	1,383	14,880	-	-	-
in shares	-	-	14,880	12,121	14,115	11,619
Vesting schedule
Cash-settled units		For ve	sting dates, see "-	Note 32.1: LTIP"
Equity-settled units	May 2022	May 2023	May 2024	May 2025	May 2026	May 2027

⁽¹⁾ 2018 awards were granted before the appointment of the CEO and could vest during the CEO's mandate.

Vesting of all Performance Units and Performance Shares granted to the CEO is subject to performance conditions.

As of 31 December 2023, provisions of €2,074,739 (2022: €1,301,397) relating to Performance Units have been recognised. The pay-out from vested cash-settled LTIP in 2023 was €304,862 (2022: €226,388) excluding social charges.

Termination Benefits

The termination benefit applicable to the CEO is described in the Company's Remuneration policy.

Other Benefits

As stipulated in the Company's Remuneration Policy, the benefits offered to the CEO are similar to the benefits granted to other executives of the Company and comprise, among other matters, medical, death and disability coverage (both through the French social security system and mandatory collective Company's plans), a company car and usual facilities. Costs of benefits provided through applicable mandatory collective and social security plans are accounted for among social charges. The monetary value of other benefits provided to the CEO in 2023 amounted to €34,969 (2022: €32,734).

The Company has not provided any loans to, advances to and guarantees on behalf of the CEO.

33.3 Remuneration - Board of Directors

The remuneration of the Non-Executive Members of the Board of Directors was as follows:

	2023			2022
(In €)	Fixum ⁽¹⁾	Attendance	Total	Fixum ⁽¹⁾	Attendance	Total
		Fees ⁽²⁾			Fees ⁽²⁾
Non-Executive Board Members
René Obermann	515,000 ⁽³⁾	105,000	620,000 ⁽³⁾	225,000	135,000	360,000
Victor Chu	150,000	62,000	212,000	100,000	66,000	166,000
Jean-Pierre Clamadieu	220,000	76,000	296,000	140,000	96,500	236,500
Ralph D. Crosby, Jr.	150,000	70,000	220,000	100,000	100,000	200,000
Mark Dunkerley	190,000	94,000	284,000	124,420	112,000	236,420
Stephan Gemkow	160,000	76,000	236,000	110,000	98,000	208,000
Catherine Guillouard	220,000	63,000	283,000	140,000	98,000	238,000
Amparo Moraleda	220,000	69,500	289,500	140,000	103,000	243,000
Claudia Nemat	150,000	56,500	206,500	100,000	76,500	176,500
Irene Rummelhoff	150,000	55,000	205,000	72,100	75,000	147,100
Antony Wood ⁽⁴⁾	141,050	70,000	211,050	3,913	10,000	13,913
Former Non-Executive Board Members
Lord Drayson ⁽⁵⁾	-	-	-	33,811	15,000	48,811
Carlos Tavares ⁽⁶⁾	-	-	-	22,541	5,000	27,541
Total	2,266,050	797,000	3,063,050	1,311,785	990,000	2,301,785

⁽¹⁾ Fixum includes a base fee for Board membership and the relevant Committee membership as the case may be (Audit Committee, Remuneration, Nomination and Governance Committee ("RNGC"), Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee ("ECSC")). The fixum for the year 2023 was paid 50% in January 2023 and 50% in July 2023. The fixum for the year 2022 was paid 50% in January 2022 and 50% in July 2022 except in relation to the ad hoc Committee for which the full amount was paid in January 2023.
⁽²⁾ 2023 attendance fees include the Board of Directors attendance fees and the fees in relation to the relevant Committee (Audit Committee, RNGC and ECSC) meetings. The Board of Directors attendance fees related to the first semester 2023 were paid in July 2023, those related to the second semester 2023 were paid in January 2024. The Committees' attendance fees related to the full year 2023 were paid in January 2024.
⁽³⁾ Amount before donation by the Chairman of the portion exceeding his fixed remuneration received in 2022.
⁽⁴⁾ Member of the Audit Committee since 19 April 2023.
⁽⁵⁾ Member of the Board of Directors, the RNGC and the ECSC until 12 April 2022.
⁽⁶⁾ Member of the Board of Directors until 12 April 2022.

2.7 Capital Structure and Financial Instruments

34. Total Equity

34.1 Equity Attributable to Equity Owners of the Parent

The Company's shares are exclusively ordinary shares with a par value of €1.00. The following table shows the development of the number of shares issued and fully paid:

(In number of shares)	2023	2022
Issued at 1 January	788,205,008	786,083,690
Issued for ESOP	2,254,426	2,121,318
Issued at 31 December	790,459,434	788,205,008
Treasury shares	(3,037,467)	(647,500)
Outstanding at 31 December	787,421,967	787,557,508

Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to dividends and to one vote per share at general meetings of the Company.

Equity attributable to equity owners of the parent (including purchased treasury shares) amounts to €17,695 million (2022: €12,950 million) representing an increase of €+4,745 million. This is mainly due to the net income for the period of € +3,789 million and the mark to market revaluation of the hedge portfolio of €2,390 million partly offset a dividend payment of €-1,421 million (€1.80 per share).

Capital stock comprises the nominal amount of shares outstanding. The addition to capital stock represents the contribution for exercised options by employees of €2,254,426 (2022: €2,121,318) in compliance with the implemented ESOPs.

Share premium mainly results from contributions in kind in the course of the creation of the Company, cash contributions from the Company's initial public offering, capital increases and reductions due to the issuance and cancellation of shares.

Retained earnings include mainly the profit for the period and the changes in other comprehensive income from remeasurements of the defined benefit pension plans net of tax which amounts to €-284 million in 2023 (2022: € +3,432 million).

On 19 April 2023, the Annual General Meeting ("AGM") decided to distribute a gross amount of €1.80 per share, which was paid on 27 April 2023. For the fiscal year 2023, the Board of Directors will propose the payment of a dividend of €1.80 per share and a special dividend of €1.00 per share to the 2024 Annual General Meeting taking place on 10 April 2024. The proposed payment date is 18 April 2024.

Treasury shares represent the amount paid or payable for own shares held in treasury. During 2023, the number of treasury stock held by the Company increased to 3,037,467 compared to 647,500 as of 31 December 2022, mainly due to the share buybacks partly offset by vested shares in 2023 under LTIP 2019 (see "- Note 32: Share-based Payment"). No shares were sold back to the market nor cancelled (2022: 0 shares).

On 19 April 2023, the AGM of the Company authorised the Board of Directors, for a period expiring at the AGM to be held in 2024, to issue shares and to grant rights to subscribe for shares in the Company's share capital for the purpose of:

―	ESOPs and share-related LTIPs, provided that such powers shall be limited to an aggregate of 0.18% of the Company's authorised share capital (see "- Note 32: Share-based Payment");
―	funding the Company and its subsidiaries, provided that such powers shall be limited to an aggregate of 0.3% of the Company's authorised share capital (see "- Note 36.3: Financing Liabilities").

For each operation, such powers shall not extend to issuing shares or granting rights to subscribe for shares if there is no preferential subscription right and for an aggregate issue price in excess of €500 million per share issuance.

On 19 April 2023, the AGM authorised the Board of Directors for an 18-month period to repurchase up to 10% of the Company's issued share capital at a price per share not less than the nominal value and not more than the higher of the price of the last independent trade and the highest current independent bid on the trading venues of the regulated market of the country in which the purchase is carried out.

Furthermore, the AGM authorised the Board of Directors to determine on a case-by-case basis the share repurchase programmes to be implemented by the Company, if any.

34.2 Non-Controlling Interests

The non-controlling interests ("NCI") from non-wholly owned subsidiaries increased to €35 million as of 31 December 2023 (2022: €32 million). These NCI do not have a material interest in the Company's activities and cash flows.

35. Capital Management

The Company seeks to maintain a strong financial profile to safeguard its going concern, financial flexibility as well as shareholders', credit rating agencies', credit investors' and other stakeholders' confidence in the Company. Consequently, operating liquidity is of great importance.

As part of its capital management, it is one of the Company's objectives to maintain a strong credit rating by institutional rating agencies. This enables the Company to contain its cost of capital which positively impacts its stakeholder value (entity value). Next to other non-financial parameters, the credit rating is based on financial indicators such as cash flow, profitability, leverage ratios and liquidity ratios. The Company monitors these ratios to keep them in a range compatible with a strong rating.

Rating agency	Long-term rating	Outlook	Short-term rating
Standard and Poor's	A	Stable	A-1
Moody's Investors Services	A2	Stable	P1
Fitch Rating (unsolicited)	A-	Stable	F1

The stand-alone rating reflects the Company's strong backlog providing revenue visibility, dominant market position in the single-aisle market, operating performance and overall its strong positioning to benefit from the recovery in air travel demand. It also reflects Airbus' exceptional liquidity, solid balance sheet as well as its prudent financial policy. Finally, it reflects the management's focus on programme execution, profitability and cash generation improvement.

In accordance with the Company's conservative financial policy, a strong rating is key to maintain a wide array of funding sources at competitive conditions, to have broad access to long-term hedging and to strengthen the Company's position as a financially sound counterparty for its customers and suppliers.

Every year, the Company constructs a five-year plan used to assess its financial flexibility at current ratings and a value creation ambition. It is composed of (i) EBIT and (ii) Free Cash Flow, which is defined as Cash provided by operating activities and Cash used for investing activities less Change of securities, Contribution to plan assets for pensions, realised Treasury swaps and bank activities.

The Company uses the WACC to determine the Net Present Value ("NPV"), which is used for any investment decision.

The Company also monitors the level of dividends paid to its shareholders.

The Company generally satisfies its obligations arising from ESOPs and Share Incentive Plans ("SIPs") by issuing new shares. In order to avoid any dilution of its current shareholders out of LTIPs, the Company performs share buybacks to meet its obligations to its employees, following the decisions of the Board of Directors and approval of the AGM. Apart from this purpose, the Company generally does not trade with treasury shares.

The Company complies with the capital requirements under applicable law and its Articles of Association.

36. Net Cash

The net cash is comprised of the following elements:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Cash and cash equivalents	16,469	15,823
Current securities	1,301	1,762
Non-current securities	7,508	6,013
Gross cash position	25,278	23,598
Short-term financing liabilities	(3,389)	(2,142)
Long-term financing liabilities	(10,202)	(10,631)
Interest rate contracts ⁽¹⁾	(961)	(1,394)
Total	10,726	9,431

⁽¹⁾ The Company has decided to refine the net cash definition to include interest rate contracts related to fair value hedges, which is also reflected in the 2022 balance.

The net cash position on 31 December 2023 amounted to €10,726 million (2022: €9,431 million), with a gross cash position of €25,278 million (2022: €23,598 million).

Derivative instruments recognised on the Company's Statement of Financial Position consist of (i) instruments that are entered into as hedges of the Company's operating activities or interest result, and (ii) embedded foreign currency derivatives that arise from separating the foreign currency component from certain operating contracts. Cash flows resulting from the settlement of these derivatives are therefore recorded as part of cash flow from operations. Similarly, financial assets and liabilities arising from customer financing activities and refundable advances from European Governments are considered part of operating activities and related cash flows are hence recognised as cash flows from operating activities.

36.1 Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are composed of the following elements:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Bank account and petty cash	3,050	3,687
Short-term securities (at fair value through profit or loss)	12,409	11,135
Short-term securities (at fair value through OCI)	1,010	1,001
Total cash and cash equivalents	16,469	15,823

Only securities with a maturity of three months or less from the date of the acquisition, that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value, are recognised in cash equivalents.

Cash and cash equivalents have increased by €+0.7 billion from €15.8 billion at 31 December 2022 to €16.5 billion at 31 December 2023. They include payments received in advance from certain customers and payments made to suppliers in anticipation.

The main variations are as follows:

Cash provided by operating activities amounts to €+6.3 billion in 2023, primarily driven by a profit translated into cash and a positive impact from working capital. The latter is driven by larger contract liabilities reflecting higher advance payments including significant and anticipated pre-delivery payments from certain customers, partly offset by increase in inventory and a net negative impact from payments made to suppliers in anticipation.

Cash used for investing activities amounts to €-4.1 billion, mainly reflecting capital expenditures and investments in securities.

Cash used for financing activities amounts to €-1.3 billion and include mainly the cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders of €-1.4 billion.

36.2 Securities

The majority of the Company's securities consists of debt securities and are classified at fair value through OCI (see "- Note 37.2: Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments").

The Company's securities portfolio amounts to €8,809 million and €7,775 million as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively. The security portfolio contains a non-current portion of €7,508 million (2022: €6,013 million), and a current portion of €1,301 million (2022: €1,762 million).

Included in the securities portfolio as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively, are corporate and government bonds bearing either fixed rate coupons (€9,156 million nominal value; 2022: €8,368 million) or floating rate coupons (€0 million nominal value; 2022: €32 million).

When the Company enters into securities lending or other financing activities that involve the pledging of securities as collateral, the securities pledged continue to be recognised on the balance sheet. As of 31 December 2023 and 2022, they were no securities pledged as collateral for borrowings from banks.

36.3 Financing Liabilities

Financing liabilities include debt obligations towards financial institutions, issued corporate bonds, deposits made by customers of Airbus Bank, borrowings received from joint ventures and other parties as well as finance lease liabilities. Financing liabilities are recorded initially at the fair value of the proceeds received, net of transaction costs incurred. Subsequently, financing liabilities are measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method with any difference between proceeds (net of transaction costs) and redemption amount being recognised in total finance income (cost) over the period of the financing liability.

Financing liabilities to financial institutions may include liabilities from securities lending transactions. In securities lending transactions, the Company receives cash from its counterparty and transfers the securities subject to the lending transaction as collateral. The counterparty typically has the right to sell or repledge the securities pledged. The amount of cash received is recognised as a financing liability. The securities pledged are not derecognised, but remain on the Company's Statement of Financial Position.

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Bonds and commercial papers	8,250	8,681
Liabilities to financial institutions	323	383
Loans	233	75
Lease liabilities	1,396	1,492
Total long-term financing liabilities	10,202	10,631
Bonds and commercial papers	817	0
Liabilities to financial institutions	1	27
Loans	81	83
Lease liabilities	221	242
Others ⁽¹⁾	2,269	1,790
Total short-term financing liabilities	3,389	2,142
Total	13,591	12,773

⁽¹⁾ Included in "others" are financing liabilities to joint ventures.

Long-term financing liabilities, mainly comprising of bonds and lease liabilities, decreased by €-429 million to €10,202 million (2022: €10,631 million), mainly due to bonds reclass to short-term liabilities (EMTN 10 years) partly offset by the increase in the value of bonds.

Short-term financing liabilities increased by €+1,247 million to €3,389 million (2022: €2,142 million) mainly due to the EMTN 10 years reclass in long-term financing liabilities and financing liabilities to joint ventures.

The Company has several euro-denominated bonds issued under its EMTN programme, two stand-alone US dollar-denominated bonds issued on the US institutional market under Rule 144A and one US Private Placement, outstanding as of 31 December 2023.

The Company can issue commercial papers under its €11 billion Negotiable European Commercial Paper ("NEuCP") programme, its €4 billion Euro Commercial Paper ("ECP") programme and its $3 billion US Commercial Paper programme.

As of 31 December 2023, there were no outstanding amounts under any of its commercial paper programmes.

On 31 January 2023, the Company signed a lease agreement with Mobile Airport Authority for a new Final Assembly Line in Mobile, Alabama. As the lease has not yet commenced, no lease liability was recognised as of 31 December 2023, and no lease payments were made. Accordingly, this transaction had no impact neither on the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statement of Cash Flows nor on the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position as of 31 December 2023. In accordance with IFRS 16 and the Company's accounting policies for the classification of interests' cash flows, payments to be made over the lease term will be recognised in financing cash flows and operating cash flows for respectively the principal and interest payments' portions of the lease liability. According to the current project plan, the first tranche of the project is expected to enter into service in 2024 for a corresponding amount of around US$0.4 billion. The future discounted cash outflows amount to US$1 billion, are funded through bonds issued by the lessor and fully guaranteed by the Company as of 31 December 2023.

The terms and repayment schedules of these bonds and loans are as follows:

	Principal amount	Carrying amount (In € million) 31 December		Issuance date	Coupon or interest rate	Effective interest rate
	(In million)	2023	2022
EMTN 15 years	€500	469	444	Oct 2014	2.12%	2.21%
EMTN 10 years	€823	817	799	Apr 2014	2.38%	2.42%
EMTN 10 years	€461	436	419	May 2016	0.88%	0.98%
EMTN 15 years	€900	793	737	May 2016	1.38%	1.50%
EMTN 5 years	€561	535	515	Mar 2020	1.63%	1,80%
EMTN 8 years	€611	546	512	Mar 2020	2.00%	2.10%
EMTN 12 years	€1,000	822	754	Mar 2020	2,38%	2.49%
EMTN 20 years	€1,000	706	646	June 2020	2.38%	2,44%
EMTN 6 years	€894	832	792	June 2020	1,38%	1,47%
EMTN 10 years	€1,250	1,068	989	June 2020	1.63%	1,74%
US$ Bond 10 years	US$750	641	653	Apr 2017	3.15%	3.20%
US$ Bond 30 years	US$750	651	643	Apr 2017	3.95%	4.02%
ACLP Private placement	US$830	751	778	July 2020, Dec 2020	1.98%- 2.54%	2.77%- 3.09%
Bonds		9,067	8,681
European Investment Bank	€165	165	0	Dec 2023	3M Euribor +0.498%	3M Euribor +0.498%
KfW Bank	€50	48	0	July 2023	3M Euribor +0.59%	3M Euribor +0.59%
Others		111	410
Liabilities to financial institutions		324	410
Total		9,391	9,091
Thereof non-current financing liabilities		8,574	9,091
Thereof current financing liabilities		817	0

	Maturity date	Additional features
EMTN 15 years	Oct 2029	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +0.84%
EMTN 10 years	Apr 2024	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.40%
EMTN 10 years	May 2026	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +0.50%
EMTN 15 years	May 2031	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +0.66%
EMTN 5 years	April 2025	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +2.01%
EMTN 8 years	April 2028	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +2.15%
EMTN 12 years	April 2032	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +2.24%
EMTN 20 years	Jun. 2040	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.93%
EMTN 6 years	Jun. 2026	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.66%
EMTN 10 years	Jun. 2030	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.61%
US$ Bond 10 years	Apr 2027	Interest rate swapped into 1D SOFR
US$ Bond 30 years	Apr 2047	Interest rate swapped into 1D SOFR +0.31%
ACLP Private placement	July 2026 to July 2029
Bonds
European Investment Bank	Dec. 2038
KfW Bank	Jul. 2029
Others
Liabilities to financial institutions
Total
Thereof non-current financing liabilities
Thereof current financing liabilities

Reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing liabilities as of 31 December 2023 is as follows:

			Non-cash movements
(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2023	Cash flows	Changes in scope	Foreign exchange movements	Others	Balance at 31 December 2023
Bonds and commercial papers	8,681	12	0	(75)	449	9,067
Liabilities to financial institutions	410	(59)	0	(2)	(25)	324
Loans	158	29	0	0	127	314
Finance lease liabilities	1,734	(267)	0	(23)	173	1,617
Others	1,790	480	0	(2)	1	2,269
Total	12,773	195	0	(102)	725	13,591

Reconciliation of liabilities arising from financing liabilities as of 31 December 2022 is as follows:

			Non-cash movements
(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2022	Cash flows	Changes in scope	Foreign exchange movements	Others	Balance at 31 December 2022
Bonds and commercial papers	11,061	(989)	0	126	(1,517)	8,681
Liabilities to financial institutions	493	(83)	0	0	0	410
Loans	171	(63)	49	1	0	158
Finance lease liabilities	1,736	(262)	0	32	228	1,734
Others	1,579	220	0	(9)	0	1,790
Total	15,040	(1,177)	49	150	(1,289)	12,773

37. Financial Instruments

37.1 Financial Risk Management

By the nature of its activities, the Company is exposed to a variety of financial risks: (i) market risks, in particular foreign exchange risk, but also interest rate risk, equity price risk and commodity price risk, (ii) liquidity risk and (iii) credit risk. The Company's overall financial risk management activities focus on mitigating unpredictable financial market risks and their potential adverse effects on the Company's operational and financial performance.

The financial risk management of the Company is generally carried out by the Treasury department of the Company under policies approved by the Board of Directors or by the Chief Financial Officer. The identification, evaluation and hedging of the financial risks is in the joint responsibility of several established specific committees such as the Foreign Exchange Committee and the Asset Liability Management Committee, including the Company business segments.

The Company uses financial derivatives solely for risk mitigating purposes ("hedging") and applies hedge accounting for a significant portion of its hedging portfolio.

Market Risk

Foreign exchange risk - Foreign exchange risk arises when future commercial transactions or firm commitments, recognised monetary assets and liabilities and net investments in foreign operations are denominated in a currency that is not the entity's functional currency.

The Company manages a long-term hedge portfolio with maturities of several years covering its net exposure to US dollar sales, mainly from the commercial activities of Airbus. This hedge portfolio covers a large portion of the Company's firm commitments and highly probable forecasted transactions.

For Airbus, the highly probable criteria of the underlying foreign currency exposure of cash flow hedges is assessed based on the IFRS15 backlog value analysis. This consists in reducing the contractual firm backlog by all deliveries which cannot be considered as highly probable due to the existence of either cancellation rights, risk of bankruptcy or other risk of order restructuring. The latter assessments is taking into account customers' situation and commercial aspects. The resulting backlog is further adjusted to the foreign exchange management hedging horizon. The highly probable underlying foreign currency exposure is then capped to the production plan when applicable.

Most of the Company's revenue is denominated in US dollars, while a major portion of its costs is incurred in euro and to a lesser extent in other foreign currencies. Consequently, to the extent that the Company does not use financial instruments to hedge its exposure resulting from this currency mismatch, its profits will be affected by changes in the €/US$ exchange rate. As the Company intends to generate profits primarily from its operations rather than through speculation on exchange rate movements, it uses hedging strategies to manage and minimise the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on these profits.

With respect to its commercial aircraft products, as of 30 June 2018, the Company adopted a new hedge strategy to hedge its net exposure (US dollar revenue less US dollar cost) resulting from commercial aircraft deliveries of specific aircraft types. The strategy more closely aligns hedge accounting with risk management activities.

Under the new strategy the foreign exchange derivatives used as hedging instruments are designated as a hedge of a portion of the cash flows received for each of a number of deliveries of a specific aircraft type that are expected to occur in a given month and hence will allow the hedge result to move along with the hedged deliveries in the event of a shift in deliveries.

If such a shift in hedged deliveries occurs, hedge ineffectiveness will arise to the extent the maturities of the hedging instrument and the expected timing of the hedged cash flows are no longer perfectly aligned. In order to minimise such ineffectiveness, the Company will close the timing gap by rolling over hedges to new maturities, using foreign exchange swap contracts.

In addition, the Company will designate the risk of changes in the spot element as the hedged risk in order to eliminate the ineffectiveness resulting from changes in forward points between different maturities. The forward element will be accounted for as a cost of hedging similar to the time value of options.

Until 30 June 2018, the Company typically hedged firmly committed sales in US dollar using a "first flow approach". Under that approach, the foreign currency derivatives the Company entered into were designated as a hedge of the first US dollar inflows received from the customer at aircraft delivery in a given month. The strategy implied that only a portion of the expected monthly customer payments made at aircraft delivery were hedged and that a reduction of monthly cash inflows as a result of postponements or order cancellations had no impact on the effectiveness of the hedge as long as the actual gross US dollar cash inflows received at aircraft delivery in a particular month exceeded the portion designated as being hedged in that month. According to the prospective application requirement of IFRS 9, the fair values of the legacy portfolio in place at inception of the new strategy continue to be assigned to the previous first flow hedge regime and remain in the hedge reserve in OCI, to be recognised in profit or loss only at maturity of the originally hedged cash flows (unless those cash flows are no longer expected to occur).

As a result of prospective application, the hedging instruments designated under the new strategy had a non-zero fair value at hedge inception, which might create some small ineffectiveness.

Another source of ineffectiveness is the counterparty credit risk inherent in the hedge portfolio. As such, credit risk is absent from the hedged cash flows. However, since netting arrangements are in place with all the hedge counterparties and the Company has a policy of trading with investment grade counterparties only, the credit risk arising from its hedging instruments, and associated changes in credit risk, have historically been negligible and are expected to remain so.

The Company also hedges its expected foreign currency exposure arising from US dollar or pound sterling cash outflows in the commercial aircraft business on a first outflow basis, though to a much lesser extent than US dollar cash inflows.

In military aircraft and non-aircraft businesses, the Company hedges inflows and outflows in foreign currencies from firmly committed or highly probable forecast sales and purchase contracts. Here, foreign currency derivatives are typically contracted in lower volumes; they may be accounted for using a first flow approach or are designated as hedges of specific agreed milestone payments. The amount of the expected flows to be hedged can cover up to 100% of the equivalent of the net US dollar exposure at inception. The coverage ratio considers the variability in the range of potential outcomes taking into account macroeconomic movements affecting spot rates and interest rates as well as the robustness of the commercial cycle.

In situations where the payment dates for hedged firmly committed cash flows are not fixed and subject to potentially significant delays, the Company may use rollover strategies, usually involving foreign exchange swaps.

For all foreign currency hedges of future cash flows which qualify for hedge accounting under IFRS 9, the Company uses the cash flow hedge model, which requires (i) recognising the effective portion of the fair value changes of the hedging derivatives in equity (within OCI) and (ii) recognising the effect of the hedge in profit or loss when the hedged cash flows affect profit or loss.

In addition, the Company hedges currency risk arising from financial assets or liabilities denominated in currencies other than the euro, including foreign currency receivable and payable accounts, as well as foreign currency denominated funding transactions or securities. The Company applies hedge accounting if a mismatch in terms of profit or loss recognition of the hedging instrument and hedged item would otherwise occur. Frequently, however, the currency-induced gains or losses of the hedging instrument and the hedged item match in terms of profit or loss recognition ("natural hedge"), so no hedge accounting is required. Sometimes such gains or losses may end up in different sections of the income statement (such as operating profit for the hedged item and financial result for the hedging instrument). If so, the Company may choose to present the gains or losses of both the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the same income statement line item if certain formal requirements are met.

As hedging instruments, the Company primarily uses foreign currency forwards, foreign currency options and to a minor extent non-derivative financial instruments. A hedge ratio of 1:1 is applied by the Company.

The Company also has foreign currency derivative instruments which are embedded in certain purchase contracts denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of any substantial party to the contract, principally in US dollar and pound sterling. If such embedded derivatives are required to be accounted for separately from the host purchase contract, related gains or losses are generally recognised in other financial result. However, if the embedded derivatives qualify for hedge accounting, the Company might choose to designate them as a hedging instrument in a hedge of foreign currency risk, in which case they are accounted for under the cash flow hedge model as described above.

Interest rate risk - The Company uses an asset-liability management approach with the objective to limit its interest rate risk. It undertakes to match the risk profile of its interest-bearing assets with those of its interest-bearing liabilities. The remaining net interest rate exposure is managed through several types of interest rate derivatives, such as interest rate swaps and interest rate futures contracts, in order to minimise risks and financial impacts.

The vast majority of related interest rate hedges qualify for hedge accounting, and most of them are accounted for under the fair value hedge model. As a result, both the fair value changes of these derivatives and the portion of the hedged items' fair value change that is attributable to the hedged interest rate risk are recognised in profit or loss, where they offset to the extent the hedge is effective.

The Company has applied the relief introduced by the amendments made to IFRS 9 in September 2019 on hedge accounting, having the effect that the IBOR reform should not cause hedge accounting to terminate.

The Company invests in financial instruments such as overnight deposits, certificates of deposits, commercial papers, other money market instruments and short-term as well as medium-term bonds. For its financial instruments portfolio, the Company has an Asset Liability Management Committee in place that meets regularly and aims to limit the interest rate risk on a fair value basis through a value-at-risk approach, from which results a hedge ratio that is however not actively steered.

Commodity price risk - The Company is exposed to risk relating to fluctuations in the prices of commodities used in the supply chain. It manages these risks in the procurement process and to a certain extent uses derivative instruments in order to mitigate the risks associated with the purchase of raw materials. To the extent that the gains or losses of the derivative and those of the hedged item or transaction do not match in terms of profit or loss, the Company applies cash flow hedge accounting to the derivative instruments, with a hedge ratio of 1:1.

Equity price risk - The Company is to a small extent invested in equity securities mainly for operational reasons. Its exposure to equity price risk is hence limited. Furthermore, it is exposed under its LTIP to the risk of the Company share price increases. The Company limits these risks through the use of equity derivatives that qualify for hedge accounting and have been designated as hedging instruments in cash flow hedges, with a hedge ratio of 1:1.

Sensitivities of market risks - The approach used to measure and control market risk exposure of the Company's financial instrument portfolio is, amongst other key indicators, the value-at-risk model ("VaR"). The VaR of a portfolio is the estimated potential loss that will not be exceeded over a specified period of time (holding period) from an adverse market movement with a specified confidence level. The VaR used by the Company is based upon a 95% confidence level and assumes a five-day holding period. The VaR model used is mainly based on the so-called "Monte-Carlo-Simulation" method. The model generates a wide range of potential future scenarios for market price movements by deriving the relevant statistical behaviour of markets for the portfolio of market data from the previous two years and observed interdependencies between different markets and prices.

The Company's VaR computation includes the Company's financial debt, short-term and long-term investments, foreign currency forwards, swaps and options, commodity contracts, finance lease receivables and liabilities, foreign currency trade liabilities and receivables and contract assets.

Although VaR is an important tool for measuring market risk, the assumptions on which the model is based give rise to some limitations, including the following:

―	a five-day holding period assumes that it is possible to hedge or dispose of positions within that period. This is considered to be a realistic assumption in almost all cases but may not be the case in situations in which there is severe market illiquidity for a prolonged period;
―	a 95% confidence level does not reflect losses that may occur beyond this level. Even within the model used there is a 5% statistical probability that losses could exceed the calculated VaR;
―	the use of historical data as a basis for estimating the statistical behaviour of the relevant markets and finally determining the possible range of future outcomes out of this statistical behaviour may not always cover all possible scenarios, especially those of an exceptional nature.

The Company uses VaR amongst other key figures in order to determine the riskiness of its financial instrument portfolio and in order to optimise the risk-return ratio of its financial asset portfolio. Further, its investment policy defines a VaR limit for the total portfolio of cash, cash equivalents and securities. The total VaR as well as the different risk-factor specific VaR figures of this portfolio are measured and serve amongst other measures as a basis for the decisions of the Company's Asset Liability Management Committee.

A summary of the VaR position of the Company financial instruments portfolio at 31 December 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

(In € million)	Total VaR	Equity price VaR	Currency VaR	Commodity price VaR	Interest rate VaR
31 December 2023
Foreign exchange hedges for forecast transactions or firm commitments	801	0	911	0	165
Financing liabilities, financial assets (including cash, cash equivalents, securities and related hedges)	230	70	210	0	74
Finance lease receivables and liabilities, foreign currency trade payables and receivables	81	0	39	0	79
Commodity contracts	6		1	6	0
Equity swaps	2	2	0	0	0
Diversification effect	(479)	(1)	(409)	0	(152)
All financial instruments	641	71	752	6	166
31 December 2022
Foreign exchange hedges for forecast transactions or firm commitments	1,450	0	1,535	0	238
Financing liabilities, financial assets (including cash, cash equivalents, securities and related hedges)	268	67	225	0	80
Finance lease receivables and liabilities, foreign currency trade payables and receivables	130	0	83	0	112
Commodity contracts	2	0	0	2	0
Equity swaps	2	2	0	0	0
Diversification effect	(584)	(1)	(472)	0	(139)
All financial instruments	1,268	68	1,371	2	291

As of 31 December 2023, the total VaR amounts to €641 million (2022: €1,268 million). The decrease is mainly attributable to the currency and interest rate volatilities reduction in comparison to the exceptional levels in 2022.

The Company uses its derivative instruments entirely for hedging purposes. As a result, the respective market risks of these hedging instruments are - depending on the hedges' actual effectiveness - offset by corresponding opposite market risks of the underlying forecast transactions, assets or liabilities. Under IFRS 7, the underlying forecast transactions do not qualify as financial instruments and are therefore not included in the tables shown above. Accordingly, the VaR of the foreign exchange hedging portfolio in the amount of €911 million (2022: €1,535 million) cannot be considered as a risk indicator for the Company in the economic sense.

Liquidity Risk

The Company's policy is to maintain sufficient cash and cash equivalents at any time to meet its present and future commitments as they fall due. It manages its liquidity by holding adequate volumes of liquid assets and maintains a committed revolving credit facility, in addition to the cash inflow generated by its operating business. The Company continues to keep the focus on low counterparty risk within its asset portfolio. In addition, it maintains a set of other funding sources, and accordingly may raise loans from commercial banks and Development Finance Institutions and issue bonds, notes and commercial papers or enter into security lending agreements. Adverse changes in the capital markets could increase its funding costs and limit its financial flexibility.

In particular, Airbus signed on 5 July 2022 a €8 billion Sustainability Linked Revolving Syndicated Credit Facility in order to refinance its €6 billion existing facility signed in 2020.

Management considers the Company has sufficient resources to continue operating for at least 12 months and that there are no material uncertainties about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern.

Further, the management of the vast majority of the Company's liquidity exposure is centralised by a daily cash concentration process. This process enables it to manage its liquidity surplus as well as its liquidity requirements according to the actual needs of its subsidiaries. In addition, management monitors the Company's liquidity reserve as well as the expected cash flows from its operations.

The contractual maturities of the Company's financial liabilities, based on undiscounted cash flows and including interest payments, if applicable, are as follows:

(In € million)	Carrying amount	Contractual cash flows	< 1 year	1 year -2 years	2 years - 3 years	3 years - 4 years
31 December 2023
Non-derivative financial liabilities	(28,593)	(30,889)	(18,205)	(1,234)	(1,855)	(1,183)
Derivative financial liabilities	(4,750)	(5,876)	(1,963)	(1,173)	(886)	(860)
Total	(33,343)	(36,765)	(20,168)	(2,407)	(2,741)	(2,043)
31 December 2022
Non-derivative financial liabilities	(26,753)	(29,230)	(15,885)	(1,791)	(936)	(1,760)
Derivative financial liabilities	(9,613)	(10,861)	(3,538)	(2,647)	(1,610)	(1,118)
Total	(36,366)	(40,091)	(19,423)	(4,438)	(2,546)	(2,878)

(In € million)	4 years - 5 years	> 5 years
31 December 2023
Non-derivative financial liabilities	(1,107)	(7,303)
Derivative financial liabilities	(144)	(850)
Total	(1,251)	(8,153)
31 December 2022
Non-derivative financial liabilities	(1,192)	(7,666)
Derivative financial liabilities	(537)	(1,411)
Total	(1,729)	(9,077)

Non-derivative financial liabilities included in the table above comprise financing liabilities as presented in "- Note 37.2: Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments". Due to their specific nature, namely their risk-sharing features and uncertainty about the repayment dates, the European Governments' refundable advances, which amount to €-3,856 million at 31 December 2023 (€-3,857 million at 31 December 2022) are not included.

Lease liabilities

The maturity analysis of lease liabilities, based on contractual undiscounted cash flows is as follows:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Not later than one year	(222)	(241)
Later than one year and not later than five years	(769)	(747)
Later than five years	(982)	(1,036)
Total undiscounted lease liabilities	(1,973)	(2,024)
Lease liabilities included in the statement of financial position	(1,617)	(1,734)
Current	(221)	(242)
Non-current	(1,396)	(1,492)

Credit Risk

The Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent of non-performance by either its customers (e.g. airlines) or its counterparts with regard to financial instruments or issuers of financial instruments for gross cash investments. However, it has policies in place to avoid concentrations of credit risk and to ensure that credit risk is limited.

As far as central treasury activities are concerned, credit risk resulting from financial instruments is managed by the Company. In order to ensure sufficient diversification, a credit limit system is used.

The Company monitors the performance of the individual financial instruments and the impact of market developments on their performance and takes appropriate action on foreseeable adverse development based on pre-defined procedures and escalation levels.

Sales of products and services are made to customers after having conducted appropriate internal credit risk assessment. In order to support sales, primarily at Airbus, Airbus Helicopters and ATR, the Company may agree to participate in customer financing, on a case-by-case basis either directly or through guarantees provided to third parties. In determining the amount and terms of the financing transaction, the Company takes into account the airline's credit rating and economic factors reflecting the relevant financial market conditions, together with appropriate assumptions as to the anticipated future value of the financed asset.

The booked amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The credit quality of financial assets can be assessed by reference to external credit rating (if available) or internal assessment of customers' creditworthiness e.g. airlines by way of internal risk pricing methods. For further information relating to gross credit risk and impairment see "- Note 37.7: Impairment Losses".

37.2 Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments - The Company's financial assets mainly consist of cash, short to medium-term deposits and securities. Its financial liabilities include trade liabilities, obligations towards financial institutions, issued bonds and refundable advances from European Governments. All purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on the settlement date according to market conventions.

Financial assets at amortised cost - This category comprises assets that are held for collection of contractual cash flows where those cash flows represent solely payments of principal and interest. It includes trade receivables.

Financial assets at fair value through OCI - This category comprises:

a) (i)equity investments that are not held for trading. With the exception of dividends received, the associated gains and losses (including any related foreign exchange component) are recognised in OCI. Amounts presented in OCI are not subsequently transferred to profit or loss on derecognition of the equity investment nor in the event of an impairment;

b) (ii)debt instruments where contractual cash flows are solely payments of principal and interest, and that are held both for sales and collecting contractual cash flows. Changes in their fair value other than impairment losses and foreign exchange gains and losses on monetary items are recognised directly within AOCI. Upon disposal of such financial assets, the cumulative gain or loss previously recognised in equity is recorded as part of other income (other expenses) from investments in the Consolidated Income Statement for the period. Interest earned on the investment are presented as interest income in the Consolidated Income Statement using the effective interest method. Dividends earned on investment were recognised as other income (other expenses) from investments in the Consolidated Income Statement when the right to the payment had been established.

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss - This category comprises all other financial assets (e.g. derivative instruments) that are to be measured at fair value (including equity investments for which the Company did not elect to present changes in fair value in OCI).

The Company assigns its financial instruments into classes based on their balance sheet category.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments by class and by IFRS 9 measurement category as of 31 December 2023:

	Fair value through profit or loss	Fair value through OCI	Financial assets and liabilities at amortised cost		Financial instruments total
(In € million)			Amortised cost	Fair value	Book value	Fair value
Assets
Other investments and other long-term financial assets
Equity investments ⁽¹⁾	1,627	1,171	0	0	2,798	2,798
Customer financing	116	0	0	0	116	116
Other loans ⁽²⁾	0	0	2,601	2,601	2,601	2,601
Trade receivables	0	0	4,725	4,725	4,725	4,725
Contract assets	0	0	1,849	1,849	1,849	1,849
Other financial assets
Derivative instruments	1,227	0	0	0	1,227	1,227
Non-derivative instruments	0	0	1,546	1,546	1,546	1,546
Securities	0	8,809	0	0	8,809	8,809
Cash and cash equivalents	12,409	1,010	3,050	3,050	16,469	16,469
Total	15,379	10,990	13,771	13,771	40,140	40,140
Liabilities
Financing liabilities
Bonds and commercial papers	0	0	(9,067)	(9,470)	(9,067)	(9,470)
Liabilities to financial institutions and others	0	0	(2,907)	(2,907)	(2,907)	(2,907)
Finance lease liabilities ⁽²⁾	0	0	(1,617)	(1,617)	(1,617)	(1,617)
Other financial liabilities
Derivative instruments	(4,750)	0	0	0	(4,750)	(4,750)
European Governments' refundable advances ⁽³⁾	0	0	(3,856)	(3,856)	(3,856)	(3,856)
Others	0	(86)	(592)	(592)	(678)	(678)
Trade liabilities	0	0	(14,323)	(14,323)	(14,323)	(14,323)
Total	(4,750)	(86)	(32,362)	(32,765)	(37,198)	(37,601)

⁽¹⁾ Other than those accounted for under the equity method.
⁽²⁾ The carrying amounts are used as reasonable fair value approximations.
⁽³⁾ The European Governments' refundable advances of €-3,856 million are measured at amortised cost. Fair values cannot be reliably measured because their risk sharing nature and the uncertainty of the repayment dates give rise to a broad range of reasonable fair value estimates and make it impossible to reasonably assess the probabilities of the various estimates within the range. This may change and reliable fair value measures become available as the related programmes approach the end of production.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments by class and by IFRS 9 measurement category as of 31 December 2022:

	Fair value through profit or loss	Fair value through OCI	Financial assets and liabilities at amortised cost		Financial instruments total
(In € million)			Amortised cost	Fair value	Book value	Fair value
Assets
Other investments and other long-term financial assets
Equity investments ⁽¹⁾	1,474	1,166	0	0	2,640	2,640
Customer financing	86	0	0	0	86	86
Other loans ⁽²⁾	0	0	2,129	2,129	2,129	2,129
Trade receivables	0	0	4,953	4,953	4,953	4,953
Contract assets	0	0	1,527	1,527	1,527	1,527
Other financial assets
Derivative instruments	1,894	0	0	0	1,894	1,894
Non-derivative instruments	0	0	1,429	1,429	1,429	1,429
Securities	0	7,775	0	0	7,775	7,775
Cash and cash equivalents	11,135	1,001	3,687	3,687	15,823	15,823
Total	14,589	9,942	13,725	13,725	38,256	38,256
Liabilities
Financing liabilities
Bonds and commercial papers	0	0	(8,681)	(9,071)	(8,681)	(9,071)
Liabilities to financial institutions and others	0	0	(2,358)	(2,358)	(2,358)	(2,358)
Finance lease liabilities ⁽²⁾	0	0	(1,734)	(1,734)	(1,734)	(1,734)
Other financial liabilities
Derivative instruments	(9,613)	0	0	0	(9,613)	(9,613)
European Governments' refundable advances ⁽³⁾	0	0	(3,857)	(3,857)	(3,857)	(3,857)
Others	0	(83)	(636)	(636)	(719)	(719)
Trade liabilities	0	0	(13,261)	(13,261)	(13,261)	(13,261)
Total	(9,613)	(83)	(30,527)	(30,917)	(40,223)	(40,613)

⁽¹⁾ Other than those accounted for under the equity method.
⁽²⁾ The carrying amounts are used as reasonable fair value approximations.
⁽³⁾ The European Governments' refundable advances of €-3,857 million are measured at amortised cost. Fair values cannot be reliably measured because their risk sharing nature and the uncertainty of the repayment dates give rise to a broad range of reasonable fair value estimates and make it impossible to reasonably assess the probabilities of the various estimates within the range. This may change and reliable fair value measures become available as the related programmes approach the end of production.

Fair Value Hierarchy

Fair value of financial instruments - The fair value of quoted investments is based on current market prices. If the market for financial assets is not active, or in the case of unlisted financial instruments, the Company determines fair values by using generally accepted valuation techniques on the basis of market information available at the end of the reporting period. Derivative instruments are generally managed on the basis of the Company's net exposure to the credit risk of each particular counterparty and fair value information is provided to the Company's key management personnel on that basis. For these derivative instruments, the fair value is measured based on the price that would be received to sell a net long position, or transfer a net short position, for a particular credit risk exposure as further described below.

Depending on the extent the inputs used to measure fair values rely on observable market data, fair value measurements may be hierarchised according to the following levels of input:

―	Level 1: quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
―	Level 2: inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability - fair values measured based on Level 2 input typically rely on observable market data such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, credit spreads or volatilities;
―	Level 3: inputs for the asset or liability that are not based on observable market data - fair values measured based on Level 3 input rely to a significant extent on estimates derived from the Company's own data and may require the use of assumptions that are inherently judgemental and involve various limitations.

The fair values disclosed for financial instruments accounted for at amortised cost reflect Level 2 input. Otherwise, the Company determines mostly fair values based on Level 1 and Level 2 inputs and to a lesser extent on Level 3 input.

The following table presents the carrying amounts of the financial instruments held for the three levels of the fair value hierarchy as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively:

	2023
(In € million)	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total
Financial assets measured at fair value
Equity Investments	2,084	0	714	2,798
Derivative instruments	0	1,227	0	1,227
Securities	8,809	0	0	8,809
Customer financing	0	0	116	116
Cash equivalents	12,409	1,010	0	13,419
Total	23,302	2,237	830	26,369
Financial liabilities measured at fair value
Derivative instruments	0	(4,750)	0	(4,750)
Other financial liabilities	0	0	(86)	(86)
Total	0	(4,750)	(86)	(4,836)

	2022
(In € million)	Level 1	Level 2	Level 3	Total
Financial assets measured at fair value
Equity Investments	1,896	0	744	2,640
Derivative instruments	0	1,894	0	1,894
Securities	7,775	0	0	7,775
Customer financing	0	0	86	86
Cash equivalents	11,135	1,001	0	12,136
Total	20,806	2,895	830	24,531
Financial liabilities measured at fair value
Derivative instruments	0	(9,529)	(84)	(9,613)
Other financial liabilities	0	0	(83)	(83)
Total	0	(9,529)	(167)	(9,696)

The development of financial instruments of Level 3 is as follows:

(In € million)	Derivatives	Participations	Customer financing	Total	Written put options on NCI interests	Commodity swap agreements
Balance at 1 January 2022	0	703	118	821	(16)	(78)
Business combination	0	0	0	0	0	0
Profit or loss	0	0	(32)	(32)	0	(98)
Equity	0	41	0	41	(67)	0
Settlements	0	0	0	0	0	92
Release	0	0	0	0	0	0
Balance at 31 December 2022	0	744	86	830	(83)	(84)
Business combination	0	0	0	0	0	0
Profit or loss	0	0	30	30	0	84
Equity	0	(31)	0	(31)	(3)	0
Settlements	0	0	0	0	0	0
Others	0	0	0	0	0	0
Balance at 31 December 2023	0	714	116	830	(86)	0

(In € million)	Total
Balance at 1 January 2022	(94)
Business combination	0
Profit or loss	(98)
Equity	(67)
Settlements	92
Release	0
Balance at 31 December 2022	(167)
Business combination	0
Profit or loss	84
Equity	(3)
Settlements	0
Others	0
Balance at 31 December 2023	(86)

As at 31 December 2023, the fair value of the written put options on non-controlling interests ("NCI puts") relating to ACLP amounts to €86 million (2022: €83 million) and includes an additional funding of ACLP by IQ in 2023.

The fair value of these NCI puts is derived from a discounted cash flow analysis using the latest operating plan and a projection over the lifetime of the A220 programme. In addition, a post-tax WACC of 9.30% is used to discount the forecasted cash flows, taking into account the specificities of the programme (2022: 9.74%).

Financial Assets Designated at Fair Value through Profit or Loss

The following types of financial assets held at 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively, are designated at fair value through profit or loss:

(In € million)	Nominal amount at initial recognition at 31 December 2023	Fair value at 31 December 2023	Nominal amount at initial recognition at 31 December 2022	Fair value at 31 December 2022
Designated at fair value through profit or loss at recognition:
Money market funds	12,410	12,410	11,135	11,135
Foreign currency funds of fixed income funds	0	0	0	0
Total	12,410	12,410	11,135	11,135

The Company manages these assets and measures their performance on a fair value basis.

Fair Value Measurement Method

The Company uses the following methods to measure fair values:

Equity instruments - The fair values of listed equity instruments reflect quoted market prices. For non-listed equity investments for which quoted market prices are not available, the Company determines the fair values using valuation methods such as net asset values, discounted cash flow method or a comparable valuation technique.

Customer financing assets and other loans - The carrying amounts reflected in the annual accounts are used as a proxy for fair value.

Contract assets, trade receivables and other receivables - The carrying amounts reflected in the annual accounts are used as reasonable estimates of fair value because of the relatively short period between the receivables' origination and their maturity.

Securities - The fair values of securities reflect their quoted market price at the end of the reporting period.

Cash and cash equivalents - include cash in hand, cash in banks, checks, fixed deposits as well as commercial papers and money market funds. The carrying amounts reflected in the annual accounts are used as reasonable estimates of fair value because of the relatively short period between the origination of the instrument and its maturity or due date. The fair value of commercial papers is determined based on Level 2 input by discounting future cash flows using appropriate interest rates. The fair values of money market funds are determined by reference to their quoted market price.

Derivatives - The fair values of derivative instruments reflect quoted market prices, where available, but in most cases are determined using recognised valuation techniques such as option-pricing models (e.g. Black & Scholes model) and discounted cash flow models. The valuation is based on observable market data such as currency rates, currency forward rates, interest rates and yield curves, commodity forward prices as well as price and rate volatilities obtained from recognised vendors of market data. Furthermore, to the extent that these instruments are subject to master netting arrangements and similar agreements and managed on the basis of net credit exposure, their fair values reflect credit and debit value adjustments based on the net long or net short position that the Company has with each counterparty. Except for certain short-term commodity contracts and derivatives presented in the Level 3 section above, derivative fair values are measured based on Level 2 input.

Financing liabilities - The fair values disclosed for financing liabilities, other than those of issued bonds and commercial papers, are determined based on Level 2 input by discounting scheduled or expected cash flows using appropriate market interest rates. The fair values disclosed for the issued EMTN and US dollar bonds reflect public price quotations that qualify as Level 1 input. For issued commercial papers, the carrying amounts reflected in the annual accounts are used as reasonable estimates of fair value because of the relatively short period between the origination of these instruments and their maturity.

Trade liabilities and current other financial liabilities - For the same reason as trade receivables, carrying amounts are used as reasonable fair value approximations for trade liabilities and current other financial liabilities.

The following interest rate curves are used in the determination of the fair value in respect of the derivative financial instruments as of 31 December 2023 and 2022:

	31 December
	2023	2022	2023	2022	2023	2022
(Rate in %)	€		US$		£
6 months	3.65	2.39	5.15	4.75	5.14	4.03
1 year	3.12	2.80	4.78	4.79	4.67	4.30
5 years	2.01	2.62	3.55	3.66	3.20	3.81
10 years	2.04	2.58	3.47	3.47	3.10	3.44

37.3 Potential Effect of Set-Off Rights on Recognised Financial Assets and Liabilities

The Company reports all its financial assets and financial liabilities on a gross basis. With each derivative counterparty there are master netting agreements in place providing for the immediate close-out of all outstanding derivative transactions and payment of the net termination amount in the event a party to the agreement defaults or another defined termination event occurs. Furthermore, securities lending transactions are accounted for as collateralised borrowings. As a result, the securities pledged as collateral continue to be recognised on the balance sheet and the amount of cash received at the outset of the transaction is separately recognised as a financial liability. The following tables set out, on a counterparty specific basis, the potential effect of master netting agreements and collateralised borrowings on the Company's Financial Position, separately for financial assets and financial liabilities that were subject to such agreements as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively:

				Related amounts not set off in Statement of Financial Position
(In € million)	Gross amounts recognised	Gross amounts recognised set off in the Financial Statements	Net amounts presented in the Financial Statements	Financial instruments	Cash collateral received	Net amount
31 December 2023
Financial asset	1,180	0	1,180	(1,170)	0	10
Financial liabilities	4,710	0	4,710	(1,170)	0	3,540
31 December 2022
Financial asset	1,821	0	1,821	(1,820)	0	1
Financial liabilities	9,449	0	9,449	(1,820)	0	7,629

37.4 Notional Amounts of Derivative Financial Instruments

The contract or notional amounts of derivative financial instruments shown below do not necessarily represent amounts exchanged by the parties and, thus, are not necessarily a measure for the exposure of the Company through its use of derivatives.

The notional amounts of foreign exchange derivative financial instruments are as follows, specified by year of expected maturity:

	Remaining period
(In € million)	1 year	2 years	3 years	4 years	5 years	> 5 years
31 December 2023
Net forward and swap contracts	17,470	13,559	11,002	8,122	4,885	(22)
31 December 2022
Net forward sales contracts	20,076	18,636	12,128	8,100	7,284	1,201

	Remaining period
(In € million)	Total
31 December 2023
Net forward and swap contracts	55,016
31 December 2022
Net forward sales contracts	67,425

The following table sets out the notional amount of foreign exchange hedges in place as of 31 December 2023 relating to the commercial activities of Airbus, and the average euro converted rates applicable to corresponding EBIT.

(In $ million)	2024	2025	2026	2027	2028+	Total
Total hedges	21,548	16,594	13,303	9,701	5,949	67,097
Forward rates
€/US$	1.21	1.21	1.25	1.30	1.27	1.24

In 2023 new hedge contracts of US$12.2 billion (2022: US$7.5 billion) were added at an average rate of 1.11 US$/€(2022: 1.12 US$/€).

As of 31 December 2023, the total hedge portfolio with maturities up to 2029 amounts to US$67.1 billion (2022: US$76.4 billion) and covers a significant portion of the foreign exchange exposure expected over the hedging horizon. The average US$/€ hedge rate of the US$/€ hedge portfolio until 2029 amounts to 1.24 US$/€(2022: 1.24 US$/€).

(In £ million)	2024	2025	2026	2027	2028+	Total
Total hedges	1,020	794	701	475	414	3,405
Forward rates
€/£	0.88	0.90	0.91	0.92	0.93	0.90

Since 2021, €/£ hedges were implemented in order to cover the GBP exposure of the Company.

The notional amounts of interest rate contracts are as follows:

	Remaining period
(In € million)	1 year	2 years	3 years	4 years	5 years	6 years
31 December 2023
Interest rate contracts	823	561	1,355	1,357	611	500
31 December 2022
Interest rate contracts	0	823	561	1,355	1,406	611

	Remaining period
(In € million)	7 years	> 7 years	Total
31 December 2023
Interest rate contracts	1,250	3,579	10,036
31 December 2022
Interest rate contracts	500	4,150	9,406

Please also refer to "- Note 36.3: Financing Liabilities".

The notional amounts of commodity contracts are as follows:

	Remaining period
(In € million)	1 year	2 years	3 years	4 years	> 4 years	Total
31 December 2023	122	74	31	0	0	228
31 December 2022	13	4	0	0	0	17

The notional amounts of equity swaps are as follows:

	Remaining period
(In € million)	1 year	2 years	3 years	4 years	> 4 years	Total
31 December 2023	41	34	0	0	0	75
31 December 2022	17	22	14	0	0	53

37.5 Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedge Accounting Disclosure

The following table presents the reconciliation of AOCI, net of tax, resulting from cash flow hedge accounting as of 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022:

	31 December
	2023	2022
(In € million)	Hedge reserve
Opening balance	5,688	3,448
Foreign exchange contracts	(1,374)	5,575
Others	(7)	34
Changes in fair values	(1,381)	5,609
Foreign exchange contracts	(2,072)	(2,358)
Others	(4)	(7)
Amount reclassified to profit or loss (matured hedges)	(2,076)	(2,365)
Foreign exchange contracts	165	(146)
Others	0	(1)
Amount classified to profit or loss (inefficiency)	165	(147)
Tax impact	902	(857)
Closing balance	3,298	5,688

The following table presents the amounts relating to items designated as hedging instruments and hedge ineffectiveness for cash flow hedges as of 31 December 2023:

	Carrying values		OCI
(In € million)	Asset	Liability	Changes in values of the hedging instrument	Other changes in value of the hedge reserve	Hedge inefficiency recorded in financial result	Amounts reclassified from hedge reserve to profit or loss
Foreign currency risk
Net forward sales contracts	986	(3,529)	(2,369)	995	165	(2,072)
Foreign exchange options	0	0	0	0	0	0
Embedded Derivatives	0	(37)	(12)	0	0	(4)
Interest rate risk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commodity swap risk	1	0	5	0	0	0
Equity swap risk	10	1	0	0	0	0
Total	997	(3,565)	(2,376)	995	165	(2,076)

The following table presents the amounts relating to items designated as hedging instruments and hedge ineffectiveness for cash flow hedges as of 31 December 2022:

	Carrying values		OCI
(In € million)	Asset	Liability	Changes in values of the hedging instrument	Other changes in value of the hedge reserve	Hedge inefficiency recorded in financial result	Amounts reclassified from hedge reserve to profit or loss
Foreign currency risk
Net forward sales contracts	1,492	(7,643)	4,429	1,146	(146)	(2,358)
Foreign exchange options	0	0	0	0	0	0
Embedded Derivatives	0	(60)	36	0	0	(7)
Interest rate risk	0	0	0	0	0	0
Commodity swap risk	6	0	(2)	0	(1)	0
Equity swap risk	1	(4)	0	0	0	0
Total	1,499	(7,707)	4,463	1,146	(147)	(2,365)

37.6 Net Gains or Net Losses

The Company's net gains or net losses recognised in profit or loss in 2023 and 2022, respectively, are as follows:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss
Held for trading	182	497
Designated on initial recognition	(110)	95
Financial assets at amortised cost	(63)	(232)
Financial assets at fair value through OCI (previously available-for-sale)	(66)	55
Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost	263	(75)

Net losses of €-350 million (2022: €-1,169 million) are recognised directly in equity relating to financial assets at fair value.

Interest income from financial assets or financial liabilities through profit or loss is included in net gains or losses.

37.7 Impairment Losses

Loss allowances - For its portfolio of debt instruments including bonds, term deposits and commercial papers, the Company measures loss allowances at an amount that represents credit losses resulting from default events that are possible within the next 12 months, unless the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. In the event of such significant increase in credit risk the Company measures loss allowances for that financial instrument at an amount equal to its life-time expected losses, i.e. at an amount equal to the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of that financial instrument.

The Company applies the low credit risk exemption allowing the Company to assume that there is no significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition of a financial instrument, if the instrument is determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date. Similarly, the Company has determined that its trade receivables and contract assets generally have low credit risk. The Company applies the simplified approach permitted by IFRS 9 of measuring expected credit losses of trade receivables and contract assets on a lifetime basis from initial recognition.

Investment grade instruments - The Company considers a significant increase in credit risk to have occurred, if there is a downgrade by four notches such that the instrument moves into a high yield bucket as a direct result of the downgrade. With respect to instruments that were high yield at initial recognition, a downgrade by four notches is considered as a significant increase in credit risk.

	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
(In € million)	12-month ECL	Life-time ECL	Credit impaired ECL	Total
At 1 January 2023	17.22	8.35	26.71	52.28
Change in financial assets	(0.83)	10.11	27.08	36.36
Change in risk parameters	(8.09)	4.55	(4.08)	(7.62)
At 31 December 2023	8.30	23.01	49.71	81.02

	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
(In € million)	12-month ECL	Life-time ECL	Credit impaired ECL	Total
At 1 January 2022	12.08	20.74	18.77	51.59
Change in financial assets	3.82	(5.44)	(1.47)	(3.09)
Change in risk parameters	1.32	(6.95)	9.41	3.78
At 31 December 2022	17.22	8.35	26.71	52.28

The following table breaks down the gross carrying amount of loans and receivables as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, separately showing those that are impaired, renegotiated or past due:

(In € million)	Not past due	Renegotiated / not past due / not impaired	Gross impaired	Past due ≤ 3 months	Past due > 3 and ≤ 6 months	Past due > 6 and ≤ 9 months
31 December 2023
Trade receivables	3,620	0	249	410	127	101
Contract assets	1,850	0	0	0	0	0
Others	2,934	1	147	337	134	32
Total	8,404	1	396	747	260	134

(In € million)	Past due > 9 and ≤ 12 months	Past due > 12 months	Impairment	Total
31 December 2023
Trade receivables	125	452	(359)	4,725
Contract assets	0	0	(1)	1,849
Others	50	700	(191)	4,144
Total	175	1,152	(551)	10,717

(In € million)	Not past due	Renegotiated / not past due / not impaired	Gross impaired	Past due ≤ 3 months	Past due > 3 and ≤ 6 months	Past due > 6 and ≤ 9 months
31 December 2022
Trade receivables	3,727	0	376	373	147	132
Contract assets	1,528	0	0	0	0	0
Others	2,552	2	93	131	391	116
Total	7,807	2	469	504	538	248

(In € million)	Past due > 9 and ≤ 12 months	Past due > 12 months	Impairment	Total
31 December 2022
Trade receivables	99	479	(380)	4,953
Contract assets	0	0	(1)	1,527
Others	7	452	(188)	3,556
Total	106	931	(569)	10,036

The management believes that the unimpaired amounts that are past due are still collectible in full, based on historic payment behaviour and analysis of customer credit risk, including underlying customers' credit ratings if they are available.

The following impairment losses on financial assets are recognised in profit or loss in 2023 and 2022, respectively:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Trade receivables	(19)	(65)
Contract assets	0	0
Total	(19)	(65)

2.8 Other Notes

38. Litigation and Claims

Litigation and claims - Various legal actions, governmental investigations, proceedings and other claims are pending or may be instituted or asserted in the future against the Company. Litigation is subject to many uncertainties, and the outcome of individual matters is not predictable with certainty. Provisions have been accounted for in accordance with IFRS criteria. It is reasonably possible that the final resolution of some of these matters may require the Company to make expenditures, in excess of established provisions over an extended period of time and in a range of amounts that cannot be reasonably estimated. The term "reasonably possible" is used herein to mean that the chance of a future transaction or event occurring is more than remote but less than likely.

The Company is involved from time to time in various governmental, legal and arbitration proceedings in the ordinary course of its business, the most significant of which are described below. Other than as described below, there are no material governmental, legal or arbitration proceedings (including any such proceedings which are pending or threatened) which may have or have had in the recent past significant effects on Airbus SE's or the Company's Financial Position or profitability.

If the Company concludes that the disclosures relative to contingent liabilities can be expected to prejudice seriously its position in a dispute with other parties, the Company limits its disclosures to the nature of the dispute.

Investigation by the UK SFO, France's PNF, US Departments of State and Justice and Related Commercial Litigation

During 2023, the various proceedings in relation to the final agreements ("the agreements") reached with the French Parquet National Financier ("PNF"), the UK Serious Fraud Office ("SFO"), and the US Department of Justice ("DoJ") (resolving the authorities' investigations into allegations of bribery and corruption), and the US Department of State ("DoS") and the DoJ (resolving their investigations into inaccurate and misleading filings made with the DoS pursuant to the US International Traffic in Arms Regulations ("ITAR")), were concluded.

The agreements were approved and made public on 31 January 2020. Under their terms, the Company agreed to pay penalties of €3,597,766,766 plus interest and costs to the French, UK and US authorities. This was recognised in the Company's 2019 accounts, and all penalties have been paid. The settlements with each authority were as follows: PNF €2,083,137,455, the SFO €983,974,311, the DoJ €526,150,496 and the DoS €9,009,008 of which €4,504,504 could be used for approved remedial compliance measures.

Under the terms of the Convention judiciaire d'intérêt public ("CJIP") with the PNF, the Company had an obligation to submit its compliance programme to targeted audits carried out by the Agence Française Anticorruption ("AFA") over a period of three years.

Under the terms of the Deferred Prosecution Agreement ("DPA") with the SFO, no independent compliance monitor was imposed on the Company in light of the continuing monitorship conducted by the AFA.

Under the terms of the DPA with the DoJ, no independent compliance monitor was imposed on Airbus under the agreement with the DoJ, but the Company periodically reported on its continuing compliance enhancement progress during the three year term of the DPA and carried out further reviews as required by the DoJ.

The agreements resulted in the suspension of prosecution for a duration of three years. This deferral period ended on 31 January 2023. On 13 February 2023, the SFO gave notice to the Company discontinuing the prosecution. On 17 March 2023, the PNF gave notice of the same with receipt of the Constat de l'extinction de l'action publique. On 28 July 2023 the DoJ filed a motion to dismiss which was granted by the court on 10 August 2023. With receipt of the aforementioned notices, the CJIP with the PNF, the DPA with the SFO and the DPA with the DoJ were formally concluded.

Under the terms of the Consent Agreement with the DoS, the DoS agreed to settle all civil violations of the ITAR outlined in the Company's voluntary disclosures identified in the Consent Agreement, and the Company agreed to retain an independent export control compliance officer to monitor the effectiveness of the Company's export control systems and its compliance with the ITAR.

As a result of the Company's decision to redirect export control compliance resources to ensure compliance with export control restrictions and international sanctions announced against Russia, Belarus and certain Russian entities and individuals following Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, the Company asked the DoS to extend the Consent Agreement an additional nine months from its original expiration date, and the DoS granted this extension. On 26 October 2023, the Company received notice from the DoS of the closure of the Consent Agreement based on the fulfilment of its terms.

In addition to any pending investigation in other jurisdictions, the factual disclosures made in the course of reaching the agreements may result in the commencement of additional investigations in other jurisdictions. Such investigations could also result in (i) civil claims or claims by shareholders against the Company, (ii) adverse consequences on the Company's ability to obtain or continue financing for current or future projects, (iii) limitations on the eligibility of group companies for certain public sector contracts, and/or (iv) damage to the Company's business or reputation via negative publicity adversely affecting the Company's prospects in the commercial marketplace.

Airbus will continue to cooperate with the authorities in the future and to enhance its strong Ethics & Compliance programme and culture within the Company.

In the wake of the agreements and settlements described above, several consultants and other third parties initiated commercial litigation and arbitration against the Company seeking relief. The agreements reached with authorities may lead to additional commercial litigation and arbitration against the Company and tax liability in the future, which could have a material impact on the Financial Statements, business and operations of the Company.

Securities Litigation

In August 2021 the Company received notification of two separate claims and in March 2022 of a third claim, each filed in the Netherlands purportedly on behalf of Airbus investors. These claims (the "Dutch claims") assert that the Company violated its reporting obligations, allegedly leading to an impact on the Company's share price, by failing to adequately inform investors and providing false or misleading information about its use of intermediaries and alleged corrupt practices, its related financial exposure, internal investigations and subsequent measures taken by the Company, and the related criminal investigations leading to the Company's agreements approved on 31 January 2020 with the French PNF, the UK SFO, the US DoJ and the US DoS.

The first Dutch claim was filed with the Amsterdam District Court in August 2021 by a special purpose vehicle incorporated under the laws of Guernsey, an assignee purportedly representing numerous private shareholders and institutional investors, seeking a declaratory judgment with damages to be assessed in follow on proceedings.

The second Dutch claim was filed in December 2021 following a demand letter sent by a foundation incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands, a purported representative of unnamed institutional and retail investors worldwide, starting a class action against the Company before the Dutch courts. This second Dutch claim targets the Company, certain of the Company's current and former directors and officers, and the Company's current and former auditors.

The third Dutch claim was a class action filed in April 2022 against the Company by a foundation incorporated under the laws of the Netherlands. In accordance with Dutch procedural law, the two Dutch class action claims are treated jointly as one case.

The Dutch claims followed the filing in 2020 of a putative class action lawsuit in US federal court in the state of New Jersey, against Airbus SE and members of its current and former management. The US complaint asserted violations of US securities laws, alleging false and misleading statements or omissions concerning, among other things, the Company's agreements approved on 31 January 2020 with the French PNF, the UK SFO, the US DoJ and the US DoS as well as the Company's historic practices regarding the use of third party business partners and anti-corruption compliance. The matter was fully and finally settled on 30 September 2022 in exchange for a payment in the amount of $5 million USD without any acknowledgement of liability.

On 30 August 2023, the first Dutch claim was dismissed on the merits, with the plaintiff appealing this dismissal on 29 November 2023. On 20 September 2023, the second and third Dutch claims were dismissed on procedural grounds, which plaintiffs appealed on 19 December 2023. The calendar for appeal proceedings on both matters extends at least to 2025 and could take longer.

The Company cannot exclude the possibility that additional claims are filed related to this subject matter attempting different theories of recovery in the same or different jurisdictions.

The Company believes it has solid grounds to defend itself against the allegations. The consequences of such litigation and the outcome of the proceedings cannot be fully assessed at this stage, but any judgment or decision unfavourable to the Company could have a material adverse impact on the Financial Statements, business and operations of the Company.

Air France Flight 447 Trial

On 1 June 2009, an A330 operated by Air France as flight AF447 from Rio de Janeiro to Paris disappeared over the Atlantic Ocean with 228 persons onboard. The wreckage was located in April 2011 after several search campaigns organised by the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses (BEA), which published its final investigation report in July 2012. In the wake of the accident, the prosecutor in Paris opened an investigation for involuntary manslaughter and Airbus SAS was charged in March 2011. In September 2019, the investigating magistrates closed the investigation and dismissed all criminal charges after a thorough analysis of the technical and legal elements of the case. However, the Paris Court of Appeal overturned the magistrates' decision and ordered a trial for involuntary manslaughter. The Company's appeal to the French Supreme Court was dismissed. Following a trial in the fourth quarter of 2022, the Paris Criminal Court announced on 17 April 2023 that all criminal charges against the Company were dismissed but sustained certain civil liability claims. On 26 April 2023, the Paris General Prosecutor filed an appeal of the dismissal of criminal charges against Airbus and Air France. As a consequence, there will be a full retrial of the matter, which the Company expects will be scheduled to take place in 2024 or 2025.

Grand Canyon Helicopter Accident

On 10 February 2018, a fatal accident occurred in the Grand Canyon at a site called Quartermaster in Arizona involving an EC130 B4 helicopter operated by Papillon Helicopters impacting the canyon floor and catching fire, leading to five fatalities and two severely injured persons. Following the accident, product liability claims were filed in Nevada state court in the US, including claims by the estate and parents of a deceased passenger and by the injured pilot of the helicopter. On 6 May 2023 the claim of the pilot was settled, with no admission of liability on behalf of the Company. In January 2024, the last remaining claim with a passenger family was settled, with no admission of liability on behalf of the Company, in the amount of $100 million USD, shared between Airbus Helicopters and Papillon Helicopters.

Other Investigations

In 2019, the Company self-reported to German authorities potentially improper advance receipt and communication of confidential customer information by employees of Airbus Defence and Space GmbH. The information concerned relates to future German government procurement projects. The self-disclosure by the Company followed an internal review with the support of an external law firm. Both the German Ministry of Defence and the Munich public prosecutor opened an investigation into the matter. The investigation could have an impact on Airbus Defence and Space GmbH's and Airbus Secure Land Communications GmbH's ability to participate in future public procurement projects in Germany. In 2021 the Munich prosecution issued a penalty notice against Airbus Defence and Space GmbH for €10 million for negligent violation of supervisory duties in connection with this matter. The Company continues to fully cooperate with relevant authorities.

39. Auditor Fees

With reference to Section 2:382a (1) and (2) of the Netherlands Civil Code, the following fees for the financial year 2023 have been charged by EY to the Company, its subsidiaries and other consolidated entities:

(In € thousand)	2023	2022
Audit of the Financial Statements	12,656	11,975
Other audit engagements	798	485
Tax services	233	316
Other non-audit services	3,691	793
Total	17,378	13,569

Other audit firms have audit fees related to audit process, certification and examination of individual and consolidated accounts of €8 million in 2023 (2022: €7 million).

40. Events after the Reporting Date

Airbus U.S. Space & Defense, Inc. acquired from Eutelsat OneWeb its 50% share of the Airbus OneWeb Satellites (AOS) joint venture, making Airbus the 100% owner of AOS and the satellite manufacturing facility in Merritt Island, Florida. The Airbus OneWeb Satellites joint venture, established in 2016, built more than 600 satellites at the rate of two per day for the OneWeb first generation constellation, currently operating on-orbit.

Airbus Helicopters has signed an agreement to acquire Aerovel, the maker of Flexrotor, a small tactical unmanned aerial system designed for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance (ISTAR) missions at sea and over land. Aerovel, based in Bingen, Washington, will remain a US-owned company and will continue to collaborate with the US DoD under Airbus' Special Security Agreement (SSA). The acquisition is subject to regulatory approvals and customary closing conditions, with closing expected in 2024.

2.9 Appendix

2.9.1 "Simplified Airbus structure"

For further information, please refer to the Company's website.

Independent auditor's report

To: the shareholders and the board of directors of Airbus SE

Report on the audit of the financial statements 2023 included in the annual report

Our opinion

We have audited the financial statements 2023 of Airbus SE (the Company) based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

In our opinion the accompanying financial statements give a true and fair view of the financial position of Airbus SE as at 31 December 2023 and of its result and its cash flows for 2023 in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards as adopted in the European Union (EU-IFRSs) and with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code.

The financial statements comprise:

―	The consolidated and IFRS company statement of financial position as at 31 December 2023
―	The following statements for 2023: the consolidated and IFRS company income statement, the consolidated and IFRS company statements of comprehensive income, changes in equity and cash flows
―	The notes comprising material accounting policy information and other explanatory information

Basis for our opinion

We conducted our audit in accordance with Dutch law, including the Dutch Standards on Auditing.

Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report.

We are independent of Airbus SE in accordance with the EU Regulation on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities, the Wet toezicht accountantsorganisaties (Wta, Audit firms supervision act), the Verordening inzake de onafhankelijkheid van accountants bij assurance-opdrachten (ViO, Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, a regulation with respect to independence) and other relevant independence regulations in the Netherlands. Furthermore, we have complied with the Verordening gedrags- en beroepsregels accountants (VGBA, Dutch Code of Ethics).

We believe the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Information in support of our opinion

We designed our audit procedures in the context of our audit of the financial statements as a whole and in forming our opinion thereon. The following information in support of our opinion and any findings were addressed in this context, and we do not provide a separate opinion or conclusion on these matters.

Our understanding of the business

The Company is globally active in developing, producing and delivering aeronautics and aerospace products and related services. The Company is structured in segments, and we tailored our group audit approach accordingly. We paid specific attention in our audit to a number of areas driven by the operations of the group and our risk assessment. We refer to the key audit matters for those areas.

We determined materiality and identified and assessed the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error, in order to design audit procedures responsive to those risks and to obtain audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

Materiality

Materiality	€292 million (2022: €281 million)
Benchmark applied	5% of EBIT Adjusted (2022: 5% of EBIT Adjusted)
Explanation	We consider EBIT Adjusted as the most appropriate benchmark as it best aligns with the financial performance expectations of those charged with governance at Airbus SE and in our assessment of users of the Company's financial statements.

We have also taken into account misstatements and/or possible misstatements that in our opinion are material for the users of the financial statements for qualitative reasons.

We agreed with the board of directors that any misstatements in excess of €15 million (5% of materiality mentioned above), that are identified during the audit, would be reported to them, as well as any smaller misstatements that in our view must be reported on qualitative grounds.

Scope of the group audit

Airbus SE is at the head of a group of entities. The financial information of the group is included in the consolidated financial statements.

Because we are ultimately responsible for our opinion, we are also responsible for directing, supervising and performing the group audit. In this respect we have determined the nature and extent of the audit procedures to be carried out for group entities. Decisive were the size and/or the risk profile of the group entities or operations. On this basis, we selected group entities for which an audit had to be carried out on the complete set of financial information or on specific items.

The entities are grouped by the Company into three business segments (divisions): Airbus, Airbus Helicopters and Airbus Defence and Space. The audit of the three segments is performed jointly by EY and KPMG. The audits of the entities in scope are performed in the countries these entities are located in, by either EY or KPMG network firms or by both.

In total the scope of our audit procedures covered 95% of total consolidated revenue, 93% of total consolidated assets and 100% of total consolidated EBIT and all adjustments to EBIT. For the remaining entities making up 5% of revenues and 7% of total assets, we performed, amongst others, analytical procedures to corroborate our assessment that the financial statements are free from material misstatements.

We executed an audit plan that includes participation in risk assessment and planning discussions, setting the direction of the group audit work (including instructions to the divisional and entity auditors), reviewing and discussing the planned audit approach, obtaining an understanding of the financial reporting process and performing procedures on the group consolidation, participating in the evaluation of key accounting topics, reviewing the financial statements and participating in meetings with the management of the Company and its divisions. In our audit instructions, we also included targeted audit procedures regarding the risks of material misstatement associated with the key programs as well as targeted audit procedures regarding the risk of material misstatement due to non-compliance with laws and regulations. We furthermore executed file reviews at division level.

By performing the procedures mentioned above at components of the group, together with additional procedures at group level, we have been able to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence about the group's financial information to provide an opinion about the consolidated financial statements.

Teaming and use of specialists

We ensured that the audit teams both at group level, division level and at in-scope component level included the appropriate skills and competences which are needed for the audit of the financial statements of this listed company in the aerospace industry.

We involved several EY specialists to assist the audit team, including specialists from our tax, actuarial, treasury, valuation and forensic departments.

Our focus on climate risks and the energy transition

Climate change and energy transition are high on the public agenda. Issues such as CO ₂ reduction (potentially) impact financial reporting, as these issues entail risks for the business operation, the valuation of assets (stranded assets) and provisions or the sustainability of the business model and access to financial markets of companies with a larger CO ₂ footprint. The Company reported in Section 4.6.4 of the report of the board of directors how they addressed the climate related risks.

In Section 6.1.2 of the report of the board of directors, the Company discloses its assessment, implementation plans and ambitions in connection to climate-related risks and the effects of energy transition.

As part of our audit of the financial statements, we evaluated the extent to which climate-related risks and the possible effects of the energy transition and the Company's implementation plans and ambitions in this regard, are taken into account in estimates and significant assumptions, as well as in the design of controls related to relevant estimates and assumptions. Furthermore, we read the report of the board of directors and considered whether there is any material inconsistency between the non-financial information and the financial statements.

Our audit procedures to address the assessed climate-related risks and the possible effects of the energy transition did not result in a key audit matter. However, we describe the audit procedures responsive to the assessed risk such as the valuation of long-lived assets in the description of our audit approach for the key audit matter Recoverability of key program assets - long-lived assets.

Our focus on fraud and non-compliance with laws and regulations

Our responsibility

Although we are not responsible for preventing fraud or non-compliance and we cannot be expected to detect all fraud or non-compliance with all laws and regulations, it is our responsibility to obtain reasonable assurance that the financial statements, taken as a whole, are free from material misstatement, whether caused by fraud or error. The risk of not detecting a material misstatement resulting from fraud is higher than for one resulting from error, as fraud may involve collusion, forgery, intentional omissions, misrepresentations or override of internal control.

Our audit response related to fraud risks

We identified and assessed the risks of material misstatements of the financial statements due to fraud (also referred to as fraud risks or risks of fraud). During our audit, we obtained an understanding of the Company and its environment and the components of the system of internal control, including the risk assessment process and the process for responding to the risks of fraud and monitoring the system of internal control, as well as the outcomes. We also considered how the audit committee and the Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee exercise oversight on behalf of the board of directors.

We refer to Section 4.6 of the report of the board of directors for the risk assessment including the assessment of risk of fraud that might result in non-compliance with anti-corruption laws and regulation.

We evaluated the design and relevant aspects of the system of internal control and in particular the fraud risk assessment, as well as the code of conduct, whistleblower procedures and incident registration.

We evaluated the design and the implementation and, where considered appropriate in the context of our audit of the financial statements, tested the operating effectiveness of controls designed to mitigate fraud risks.

As part of our process of identifying fraud risks, we evaluated fraud risk factors with respect to financial reporting fraud, misappropriation of assets and bribery and corruption in close co-operation with our forensic and legal specialists. We evaluated whether these factors indicate that a risk of material misstatement due to fraud or non-compliance with laws and regulations is present. For our audit response related to the risk of non-compliance with laws and regulations, including bribery and corruption, we refer to the next section.

We incorporated elements of unpredictability in our audit. We also considered the outcome of our other audit procedures and evaluated whether any findings were indicative of fraud or non-compliance.

We addressed the risks related to management override of controls, as this risk is present in all companies. For these risks we have performed, amongst others, procedures regarding the evaluation of key accounting estimates for management override in particular relating to important judgment areas as disclosed in Note 5 Key Estimates and Judgements to the financial statements. We have also used data analytics to identify and address high-risk journal entries and evaluated the business rationale (or the lack thereof) of any significant extraordinary transactions, including those with related parties.

In addition, we identified the following fraud risks requiring significant attention during our audit:

Risks related to management override of controls in the determination of margin at completion and recoverability of key program assets

Fraud risk	In our audit we gave significant attention to the judgments and assumptions made by management in the determination of the provision for onerous contracts, specifically the contract margin, the impairment of assets especially related to the recoverability of assets for key programs and the program-related provisions and depreciations, and considered whether the judgments and assumptions indicated a management override of controls that may represent a risk of material misstatement due to fraud.
Our audit approach	We describe the audit procedures responsive to the assessed risk of fraud in the description of our audit approach for the key audit matters:
	• Estimations related to revenues and costs at completion for the accounting of onerous contracts and material over time contracts
	• Recoverability of key program assets - long-lived assets

Risks of fraud in revenue recognition

Fraud risk	When identifying and assessing fraud risks, we presumed that there are risks of fraud in revenue recognition. In our audit we gave significant attention to the cut-off risk of cost incurred for performance obligations satisfied over time and the cut-off risk on transfer of control for performance obligations satisfied at a point in time.
Our audit approach	We describe the audit procedures responsive to the risks of fraud in revenue recognition in the description of our audit approach for the key audit matter Revenue recognition.

We considered available information and made enquiries of relevant executives, directors (including internal audit, legal, compliance, human resources and divisional directors) and the board of directors.

The fraud risks we identified, enquiries and other available information did not lead to specific indications of fraud or suspected fraud potentially material to the financial statements.

Our audit response related to risks of non-compliance with laws and regulations

We performed appropriate audit procedures regarding compliance with the provisions of those laws and regulations that have a direct effect on the determination of material amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Furthermore, we assessed factors related to the risks of non-compliance with laws and regulations that could reasonably be expected to have a material effect on the financial statements from our general industry experience, through discussions with the board of directors, reading minutes, reading of internal audit and compliance reports, and performing substantive tests of details of classes of transactions, account balances or disclosures. Specifically, we have evaluated that the disclosures in note 38 of the financial statements reflect the current status of the most significant investigations regarding suspected breaches of law and regulations. We also evaluated the appropriateness of the contingent liability disclosure (note 24) in the financial statements.

We identified the following risk of non-compliance and performed the following specific procedures:

Risk of non-compliance with anti-bribery and anti-corruption legislation

Risk	A part of the Company's business is characterized by competition for contracts with customers in high-risk countries and which are often directly or indirectly associated with governments. In obtaining these contracts, the Company uses commercial intermediaries in a number of territories. In identifying and assessing risks, taking into account the amounts paid, we considered the risks of non-compliance with anti-bribery and anti-corruption legislation in high-risk countries, including the use of commercial intermediaries, to be an inherent risk.
	We refer to the discussion of legal risks in Section 4.6.3 of the report of the board of directors.
Our audit approach	We performed amongst others the following audit procedures, directed specifically to this risk and designed and performed in conjunction with our in-house forensic specialists:
	• We evaluated the tone set by management and the board of directors as well as the Company's approach in managing this risk.
	• We evaluated the overall control environment and evaluated the Company's policies and antibribery and anti-corruption procedures.
	• We made inquiries of the audit committee, as well as the Company's internal and external legal advisors as to the areas of potential or suspected breaches of law and regulations relating to bribery, including the status of ongoing investigations.
	To corroborate the results of those inquiries, we corroborated information received with objective evidence, third parties and we reviewed related documentation.
	• We tested the selection process of commercial intermediaries, related contractual arrangements and payments to intermediaries.
	• We maintained a high level of vigilance to possible indications of bribery and corruption whilst carrying out our other audit procedures.
	• We tested journal entries and other transactions with unusual characteristics using amongst other data-analytics tools.
	• We evaluated the activities and reporting of the monitor and assessed the incident reporting system of Airbus and follow-up on the most relevant incidents.

We also read and evaluated lawyers' letters and correspondence with regulatory authorities and remained alert to any indication of (suspected) non-compliance throughout the audit. Finally, we obtained written representations that all known instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations have been disclosed to us.

Our audit response related to going concern

As disclosed in Note 35 Capital Management and Note 37 Financial Instruments to the financial statements, the financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis. When preparing the financial statements, the board of directors made a specific assessment of the company's ability to continue as a going concern and to continue its operations for at least the next twelve months.

We discussed and evaluated the specific assessment with the board of directors exercising professional judgment and maintaining professional skepticism. We considered whether the board of directors' going concern assessment, based on our knowledge and understanding obtained through our audit of the financial statements or otherwise, contains all relevant events or conditions that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. If we conclude that a material uncertainty exists, we are required to draw attention in our auditor's report to the related disclosures in the financial statements or, if such disclosures are inadequate, to modify our opinion.

Based on our procedures performed, we did not identify material uncertainties about going concern for the next twelve months. Our conclusions are based on the audit evidence obtained up to the date of our auditor's report. However, future events or conditions may cause the Company to cease to continue as a going concern.

Our key audit matters

Key audit matters are those matters that, in our professional judgment, were of most significance in our audit of the financial statements. We have communicated the key audit matters to the board of directors. The key audit matters are not a comprehensive reflection of all matters discussed.

In comparison with previous year, the nature of our key audit matters did not change.

Revenue recognition

(Reference is made to the disclosures on Note 4 Material accounting policy information, Note 5 Key Estimates and Judgements, Note 11 Segment Information and Note 12 Revenues and Gross Margin of the financial statements)

Risk	The Group revenue recognition is complex due to its wide range of activities (including the sale of commercial aircraft and helicopters, sale of military aircraft and helicopters, sale of space systems, and services), its various types of contracts including non-standard clauses and the duration of some contracts including long-term development activities.
	When identifying and assessing fraud risks, we presume that there are risks of fraud in revenue recognition relating to the estimates of margin at completion and cut-off of costs incurred related to over time contracts (notably for A400M development and space systems contracts) as well as the cut-off risk on deliveries related to point in time contracts.
	Furthermore, recognition of revenue includes significant management judgments and estimates including whether the contracts contain multiple performance obligations which should be accounted for separately and the determination of the most appropriate method for revenue recognition of these performance obligations. Recognition of revenues comprises the identification of potential variable considerations reducing the consideration received, allocation of these considerations to the different performance obligations and assessing if the performance obligations are satisfied over time or at a point in time.
	In particular, the amount of revenue and profit recognized in a year for performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, is dependent on the transfer of control.
	For performance obligations satisfied over time, this is dependent on the assessment of the stage of completion of performance obligations, as well as estimated total revenues and estimated total costs. The Company uses costs incurred as the method for determining stage of completion.
Our audit approach	Our audit procedures included, amongst others, evaluating the appropriateness of the Company's accounting policies related to revenue recognition according to IFRS15 "Revenue from contracts with customers" and whether the accounting policies have been applied consistently or whether changes, if any, are appropriate
	in the circumstances. In addition, we evaluated the design and implementation and, where considered appropriate in the context of our audit of the financial statements, tested the operating effectiveness of controls related to the completeness, accuracy and timing of the revenue recognized. We selected individual revenue transactions to assess proper identification of the performance obligations in the contracts and allocation of the consideration amongst the performance obligation (such as the A400M contract and space systems contracts), the completeness and valuation of the variable considerations included in the transaction price (notably for A400M contract and space systems contracts) and the timing of transfer of control.
	In order to evaluate the significant judgments and estimates made by management, we read supporting contractual agreements, met with sales representatives and program teams to understand and validate the nature of the various obligations to be rendered under the contract and identify and discuss specific clauses that could prevent transfer of control (mostly for the sales of commercial aircraft), obtained evidence of transfer of control such as proof of delivery, tested the costs incurred, examined computation of costs progression and assessed the reasonableness of the estimated cost to complete included in the cost-to-come method for performance obligation recognized over time (notably for A400M development and space systems contracts). We also evaluated the potential impact of the uncertain geopolitical environment including the war in Ukraine and its related sanctions, and the Company's assessment thereof.
	Finally, we determined that appropriate disclosures were made in the financial statements.

Estimations related to revenues and costs at completion for the accounting of onerous contracts and material over time contracts

(Reference is made to the disclosure on Note 4 Material Accounting Policies, Note 5 Key Estimates and Judgements, Note 12 Revenues and Gross Margin and Note 24 Provisions, Contingent Assets and Contingent Liabilities of the financial statements)

Risk	The Group has a large portfolio of long-term contracts for which it needs to assess the revenues and costs at completion in order to recognize a provision for onerous contract if needed, and to account for revenue related to material over time contracts.
	Provisions for onerous contracts such as for the A400M contract are recognized when it becomes probable that the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under the contract.
	The identification and determination of the provisions for onerous contracts and revenue recognition of over time contracts require management's significant judgment and assumptions associated with estimated revenue and costs at completion of the program, the achievement of technical milestones, production plan, performance guarantees as well as key risks such as expected outcome from ongoing negotiations with customers, penalties for delay or technical non-compliance. We also considered the potential risk of management override of controls or other inappropriate influence over the financial reporting process.
Our audit approach	Our audit procedures included, amongst others, evaluating the appropriateness of the Company's accounting policies related to estimations for onerous contracts according to IAS 37 "Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets" and whether the accounting policies have been applied consistently or whether changes, if any, are appropriate in the circumstances.
	We evaluated the design and implementation and, if considered appropriate in the context of our audit of the financial statements, tested the operating effectiveness of controls for accounting for onerous contracts and for the assessment of revenues and costs at completion. We also performed substantive procedures on individually significant programs. We evaluated management's assumptions in the identification and determination of, amongst others, the stage of completion of a project and estimates to complete for both revenue and costs. We tested the costs incurred to date and the accuracy or appropriateness, and completeness of the data used in developing these key estimates.
	We also evaluated management's assessment of key contract risks and opportunities to determine whether these are appropriately reflected in the total estimated costs at completion, paid specific attention to technical and market developments including inflation risks and ongoing litigations, contractual obligations and negotiations with customers. We performed inquiries with the program teams and Heads of Programs in order to confirm our understanding of the program status and associated risks which may affect total estimated costs at completion.
	We challenged management's key assumptions by discussing and reviewing correspondence with customers, considered the accuracy or appropriateness, and consistency of similar estimates made in previous years and corroborated the key assumptions with the latest contractual information.
	Finally, we determined that appropriate disclosures were made in the financial statements.

Recoverability of key program assets - long-lived assets

(Reference is made to the disclosures on Note 4 Material Accounting Policies, Note 19 Intangible Assets and Note 20 Property, Plant and Equipment of the financial statements)

Risk	Recoverability of capitalized program development costs, other intangible assets and jigs and tools (long-lived assets) needs to be tested if there is an indicator of impairment or the reversal thereof.
	The main estimates to determine if an impairment of long-lived assets has to be recognized are the future cash flows and the appropriate discount rates.
	Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in forecasting future revenues and costs and interpreting contractual and commercial positions in determining impairments especially for material early-stage/multi-year programs, this is a key audit area.
	We considered whether the key judgments and assumptions indicated a management override of controls that may represent a risk of material misstatement due to fraud.
	Inherent uncertainties also include that new or amended climate change related laws and regulations, political decisions and/or social context may result in the need to revise existing estimates. Climate change related estimation processes, measurement systems and reporting standards are expected to further develop over time, which also might result in changes in estimates.
Our audit approach	Our audit procedures included, amongst others, evaluating the appropriateness of the Company's accounting policies related to estimations for recoverability of assets according to IAS 36 "Impairment of assets" and IAS 38 "Intangible assets" and evaluating whether the accounting policies have been applied consistently or whether changes, if any, are appropriate in the circumstances.
	We evaluated the design and implementation and, if considered appropriate in the context of our audit of the financial statements, tested the operating effectiveness of controls for identifying and recording impairments of long-lived assets.
	We evaluated the analysis performed by management regarding indicators of impairment, considering notably future expected orders and deliveries. If an indicator of impairment was identified, we evaluated the integrity of management's impairment model.
	For long-lived assets, we evaluated management's assumptions for the discount rate, the determination of the forecasted revenue (including the timing of expected deliveries or services and estimated selling price), cost to be incurred (including any contractual penalties or inflation impact), the expected gross margin, including performing sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of changing some assumptions such as the discount rate or key business parameters (a.o. price, growth rate), and for the assumptions related to useful life of the program in the context of climate change. We also performed inquiry of the Program Controller and Head of Programs to confirm our understanding of the status of the program.
	Finally, we determined that appropriate disclosures were made in the financial statements.

Accounting for derivative financial instruments and hedge ineffectiveness

(Reference is made to Note 37 Financial Instruments of the financial statements)

Risk	The Company operates in a business environment that is exposed to currency volatility. A significant portion of the Company's revenue is denominated in US dollars, while a major part of its costs is incurred in Euros and, to a lesser extent, in Pound Sterling. In response to these currency risks the Company uses financial instruments (currency forwards) to mitigate the exposure to changes in currency rates.
	The Company applies cash-flow hedge accounting. The accounting policy allows the Company to re-position the foreign currency hedges and avoid hedge disqualification when a hedged aircraft is postponed. This is conditioned by the Company's ability to demonstrate the absence of a reduction in the number of hedged aircraft over the foreign currency exchange management hedging horizon.
	The magnitude of the Company's hedge portfolio entails a significant "mark to market" valuation risk. Furthermore, potential changes in the delivery assumptions related to aircraft cancellations, customer defaults and aircraft postponement beyond the foreign currency exchange management hedging horizon could lead to disqualification of the associated cashflow hedges and incorrect accounting.
Our audit approach	Our audit procedures included, amongst others, evaluating the appropriateness of the Company's accounting policies related to valuation of financial instruments and hedge accounting according to IFRS 9 "Financial Instruments" and IFRS 13 "Fair Value Measurement" and whether the accounting policies have been applied consistently or whether changes, if any, are appropriate in the circumstances.
	With the involvement of our Treasury specialists, we evaluated the design and implementation and if considered appropriate in the context of our audit of the financial statements, tested the operating effectiveness of controls around the Company's central treasury system. We independently calculated the valuation of the treasury portfolio and evaluated the application of the cash flow hedge accounting rules.
	To the extent we considered appropriate in the context of our audit of the financial statements, we obtained counterparty confirmation of the outstanding financial instruments to verify the existence and ownership of the hedge portfolio. Based on a sample of financial derivative instruments we evaluated whether the fair value of the financial instruments was correctly determined.
	We verified the documentation of the hedged items supported by both the recoverable backlog and forecasted production rates over the foreign currency exchange management hedging horizon. We tested the highly probable assessment of future aircraft delivery as performed by the Company and challenged key management assumptions pertaining to order cancellation, airline default and aircraft rescheduling risks.
	Finally, we determined that appropriate disclosures were made in the financial statements.

Report on other information included in the annual report

The annual report contains other information in addition to the financial statements and our auditor's report thereon.

Based on the following procedures performed, we conclude that the other information:

―	Is consistent with the financial statements and does not contain material misstatements
―	Contains the information as required by Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code for the management report and the other information as required by Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code and as required by Sections 2:135b and 2:145 sub-Section 2 of the Dutch Civil Code for the remuneration report

We have read the other information. Based on our knowledge and understanding obtained through our audit of the financial statements or otherwise, we have considered whether the other information contains material misstatements. By performing these procedures, we comply with the requirements of Part 9 of Book 2 and Section 2:135b sub-Section 7 of the Dutch Civil Code and the Dutch Standard 720. The scope of the procedures performed is substantially less than the scope of those performed in our audit of the financial statements.

The board of directors is responsible for the preparation of the other information, including the management report in accordance with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code, other information as required by Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code and for ensuring that the remuneration report is drawn up and published in accordance with Sections 2:135b and 2:145 sub-Section 2 of the Dutch Civil Code.

Report on other legal and regulatory requirements and ESEF

Engagement

We were engaged by the general meeting as auditor of Airbus SE on 28 April 2016, as of the audit for the year 2016 and have operated as statutory auditor ever since that date.

No prohibited non-audit services

We have not provided prohibited non-audit services as referred to in Article 5(1) of the EU Regulation on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities.

European Single Electronic Reporting Format (ESEF)

Airbus SE has prepared the annual report in ESEF. The requirements for this are set out in the Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/815 with regard to regulatory technical standards on the specification of a single electronic reporting format (hereinafter: the RTS on ESEF).

In our opinion, the annual report, prepared in the XHTML format, including the partially marked-up consolidated financial statements, as included in the reporting package by Airbus SE, complies in all material respects with the RTS on ESEF.

The board of directors is responsible for preparing the annual report, including the financial statements, in accordance with the RTS on ESEF, whereby the board of directors combines the various components into a single reporting package.

Our responsibility is to obtain reasonable assurance for our opinion whether the annual report in this reporting package complies with the RTS on ESEF.

We performed our examination in accordance with Dutch law, including Dutch Standard 3950N "Assurance-opdrachten inzake het voldoen aan de criteria voor het opstellen van een digitaal verantwoordingsdocument" (assurance engagements relating to compliance with criteria for digital reporting).

Our examination included amongst others:

―

Obtaining an understanding of the Company's financial reporting process, including the preparation of the reporting package

―

Identifying and assessing the risks that the annual report does not comply in all material respects with the RTS on ESEF and designing and performing further assurance procedures responsive to those risks to provide a basis for our opinion, including:

―	Obtaining the reporting package and performing validations to determine whether the reporting package containing the Inline XBRL instance document and the XBRL extension taxonomy files, has been prepared in accordance with the technical specifications as included in the RTS on ESEF
―	Examining the information related to the consolidated financial statements in the reporting package to determine whether all required mark-ups have been applied and whether these are in accordance with the RTS on ESEF

Description of responsibilities regarding the financial statements Responsibilities of the board of directors and the audit committee for the financial statements

The board of directors is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with EU-IFRSs and Part 9 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code. Furthermore, the board of directors is responsible for such internal control as it determines is necessary to enable the preparation of the financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

As part of the preparation of the financial statements, the board of directors is responsible for assessing the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Based on the financial reporting framework mentioned, the board of directors should prepare the financial statements using the going concern basis of accounting unless the board of directors either intends to liquidate the Company or to cease operations or has no realistic alternative but to do so. The board of directors should disclose events and circumstances that may cast significant doubt on the Company's ability to continue as a going concern in the financial statements.

The audit committee of the board of directors is responsible for overseeing the Company's financial reporting process.

Our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements

Our objective is to plan and perform the audit engagement in a manner that allows us to obtain sufficient and appropriate audit evidence for our opinion.

Our audit has been performed with a high, but not absolute, level of assurance, which means we may not detect all material errors and fraud during our audit.

Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements. The materiality affects the nature, timing and extent of our audit procedures and the evaluation of the effect of identified misstatements on our opinion.

We have exercised professional judgment and have maintained professional scepticism throughout the audit, in accordance with Dutch Standards on Auditing, ethical requirements and independence requirements. The Information in support of our opinion section above includes an informative summary of our responsibilities and the work performed as the basis for our opinion.

Our audit further included amongst others:

―	Performing audit procedures responsive to the risks identified, and obtaining audit evidence that is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion
―	Obtaining an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit in order to design audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control
―	Evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of accounting estimates and related disclosures made by the board of directors
―	Evaluating the overall presentation, structure and content of the financial statements, including the disclosures
―	Evaluating whether the financial statements represent the underlying transactions and events in a manner that achieves fair presentation

Communication

We communicate with the audit committee of the board of directors regarding, amongst other matters, the planned scope and timing of the audit and significant audit findings, including any significant findings in internal control that we identify during our audit. In this respect we also submit an additional report to the audit committee of the board of directors in accordance with Article 11 of the EU Regulation on specific requirements regarding statutory audit of public-interest entities. The information included in this additional report is consistent with our audit opinion in this auditor's report.

We provide the audit committee of the board of directors with a statement that we have complied with relevant ethical requirements regarding independence, and to communicate with them all relationships and other matters that may reasonably be thought to bear on our independence, and where applicable, related safeguards.

From the matters communicated with the board of directors, we determine the key audit matters as those matters that were of most significance in the audit of the financial statements. We describe these matters in our auditor's report unless law or regulation precludes public disclosure about the matter or when, in extremely rare circumstances, not communicating the matter is in the public interest.

Amsterdam, 15 February 2024

Ernst & Young Accountants LLP

signed by N.M. Pul

3 Airbus SE IFRS Company Financial Statements

IFRS Company Income Statement for the Years Ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Operating income		65	73
Operating expenses		(79)	(74)
Income from investments		7,477	219
Impairment of investments	7, 10	(19)	0
Total operating result	7	7,444	218
Interest income		1,015	311
Interest expense		(1,744)	(468)
Other financial result		167	391
Total financial result	8	(562)	234
Profit (Loss) before income taxes		6,882	452
Income Taxes	9	2	(17)
Profit (Loss) for the period		6,884	435

IFRS Company Statement of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

(In € million)	2023	2022
Profit (Loss) for the period	6,884	435
Other comprehensive income
Items that may be reclassified to profit or loss:
Change in fair value of financial assets	280	(676)
Other comprehensive income, net of tax	280	(676)
Total comprehensive income of the period	7,164	(241)

IFRS Company Statement of Financial Position for the Years Ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

Assets

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Non-current assets
Investments in subsidiaries and associates	10	20,145	20,270
Long-term financial assets	11	4,497	2,040
Non-current other financial assets	11	2,280	4,233
Non-current other assets		18	14
Deferred tax assets	9	0	0
Non-current securities	15	6,986	5,662
Total non-current assets		33,926	32,219
Current assets
Trade receivables		12	28
Short-term financial assets	11	73	35
Current other financial assets	11	2,029	3,596
Current accounts Airbus companies	11	4,663	9,670
Current other assets		167	139
Current securities	15	1,162	1,692
Cash and cash equivalents	15	14,618	13,283
Total current assets		22,724	28,443
Total assets		56,650	60,662

Equity and liabilities

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Stockholders' equity	14
Capital stock		791	789
Share premium		3,983	3,837
Retained earnings		2,798	3,616
Legal reserves		(354)	(634)
Treasury shares		(390)	(68)
Result of the year		6,884	435
Total equity		13,712	7,975
Non-current liabilities
Long-term financing liabilities	15	7,719	7,903
Non-current other financial liabilities	11	3,243	5,653
Deferred tax liabilities	9	0	0
Total non-current liabilities		10,962	13,556
Current liabilities
Short-term financing liabilities	15	818	0
Current accounts Airbus companies	11	28,938	35,355
Current other financial liabilities	11	2,049	3,602
Current other liabilities		171	174
Total current liabilities		31,976	39,131
Total equity and liabilities		56,650	60,662

IFRS Company Statement of Cash Flows for the Years Ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Operating Activities
Profit (Loss) for the period (Net income)		6,884	435
Adjustments to reconcile profit for the period to cash provided by operating activities:
Interest income		(1,015)	(311)
Interest expense		1,744	468
Interest received		974	342
Interest paid		(1,701)	(476)
Tax expense (income)	9	(3)	17
Impairment of Investments	10	19	0
Valuation adjustments		(132)	(561)
Dividends income		(7,474)	(194)
Change in current and non-current provisions		(5)	10
Change in other operating assets and liabilities		(10)	(117)
Trade receivables		15	(9)
Trade liabilities		(6)	(44)
Other assets and liabilities and others		(19)	(64)
Cash provided by (used for) operating activities		(718)	(387)
Investing activities
Acquisitions of subsidiaries, joint ventures, businesses and Participations (net of cash)		(765)	(2,374)
Payments for long-term financial assets		(2,957)	(1,581)
Proceeds from long-term financial assets		422	954
Proceeds from subsidiaries, joint ventures, businesses and participations (net of cash)		1,206	43
Dividends received		7,474	194
Payments for investments in securities		(2,316)	(1,674)
Proceeds from disposals of securities		1,749	1,382
Cash provided by (used for) investing activities		4,813	(3,056)
Financing activities
Increase in financing liabilities		213	0
Repayment of financing liabilities		0	(1,569)
Change in current accounts Airbus companies ⁽¹⁾		(1,206)	6,075
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders		(1,421)	(1,181)
Changes in capital		161	140
Change in treasury shares		(334)	(36)
Cash provided by (used for) financing activities		(2,587)	3,429
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(173)	152
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		1,335	138
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		13,283	13,145
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	15	14,618	13,283

⁽¹⁾ Airbus SE maintains current accounts with group entities. Total assets and total liabilities in this regard are presented in the balance sheet. The changes in these current accounts are presented net in the Company statement of Cash Flows as reflecting the changes in net cash-pool position for the company.

IFRS Company Statement of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended 31 December 2023 and 2022

					Legal reserves ⁽¹⁾
(In € million)	Note	Capital stock	Share premium	Retained earnings	Financial assets at fair value	Cash flow hedges
Balance at 1 January 2022		787	3,712	4,682	42	0
Profit (Loss) for the period		0	0	435	0	0
Other comprehensive income		0	0	0	(676)	0
Total comprehensive income for the period		0	0	435	(676)	0
Capital increase		2	125	0	0	0
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)		0	0	115	0	0
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders		0	0	(1,181)	0	0
Change in treasury shares		0	0	0	0	0
Balance at 31 December 2022		789	3,837	4,051	(634)	0
Profit (Loss) for the period		0	0	6,884	0	0
Other comprehensive income		0	0	0	280	0
Total comprehensive income for the period		0	0	6,884	280	0
Capital increase	14	2	146	0	0	0
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)		0	0	168	0	0
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders	14	0	0	(1,421)	0	0
Change in treasury shares	14	0	0	0	0	0
Balance at 31 December 2023		791	3,983	9,682	(354)	0

(In € million)	Treasury shares	Total equity
Balance at 1 January 2022	(45)	9,178
Profit (Loss) for the period	0	435
Other comprehensive income	0	(676)
Total comprehensive income for the period	0	(241)
Capital increase	0	127
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	0	115
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders	0	(1,181)
Change in treasury shares	(23)	(23)
Balance at 31 December 2022	(68)	7,975
Profit (Loss) for the period	0	6,884
Other comprehensive income	0	280
Total comprehensive income for the period	0	7,164
Capital increase	0	148
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	0	168
Cash distribution to Airbus SE shareholders	0	(1,421)
Change in treasury shares	(322)	(322)
Balance at 31 December 2023	(390)	13,712

⁽¹⁾ The distribution of Legal Reserves, when positive, is restricted by Dutch law.

4 Notes to the IFRS Company Financial Statements

4.1 Basis of Preparation

1. The Company

The Company's principal activity is acting as a holding and management company for the subsidiaries of Airbus SE, the "Company", a European public limited-liability company (Societas Europaea) with its seat (statutaire zetel) in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, its registered address at Mendelweg 30, 2333 CS Leiden, The Netherlands, and registered with the Dutch Commercial Register (Handelsregister) under number 24288945. The Company is listed on the European stock exchanges in Paris, Frankfurt am Main, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia and Bilbao. The IFRS Financial Statements were authorised for issue by the Company's Board of Directors on 14 February 2024.

2. Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Environment

Regarding the impact of changes in the macroeconomic environment, please refer to "- Note 2: Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Environment" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

3. Climate impacts

Climate change may have a major impact on both the Company's industrial operations and its upstream and downstream value chains, including aircraft direct operations and the wider air transport ecosystem. Regarding the Climate impacts please refer to "- Note 3: Climate impacts" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

4. Material Accounting Policies

Basis of preparation - The Company's Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS"), issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ("IASB") as endorsed by the European Union ("EU") and with Part 9 of Book 2 of the Netherlands Civil Code. They are prepared and reported in euro ("€") and all values are rounded to the nearest million appropriately. Due to rounding, numbers presented may not add up precisely to the totals provided and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

In the Company Financial Statements of Airbus SE, unless otherwise disclosed, the same accounting principles have been applied as set out in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, except for the valuation of the investments as presented under investments in subsidiaries and associates in the Company Financial Statements. These policies have been consistently applied to all years presented.

In the Company Financial Statements, the investments in subsidiaries and associates are recorded at acquisition cost. In the Company Income Statement, dividends received from investments are recorded as dividend income.

Due to this application, the Company equity and net result are not equal to the consolidated equity and net result. A reconciliation of the total shareholders' equity and profit for the period is presented in "- Note 14: Total Equity" of the Company Financial Statements.

The Company Financial Statements have been prepared on a historical cost basis, except for the equity instruments, securities and derivative instruments that have been measured at fair value.

Regarding the application of new, revised or amended IFRS issued and applying from 1 January 2023 and issued but not yet applied please refer to "- Note 6: Change in Accounting Policies and Disclosures" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Amendments to IAS 12 "Income Taxes - International Tax Reform - Pillar Two Model Rules"

The amendments introduce a temporary exception to the accounting requirements for deferred taxes in IAS 12, so that an entity would neither recognise nor disclose information about deferred tax assets and liabilities related to Pillar Two income taxes. As a consequence, no deferred tax assets or liabilities are recognised in the Company Financial Statements as of 31 December 2023.

In addition, no material changes are expected in the Company Financial Statements of Airbus SE from the implementation of the new standards not yet applied. A number of new or revised standards, amendments and improvements to standards as well as interpretations are not yet effective for the year ended 31 December 2023 and have not been applied in preparing these Financial Statements and early adoption is not planned:

Standards and related amendments	IASB effective date for annual reporting periods beginning on or after	Endorsement status
Amendments to IFRS 16 "Lease Liability in a Sale and Leaseback"	1 January 2024	Endorsed
Amendments to IAS 1 "Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-current"	1 January 2024	Endorsed
Amendments to IAS 1 "Non-current Liabilities with Covenants"	1 January 2024	Endorsed
Amendments to IAS 7 "Statement of Cash Flows" and IFRS 7 "Financial Instruments : Disclosures: Supplier Finance Arrangements"	1 January 2024	Not yet endorsed
Amendments to IAS 21 "The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates: Lack of Exchangeability"	1 January 2025	Not yet endorsed

The information with regard to Capital Management is disclosed in "- Note 35: Capital Management", further information about Litigation and Claims refers to "- Note 38: Litigation and Claims" and Events after the Reporting Date are disclosed in "- Note 40: Events after the Reporting Date" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Further information about Share-based payment and Employee Stock Ownership Plans (ESOP) is presented in "- Note 32: Share-Based Payment" and "- Note 33: Remuneration" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Unless reference is made to the accounting policies described in the Consolidated Financial Statements, the main accounting policies applied in the preparation of these Company Financial Statements are described in each accounting area. These accounting policies have been consistently applied to all financial years presented, unless otherwise stated.

5. Key Estimates and Judgements

The preparation of the Company Financial Statements requires the use of estimates and assumptions. In preparing these Financial Statements, management exercises its best judgement based upon its experience and the circumstances prevailing at that time. The estimates and assumptions are based on available information and conditions at the end of the financial period presented and are reviewed on an ongoing basis.

The details regarding the use of estimates and judgements are described in "- Note 5: Key Estimates and Judgements" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Key accounting estimates and judgements affecting the assessment and measurement of impairment are included in "- Note 10: Investments in Subsidiaries, Associates and Participations" of the Company Financial Statements.

6. Related Party Transactions

Key Management Personnel

The details regarding the compensation of key management personnel are described in "- Note 33: Remuneration" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Intercompany Transactions

A comprehensive exchange of internal services between the subsidiaries of a multinational corporation like Airbus SE is common practice. In its responsibility as holding company to manage its subsidiaries and to assist the business activities conducted by Airbus companies and its subsidiaries, Airbus SE applies transfer prices for its business activities in conformity with market levels and in accordance with national and international tax requirements (arm's length principle).

The following table discloses the related party intercompany transactions in 2023 and 2022:

	2023		2022
(In € million)	Total transactions with subsidiaries	Total transactions with associates	Total transactions with subsidiaries	Total transactions with associates
Sales of goods and services and other income ⁽¹⁾	7,939	22	377	9
Purchase of goods and services and other expenses	(1,227)	(63)	(265)	(9)
Receivables at 31 December	4,675	1	9,698	1
Liabilities at 31 December	(26,804)	(2,135)	(34,101)	(1)
Loans granted / Other receivables due at 31 December	3,530	86	1,971	87
Loans received / Other liabilities due at 31 December	0	(1,813)	0	(1,255)
Hedge relationships receivables at 31 December	0	0	7,081	0
Hedge relationship payables at 31 December	0	0	(770)	0

⁽¹⁾ mainly including dividends received for €7,474 million.

For further information about granted guarantees to subsidiaries please refer to "- Note 12: Commitments and Contingencies" of the Company Financial Statements.

For further information about the impairment and the expected credit losses on receivables, please refer to "- Note 16.7: Impairment Losses" of the Company Financial Statements.

4.2 Company Performance

7. Total Operating Result

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Operating income		65	73
Corporate services rendered to Airbus companies		65	73
Operating expenses		(79)	(74)
Service fees charged by Airbus companies		(26)	(17)
Administrative expenses		(53)	(57)
Income from investments		7,477	219
Dividends received from Airbus companies		7,474	194
Gain on disposal of investments		3	25
Expense from investments		(19)	0
Impairment	10	(19)	0
Total operating result		7,444	218

Corporate services rendered to Airbus companies decreased by €-8 million to €65 million (2022: €73 million). In 2023, Airbus SE received a dividend from Airbus SAS of €7,383 million.

8. Total Financial Result

(In € million)	Note	2023	2022
Interest result		(729)	(157)
Interest income from securities measured at fair value through OCI		148	35
Interest income (expenses) from securities measured at fair value through P&L		358	75
Interest income on financial assets measured at amortised cost		509	201
Interest expense on financial liabilities measured at amortised cost		(1,744)	(468)
Other financial result		167	391
Change in fair value measurement of financial assets	11	163	464
Impairment and Expected Credit Loss	17	2	5
Others ⁽¹⁾		2	(78)
Total financial result		(562)	234

⁽¹⁾ Other includes various amounts such as foreign exchange result and bank fees.

The Company is acting as a financial market agent on behalf of its subsidiaries, therefore the fair value changes of derivatives are reported on a net basis.

9. Income Taxes

The Company is tax registered in the Netherlands. The Company is heading a fiscal unity, which also includes Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands B.V. Until 31 December 2021 Airbus Group Finance B.V. was included (see "- Note 10: Investments in Subsidiaries, Associates and Participations" of the Company Financial Statements). Therefore, the Company is severally and jointly liable for income tax liabilities of the fiscal unity as a whole.

Income taxes - The tax expense for the year comprises deferred tax. Tax is recognised in the Income Statement, except to the extent that it relates to items recognised directly in Other Comprehensive Income.

The amount of income tax included in the Income Statement is determined in accordance with the rules established by the tax authorities in the Netherlands, based on which income taxes are payable or recoverable.

Deferred tax assets and/or liabilities, arising from temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and the tax base of assets and liabilities, are calculated using the substantively enacted tax rates expected to apply when they are realised or settled. Deferred tax assets are recognised if it is probable that they will be realised.

On 19 December 2023, the government of the Netherlands, where the parent company is incorporated, enacted the Pillar Two income taxes legislation effective from 1 January 2024. Based on its assessment, the Company does not expect a material exposure to Pillar Two.

The expense for income taxes is comprised of the following:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Current tax income (expense)	2	(2)
Deferred tax income (expense)	0	(15)
Total	2	(17)

The following table shows reconciliation from the theoretical income tax (expense) using the Dutch corporate tax rate to the reported income tax (expense):

(In € million)	2023	2022
Profit (loss) before income taxes	6,882	452
Corporate income tax rate	25.8%	25.8%
Expected income (expense) for income taxes	(1,776)	(117)
Effects from tax rate differentials / Change of tax rate	0	0
Non-taxable income from investment and associates	1,970	170
Income from other companies within the fiscal unity	(1)	(1)
Impairment on investment and associates	0	0
Other non-deductible expenses and tax-free income	(2)	(3)
Changes in valuation allowances ⁽¹⁾	(190)	(66)
Reported income (expense) for income taxes	2	(17)

⁽¹⁾ Reassessment of recoverability of deferred tax assets based on future taxable profits.

Deferred income taxes as of 31 December 2023 are related to the following assets and liabilities:

	1 January 2023		Other movements		Movement through income statement
(In € million)	Deferred tax assets	Deferred tax liabilities	OCI	Others	Deferred tax benefit (expense)
Securities	164	0	(73)	0	0
Financial instruments	125	(18)	0	0	187
Net operating loss and tax loss carry forwards	60	0	0	0	8
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) before offsetting	349	(18)	(73)	0	195
Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets	(331)	0	73	0	(195)
Set-off	(18)	18	0	0	0
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	0	0	0	0	0

	31 December 2023
(In € million)	Deferred tax assets	Deferred tax liabilities
Securities	91	0
Financial instruments	307	(13)
Net operating loss and tax loss carry forwards	68	0
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) before offsetting	466	(13)
Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets	(453)	0
Set-off	(13)	13
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	0	0

Deferred income taxes as of 31 December 2022 are related to the following assets and liabilities:

1 January 2022		Other movements		Movement through income statement
Deferred tax assets	Deferred tax liabilities	OCI	Others	Deferred tax benefit (expense)
0	(15)	179	0	0
44	0	0	0	63
75	0	0	0	(15)
119	(15)	179	0	47
(104)	0	(164)	0	(63)
(15)	15	0	0	0
0	0	15	0	(15)

	31 December 2022
(In € million)	Deferred tax assets	Deferred tax liabilities
Securities	164	0
Financial instruments	125	(18)
Net operating loss and tax loss carry forwards	60	0
Deferred tax assets (liabilities) before offsetting	349	(18)
Valuation allowances on deferred tax assets	(331)	0
Set-off	(18)	18
Net deferred tax assets (liabilities)	0	0

Details of net deferred taxes recognised cumulatively in equity are as follows:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Financial instrument at fair value through OCI	0	0
Total	0	0

Deferred taxes on net operating losses ("NOLs"), trade tax loss carry forwards and tax credit carry forwards are:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
NOLs	263	231
Tax credit carry forwards	0	0
Tax effect	68	60
Valuation allowances	(68)	(60)
Deferred tax assets on NOLs and tax credit carry forwards	0	0

As of 1 January 2023, tax losses can be carried forward indefinitely but profits in one year which exceed €1 million will only be offsettable for up to 50 percent of that higher taxable profit against losses, minus an amount of €1 million.

4.3 Operational Assets and Liabilities

10. Investments in Subsidiaries, Associates and Participations

(In € million)	Subsidiaries	Associates	Participations	Total
Balance at 1 January 2022	16,309	49	977	17,334
Additions	2,369	0	5	2,374
Disposals	(18)	0	0	(18)
Impairment	0	0	0	0
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	115	0	0	115
Fair value changes through Profit or Loss	0	0	464	464
Balance at 31 December 2022	18,775	49	1,446	20,270
Additions	791	0	0	791
Disposals	(1,228)	0	0	(1,228)
Impairment	(19)	0	0	(19)
Share-based payment (IFRS 2)	168	0	0	168
Fair value changes through Profit or Loss ⁽¹⁾	0	0	163	163
Balance at 31 December 2023	18,487	49	1,609	20,145

⁽¹⁾ For more details, please refer to "- Note 21: Other Investments and Other Long-Term Financial Assets" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Investments in Subsidiaries, Associated Companies and Participations

Investments in subsidiaries and associated companies are stated at cost, less impairment. Dividend income from the Company's subsidiaries and associated companies is recognised when the right to receive payment is established.

The participations are stated at fair value with mainly changes in fair value recognised in Profit and Loss.

For the purpose of impairment testing all consolidated subsidiaries are allocated to cash generating units ("CGU") in a way they are monitored for internal management purposes. At each balance sheet date, the Company reviews whether there is an indication that a CGU to which its investments in subsidiaries and associated companies belong to are impaired.

An indication for impairment of the investments in subsidiaries and associated companies may include, respectively, management's downward adjustment of the strategic plan, a significant decrease in the share price of a publicly listed company or a significant decrease in future sales. Further indications for impairment of its investments may include other areas where observable data indicates that there is a measurable decrease in the estimated future cash flows. These determinations require significant judgement. In making this judgement, management evaluates, among other factors, the financial performance of and business outlook for its investments, including factors such as industry and sector performance, changes in technology and operational and financing cash flow.

If any indication for impairment exists, the recoverable amount of the investments is estimated in order to determine the amount, if any, of the impairment loss. An investment is impaired if its recoverable amount is lower than its carrying value. The recoverable amount is defined as the higher of an investment's fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use.

The determination of the investment's value in use is based on calculations using pre-tax cash flow projections. The discounted cash flow method is used to determine the recoverable amount of a CGU to which its investments in subsidiaries and associated companies belong. Refer to "- Note 19: Intangible assets" of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more details on key assumptions used.

If the recoverable amount of an investment is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the investment is reduced to its recoverable amount. Any impairment loss is recognised immediately in the Income Statement.

Impairment losses recognised in prior periods shall be reversed only if there has been a change in the estimates or external market information used to determine the investment's recoverable amount since the last impairment loss was recognised. The recoverable amount shall not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised in prior years.

The annual impairment test performed in 2023 led to an impairment charge of €19 million (2022: €0 million).

Change of Investments in Subsidiaries and Associates

In January 2023, Airbus SE made a capital contribution of €160 million in Aerore S.A.

On 9 October 2023, Airbus SE acquired the remaining shares of Airbus Defence and Space GmbH for an amount of €572 million. In December 2023 Airbus Helicopter SAS entered into the capital of Airbus Defence and Space GmbH in the frame of internal restructuring. The company remained indirectly fully owned by Airbus SE.

During the last quarter of 2023, Airbus Defence and Space GmbH distributed its free capital reserve to Airbus SE for an amount of €1,200 million.

Airbus SE increased its contribution to Skytra for an amount of €19 million fully impaired.

During the year 2023, Airbus SE made other contributions to participations and subsidiaries for a total amount of €12 million.

Information on principal investments of the Company:

2023	2022
%		Company	Head office
100.00	100.00	Aero Ré S.A.	Bertrange (Luxembourg)
61.47	88.71	Airbus Defence and Space GmbH	Taufkirchen (Germany)
100.00	100.00	Airbus Defence and Space Limited	Stevenage (UK)
100.00	100.00	Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands B.V.	Leiden (Netherlands)
100.00	100.00	Airbus Defence and Space S.A.	Madrid (Spain)
100.00	100.00	Airbus Bank GmbH	Munich (Germany)
94.73	94.73	Airbus S.A.S.	Toulouse (France)
10.24	9.90	Dassault Aviation S.A.	Paris (France)
5.33	5.33	Premium Aerotec GmbH	Augsburg (Germany)
8.33	8.33	MIRIS	Brussels (Belgium)

⁽¹⁾ Percentages represent share held directly by Airbus SE.

11. Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities

Financial assets at 31 December 2023 and 2022:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Long-term loans Airbus companies ⁽¹⁾	4,497	2,040
Positive fair values of derivative financial instruments	2,280	4,233
Non-current financial assets	6,777	6,273
Positive fair values of derivative financial instruments	2,029	3,596
Current portion long-term loans Airbus companies	73	35
Current accounts Airbus companies ⁽¹⁾	4,663	9,670
Current financial assets	6,765	13,301
Total	13,542	19,574

⁽¹⁾ The receivables from subsidiaries include mainly transactions in connection with the cash pooling in the Company. Terms and conditions are in agreement with the prevailing market environment.

Financial liabilities at 31 December 2023 and 2022:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Negative fair values of derivative financial instruments	3,243	5,653
Non-current financial liabilities	3,243	5,653
Negative fair values of derivative financial instruments	2,049	3,602
Current accounts Airbus companies ⁽¹⁾	28,938	35,355
Current financial liabilities	30,987	38,957
Total	34,230	44,610

⁽¹⁾ The liabilities to subsidiaries include mainly transactions in connection with the cash pooling in Airbus SE. Terms and conditions are in agreement with the prevailing market environment.

12. Commitments and Contingencies

Off-Balance Sheet Commitments

Airbus SE issued guarantees on behalf of Airbus companies in the amount of €11,947 million (2022: €10,508 million). The commitments of these companies to third parties mainly relate to their operating business as described in "- Note 20: Property, Plant and Equipment", "- Note 27: Sales Financing Transactions", "- Note 37: Financial Instruments" and "- Note 36.3: Financing Liabilities" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On 8 December 2015, Airbus SE entered into a partnership agreement to establish a corporate venture capital fund, dubbed Airbus Venture Fund II with a total commitment amount of US$150 million. The remaining commitment is US$6 million at 31 December 2023.

On 1 April 2019, Airbus SE entered into a partnership agreement with effective date 1 July 2019 to establish a venture capital fund, dubbed Airbus Ventures Fund III, with a total commitment amount of US$100 million. The remaining commitment is US$16 million at 31 December 2023.

On 22 October 2022, Airbus SE entered into a partnership agreement to establish a venture capital fund, dubbed Airbus Venture Fund IV, with a total commitment amount of US$75 million. The remaining commitment is US$64 million at 31 December 2023.

In addition, the Company has two guarantees to cover its obligation towards the Scheme and the BAE Systems pension schemes. To mitigate its exposure, the first guarantee covers an amount up to GBP 1.25 billion for an unlimited period of time while the second one covers an uncapped amount terminating in 2046, respectively for the Scheme and the BAE Systems Pension Schemes.

4.4 Employees

13. Number of Employees

The average number of the persons employed by the Company in the Netherlands in 2023 was 19 (2022: 0).

4.5 Capital Structure and Financial Instruments

14. Total Equity

Airbus SE's shares are exclusively ordinary shares with a par value of €1.00. The following table shows the development of the number of shares issued and fully paid:

(In number of shares)	2023	2022
Issued as at 1 January	788,205,008	786,083,690
Issued for ESOP	2,254,426	2,121,318
Issued as at 31 December	790,459,434	788,205,008
Treasury shares	(3,037,467)	(647,500)
Outstanding at 31 December	787,421,967	787,557,508
Authorised shares	3,000,000,000	3,000,000,000

Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to dividends and are entitled to one vote per share at general meetings of the Company.

Capital stock comprises the nominal amount of shares outstanding. The addition to capital stock represents the contribution for exercised options by employees of €2,254,426 (in 2022: €2,121,318) in compliance with the implemented Stock Option Plans and the Employee Stock Ownership Plans ("ESOP").

Share premium mainly results from contributions in kind in the course of the creation of the Company, cash contributions from the Initial Public Offering, capital increases and reductions due to the issuance and cancellation of shares.

Retained earnings include mainly the profit of the period and cash dividend payments to Airbus SE shareholders.

On 19 April 2023, the Annual General Meeting ("AGM") decided to distribute a gross amount of €1.80 per share, which was paid on 27 April 2023. For the fiscal year 2023, the Board of Directors will propose the payment of a dividend of €1.80 per share and a special dividend of €1.00 per share to the 2024 Annual General Meeting taking place on 10 April 2024. The proposed payment date is 18 April 2024.

Legal reserves include:

―	change from financial assets at fair value (see "- Note 16: Information about Financial Instruments" of the Company Financial Statements);
―	change in fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges (see "- Note 16: Information about Financial Instruments" of the Company Financial Statements).

According to Dutch law, Legal reserves cannot be distributed for dividend purposes when positive.

Treasury shares represent the amount paid or payable for own shares held in treasury. During 2023, the number of treasury stock held by the Company increased to 3,037,467 compared to 647,500 as of 31 December 2022, mainly due to the share buybacks partly offset by vested shares in 2023 under LTIP 2019 (see "- Note 32: Share-based Payment" of the Consolidated Financial Statements). No shares were sold back to the market nor cancelled in 2023 (2022: 0 shares).

Authorisations Granted by the Annual' General Meeting of Airbus SE Held on 19 April 2023

On 19 April 2023, the AGM of the Company authorised the Board of Directors, for a period expiring at the AGM to be held in 2024, to issue shares and to grant rights to subscribe for shares in the Company's share capital for the purpose of:

―	ESOPs and share-related LTIPs, provided that such powers shall be limited to an aggregate of 0.18% of the Company's authorised share capital (see "- Note 32: Share-Based Payment" of the Consolidated Financial Statements);
―	funding the Company and its subsidiaries, provided that such powers shall be limited to an aggregate of 0.3% of the Company's authorised share capital (see "- Note 36.3: Financing Liabilities" of the Consolidated Financial Statements).

For each operation, such powers shall not extend to issuing shares or granting rights to subscribe for shares if there is no preferential subscription right and for an aggregate issue price in excess of €500 million per share issuance.

Also on 19 April 2023, the AGM authorised the Board of Directors for an 18 months period to repurchase up to 10% of the Company's issued share capital at a price per share not less than the nominal value and not more than the higher of the price of the last independent trade and the highest current independent bid on the trading venues of the regulated market of the country in which the purchase is carried out.

Furthermore, the AGM authorised the Board of Directors to determine on a case-by-case basis the share repurchase programmes to be implemented by the Company, if any.

Reconciliation Consolidated to Company Equity and Net Income

The difference between the total shareholders' equity according to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Company's Financial Statements as at 31 December 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Consolidated equity	17,695	12,950
OCI - Restatement of investments from Consolidated to Company Financial Statements	1,951	4,382
Retained Earnings - Restatement of investments from Consolidated to Company Financial Statements	(6,398)	(9,819)
Retained Earnings - Valuation investments at historical cost	1,487	1,487
Retained Earnings - Impairment of financial assets	(1,023)	(1,025)
Company's equity	13,712	7,975

The difference between the net income according to the Consolidated Financial Statements and Company's Financial Statements for the year-ended 31 December 2023 and 2022 is as follows:

(In € million)	2023	2022
Consolidated net income	3,789	4,247
Income from investments according to Consolidated Financial Statements	(4,357)	(4,012)
Income from investments according to Company Financial Statements	7,452	200
Loss on / Impairment of financial assets	0	0
Other valuation differences	0	0
Company's net income (Profit or loss for the period)	6,884	435

15. Cash, Securities and Financing Liabilities

15.1 Net Cash

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Cash and cash equivalents	14,618	13,283
Current securities	1,162	1,692
Non-current securities	6,986	5,662
Gross cash position	22,766	20,637
Short-term financing liabilities ⁽¹⁾	(818)	0
Long-term financing liabilities ⁽¹⁾	(7,719)	(7,903)
Interest rate swap	(961)	(1,394)
Total	13,268	11,340

⁽¹⁾ Including €8 million of lease liabilities.

The net cash position on 31 December 2023 amounted to €13,268 million (2022: €11,340 million), with a gross cash position of €22,766 million (2022: €20,637 million).

15.2 Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are composed of the following elements:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Bank account and petty cash	1,198	1,147
Short-term securities (at fair value through profit or loss)	12,410	11,135
Short-term securities (at fair value through OCI)	1,010	1,001
Total cash and cash equivalents	14,618	13,283

Only securities with a maturity of three months or less from the date of the acquisition, that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value are recognised in cash equivalents.

The main variations are as follows:

Cash provided by operating activities amounted to €-718 million in 2023.

Cash used for investing activities amounted to €4,813 million, mainly reflecting dividends received of €7,474 million.

Cash used for financing activities amounted to €-2,587 million and mainly reflects the decrease in current accounts Airbus companies €-1,206 million and the dividend payment €-1,421 million (see IFRS Company Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022).

15.3 Securities

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Current securities (at fair value through OCI)	1,162	1,692
Non-current securities (at fair value through OCI)	6,986	5,662
Total securities	8,148	7,354

The majority of the Company's securities consists of debt securities and are classified at fair value through OCI (see "- Note 37.2: Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments" of the Consolidated Financial Statements).

The Company's securities portfolio amounts to €8,148 million and €7,354 million as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively. The security portfolio contains a non-current portion of €6,986 million (2022: €5,662 million), and a current portion of €1,162 million (2022: €1,692 million).

Included in the securities portfolio as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively, are corporate and government bonds bearing either fixed rate coupons (€8,496 million nominal value; 2022: €7,953 million) or floating rate coupons (€0 million nominal value; 2022: €0 million).

When the Company enters into securities lending or other financing activities that involve the pledging of securities as collateral, the securities pledged continue to be recognised on the balance sheet. As of 31 December 2023 and 2022, there were no securities pledged as collateral for borrowings from banks.

15.4 Financing Liabilities

Current and non-current classification - A financial asset or liability is classified as current if it is settled within 12 months after the reporting date, and as non-current otherwise.

Financing liabilities comprise obligations towards financial institutions, issued corporate bonds, and borrowing received from associates and other parties.

		Carrying amount (In € million)
	Principal amount	31 December
	(In million)	2023	2022	Coupon or interest rate	Effective interest rate	Maturity
Bonds
EMTN 15 years	€500	469	444	2.12%	2.21%	Oct. 2029
EMTN 10 years	€823	817	799	2.38%	2.42%	Apr. 2024
EMTN 10 years	€461	436	419	0.88%	0.98%	May 2026
EMTN 15 years	€900	793	737	1.38%	1.50%	May 2031
EMTN 5 years	€561	535	515	1.63%	1,80%	Apr. 2025
EMTN 8 years	€611	546	512	2.00%	2.10%	Apr. 2028
EMTN 12 years	€1,000	822	754	2,38%	2.49%	Apr. 2032
EMTN 6 years	€894	832	792	1,38%	1,47%	Jun. 2026
EMTN 10 years	€1,250	1,068	989	1.63%	1,74%	Jun. 2030
EMTN 20 years	€1,000	706	646	2.38%	2,44%	Jun. 2040
US$ Bond 10 years	US$750	641	653	3.15%	3.20%	Apr 2027
US$ Bond 30 years	US$750	651	643	3.95%	4.02%	Apr 2047
Loans to financial institutions
European Investment Bank	€165	165	0	3M Euribor +0.498%	3M Euribor +0.498%	Dec. 2038
KfW Bank	€50	48	0	3M Euribor +0.59%	3M Euribor +0.59%	Jul. 2029
Total		8,528	7,903
Thereof non-current financing liabilities		7,711	7,903
Thereof current financing liabilities		817	0

	Additional features
Bonds
EMTN 15 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +0.84%
EMTN 10 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.40%
EMTN 10 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +0.50%
EMTN 15 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +0.66%
EMTN 5 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +2.01%
EMTN 8 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +2.15%
EMTN 12 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +2.24%
EMTN 6 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.66%
EMTN 10 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.61%
EMTN 20 years	Interest rate swapped into 3M Euribor +1.93%
US$ Bond 10 years	Interest rate swapped into 1D SOFR
US$ Bond 30 years	Interest rate swapped into 1D SOFR +0.31%
Loans to financial institutions
European Investment Bank
KfW Bank
Total
Thereof non-current financing liabilities
Thereof current financing liabilities

Long-term financing liabilities, mainly comprising bonds and liabilities to financial institutions, decreased by €-192 million to €7,711 million (2022: €7,903 million), mainly due to a transfer in short term of a EMTN maturing in 2024, new loans from financial institutions (€213 million), and the increase in values of bonds linked to higher interest rates (see "- Note 16: Information about Financial Instruments" of the Company Financial Statements).

Short-term financing liabilities increased by €817 million to €817 million (2022: €0 million), mainly due to the EMTN 10 Years maturing in 2024.

The Company can issue commercial papers under its €11 billion Negotiable European Commercial Paper ("NEuCP") programme, its €4 billion Euro Commercial Paper ("ECP") programme and its US$3 billion US Commercial Paper programme.

As of 31 December 2023, there were no outstanding amounts under any of its Commercial Paper Programme.

			Non-cash movements
(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2023	Cash flows	Fair value through profit or loss	Foreign exchange movements	Others	Balance at 31 December 2023
Bonds and commercial papers	7,903	0	449	(49)	12	8,315
Liabilities to financial institutions	0	213	0	0	0	213
Loans from Subsidiaries	0	0	0	0	0	0
Total	7,903	213	449	(49)	12	8,528

			Non-cash movements
(In € million)	Balance at 1 January 2022	Cash flows	Fair value through profit or loss	Foreign exchange movements	Others	Balance at 31 December 2022
Bonds and commercial papers	10,328	(978)	(1,517)	80	(10)	7,903
Liabilities to financial institutions	0	0	0	0	0	0
Loans from Subsidiaries	591	(591)	0	0	0	0
Total	10,919	(1,569)	(1,517)	80	(10)	7,903

16. Information about Financial Instruments

16.1 Financial Risk Management

The Company acts as an intermediary for its subsidiaries when they wish to enter into derivative contracts to hedge against foreign exchange risk or other market risks such as interest rate risk, commodity price risk or equity price risk. The Company's practice is to set up a derivative contract with a subsidiary and at the same time enter into a back-to-back derivative transaction with a bank. Contracts with subsidiaries being thus mirrored (on a one-to-one basis) by contracts with banks, the Company's net exposure is virtually zero. There are, however, a few derivative contracts the Company holds in order to hedge its own market risk exposure.

As the Company's back-to-back hedge contracts are entered into with different counterparties, their fair values are reflected separately in the statement of Financial Position and recognised as other financial assets and financial liabilities as disclosed in "- Note 11: Financial assets and liabilities" of the Company Financial Statements.

In the Income Statement, the results of the back-to-back hedge transactions, both realised and unrealised, are presented on a net basis as the Company acts as an agent for its subsidiaries.

The Company's overall financial risk management activities and their objectives are described in detail in "- Note 37.1: Financial Risk Management" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Market Risk

Foreign exchange risk - The Company manages a long‒ term hedge portfolio with maturities of several years for its subsidiaries, mainly Airbus, and to a small extent for its joint ventures or associates. This hedge portfolio covers a large portion of Airbus' firm commitments and highly probable forecast transactions. As explained above, owing to the Company's back-to-back approach, its own exposure to foreign exchange risk is very limited.

Interest rate risk - The Company uses an asset-liability management approach with the objective to limit its interest rate risk. It undertakes to match the risk profile of its interest-bearing assets with those of its interest-bearing liabilities. The remaining net interest rate exposure is managed through several types of interest rate derivatives, such as interest rate swaps and interest rate futures contracts, in order to minimise risks and financial impacts.

The vast majority of related interest rate hedges qualify for hedge accounting, and most of them are accounted for under the fair value hedge model. As a result, both the fair value changes of these derivatives and the portion of the hedged items' fair value change that is attributable to the hedged interest rate risk are recognised in Profit and Loss, where they offset to the extent the hedge is effective. The Company has applied the relief introduced by the amendments made to IFRS 9 in September 2019 on hedge accounting, having the effect that the IBOR reform should not cause hedge accounting to terminate.

The Company invests in financial instruments such as overnight deposits, certificates of deposits, commercial papers, other money market instruments and short-term as well as medium-term bonds. For its financial instruments portfolio, the Company has an Asset Liability Management Committee in place that meets regularly and aims to limit the interest rate risk on a fair value basis through a value-at-risk approach, from which results a hedge ratio that is however not actively steered.

Commodity price risk - The Company manages a hedge portfolio for its subsidiaries. Owing to the Company's back-to-back approach, its own exposure to commodity exchange risk is very limited.

Equity price risk - The Company is to a small extent invested in equity securities mainly for operational reasons. Its exposure to equity price risk is hence limited. Furthermore, it is exposed under its LTIP to the risk of the Company share price increases.

Sensitivities of market risks - The approach used to measure and control market risk exposure within the Company's financial instrument portfolio is amongst other key indicators the value‒at‒risk ("VaR"). For information about VaR and the approach used by the Company to assess and monitor sensitivities of market risks please refer to "- Note 37.1: Financial Risk Management" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company is part of the Group risk management process, which is more fully described in "- Note 37.1: Financial Risk Management" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

A summary of the VaR position of the Company's financial instruments portfolio at 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022 is as follows:

(In € million)	Total VaR	Equity price VaR	Currency VaR	Interest rate VaR
31 December 2023
Foreign exchange hedges	11	0	12	1
Financing liabilities, financial assets (including cash, cash equivalents, securities and related hedges)	150	70	29	141
Equity swaps	1	1	0	0
Diversification effect	(15)	(1)	(25)	(1)
All financial instruments	147	70	16	141
31 December 2022
Foreign exchange hedges	20	0	19	1
Financing liabilities, financial assets (including cash, cash equivalents, securities and related hedges)	194	66	18	175
Equity swaps	2	2	0	0
Diversification effect	(29)	0	(34)	(2)
All financial instruments	187	68	3	174

The decrease in the total VaR of €40 million (2022: €119 million) is mainly attributable to the interest rate volatility stabilisation after an exceptional year 2022. The derivative instruments entered into with external counterparties are passed on a 1:1 basis to Airbus entities. As a result, the respective market risks of the external derivative instruments are offset by corresponding opposite market risks of intragroup transactions.

Liquidity Risk

The Company's policy is to maintain sufficient cash and cash equivalents at any time to meet its present and future commitments as they fall due. It manages its liquidity by holding adequate volumes of liquid assets and maintains a committed revolving credit facility, in addition to the cash inflow generated by its operating business. The Company continues to keep within its asset portfolio the focus on low counterparty risk. In addition, it maintains a set of other funding sources, and accordingly may raise loans from commercial banks and Development Finance Institutions and issue bonds, notes and commercial papers or enter into security lending agreements. Adverse changes in the capital markets could increase its funding costs and limit its financial flexibility. For further information relating to Commercial Paper Programme (see "- Note 15.4: Financing Liabilities" of the Company Financial Statements).

In particular, Airbus signed on 5 July 2022 a €8 billion Sustainability Linked Revolving Syndicated Credit Facility in order to refinance its €6 billion existing facility signed in 2020.

Further, the management of the vast majority of the Company's liquidity exposure is centralised by a daily cash concentration process. This process enables it to manage its liquidity surplus as well as its liquidity requirements according to the actual needs of its subsidiaries. In addition, management monitors the Company's liquidity reserve as well as the expected cash flows from its operations.

The contractual maturities of the Company financial liabilities, based on undiscounted cash flows and including interest payments, if applicable, are as follows:

(In € million)	Carrying amount	Contractual cash flows	< 1 year	1 year -2 years	2 years -3 years	3 years -4 years
31 December 2023
Non-derivative financial liabilities ⁽¹⁾	(37,475)	(40,094)	(29,957)	(738)	(1,522)	(830)
Derivative financial liabilities	(5,292)	(6,388)	(2,200)	(1,294)	(926)	(1,051)
Total	(42,767)	(46,482)	(32,157)	(2,032)	(2,448)	(1,881)
31 December 2022
Non-derivative financial liabilities ⁽¹⁾	(43,258)	(46,785)	(35,553)	(1,021)	(740)	(1,524)
Derivative financial liabilities	(9,255)	(11,631)	(3,867)	(2,866)	(1,690)	(1,090)
Total	(52,513)	(58,416)	(39,420)	(3,887)	(2,430)	(2,614)

(In € million)	4 years -5 years	More than 5 years
31 December 2023
Non-derivative financial liabilities ⁽¹⁾	(741)	(6,306)
Derivative financial liabilities	(56)	(861)
Total	(797)	(7,167)
31 December 2022
Non-derivative financial liabilities ⁽¹⁾	(856)	(7,091)
Derivative financial liabilities	(706)	(1,412)
Total	(1,562)	(8,503)

⁽¹⁾ Current accounts Group companies are included in "Non-derivative financial liabilities" and have a maturity less than one year.

Credit Risk

The Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent of non-performance by its counterparts with regard to financial instruments or issuers of financial instruments for gross cash investments. However, it has policies in place to avoid concentrations of credit risk and to ensure that credit risk is limited.

As far as central treasury activities are concerned, credit risk resulting from financial instruments is managed by the Company. In order to ensure sufficient diversification, a credit limit system is used.

The Company monitors the performance of the individual financial instruments and the impact of market developments on their performance and takes appropriate action on foreseeable adverse development based on pre-defined procedures and escalation levels.

Sales of products and services are made to customers after having conducted appropriate internal credit risk assessment.

The booked amount of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure. The credit quality of financial assets can be assessed by reference to external credit rating (if available) or internal assessment of customers' creditworthiness by way of internal risk pricing methods.

In 2023, the trade receivables, neither past due nor impaired amount to €12 million (in 2022: €28 million).

The Company measures loss allowances at an amount that represents credit losses resulting from default events that are possible within the next 12 months, unless the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition, as described in "- Note 37.7: Impairment losses" of the Consolidated Financial Statements. In 2023, an amount of €2 million of impairment gain on financial assets is recognised in Profit and Loss (2022: €5 million).

16.2 Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments

Financial instruments - The Company's financial assets mainly consist of cash, short to medium-term deposits, securities and derivatives. The Company's financial liabilities include intragroup liabilities, obligations towards financial institutions, issued bonds and derivatives. The Company has the same classification and accounting policies as in the Consolidated Financial Statements. Please refer to "- Note 37.1: Financial Risk Management" of the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

The Company classifies its financial assets in one of the following categories: (i) at fair value through OCI, (ii) at fair value through profit and loss and (iii) at amortised cost. Classification depends on the Company's business model for managing the financial assets and the contractual terms of the cash flows.

The Company assigns its financial instruments (excluding its at-cost investments, which are outside the scope of IFRS 9 "Financial Instruments") into classes based on their category in the Statement of Financial Position.

The following table presents the carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments by class and by IFRS 9 measurement category as of 31 December 2023:

			Financial assets and liabilities at amortised cost		Financial instrument Total
(In € million)	Fair value through profit or loss	Fair value through OCI	Amortised cost	Fair value	Book value	Fair value
Assets
Other investments and long‒term financial assets
Equity investments	1,609	0	0	0	1,609	1,609
Loans	0	0	4,570	4,816	4,570	4,816
Trade receivables	0	0	12	12	12	12
Other financial assets
Derivative instruments	4,310	0	0	0	4,310	4,310
Current account Group companies	0	0	4,663	4,663	4,663	4,663
Securities	0	8,148	0	0	8,148	8,148
Cash and cash equivalents	12,410	1,010	1,198	1,198	14,618	14,618
Total	18,329	9,158	10,443	10,689	37,930	38,176
Liabilities
Financing liabilities
Bonds and commercial papers	0	0	8,315	8,767	8,315	8,767
Liabilities to financial institutions	0	0	213	220	213	220
Other financial liabilities
Derivative instruments	5,292	0	0	0	5,292	5,292
Current accounts Group companies	0	0	28,938	28,938	28,938	28,938
Trade liabilities	0	0	11	11	11	11
Total	5,292	0	37,477	37,936	42,769	43,228

The following table presents the carrying amounts and fair values of financial instruments by class and by IFRS 9 measurement category as of 31 December 2022:

			Financial assets and liabilities at amortised cost		Financial instrument Total
(In € million)	Fair value through profit or loss	Fair value through OCI	Amortised cost	Fair value	Book value	Fair value
Assets
Other investments and long‒term financial assets
Equity investments	1,446	0	0	0	1,446	1,446
Loans	0	0	2,075	2,194	2,075	2,194
Trade receivables	0	0	28	28	28	28
Other financial assets
Derivative instruments	7,829	0	0	0	7,829	7,829
Current account Group companies	0	0	9,670	9,670	9,670	9,670
Securities	0	7,354	0	0	7,354	7,354
Cash and cash equivalents	11,135	1,001	1,146	1,146	13,282	13,282
Total	20,410	8,355	12,919	13,038	41,684	41,803
Liabilities
Financing liabilities
Bonds and commercial papers	0	0	7,903	8,356	7,903	8,356
Internal loans payable	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other financial liabilities
Derivative instruments	9,255	0	0	0	9,255	9,255
Current accounts Group companies	0	0	35,355	35,355	35,355	35,355
Trade liabilities ⁽¹⁾	0	0	18	18	18	18
Total	9,255	0	43,276	43,729	52,531	52,984

⁽¹⁾ 2022 figures restated in accordance with 2023 presentation.

Fair Value Hierarchy

For further details please refer to "- Note 37.2: Carrying Amounts and Fair Values of Financial Instruments" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The fair values disclosed for financial instruments accounted for at amortised cost reflect Level 2 input.

The following table presents the carrying amounts of the financial instruments held at fair value across the three levels of the fair value hierarchy as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively:

	2023			2022
(In € million)	Level 1	Level 2	Total	Level 1	Level 2	Total
Financial assets measured at fair value
Equity instruments	1,609	0	1,609	1,446	0	1,446
Derivative instruments	0	4,310	4,310	0	7,829	7,829
Securities	8,148	0	8,148	7,354	0	7,354
Cash equivalents	12,410	1,010	13,420	11,135	1,001	12,136
Total	22,167	5,320	27,487	19,935	8,830	28,765
Financial liabilities measured at fair value	0	0	0	0	0	0
Derivative instruments	0	5,292	5,292	0	9,255	9,255
Total	0	5,292	5,292	0	9,255	9,255

Financial Assets Designated at Fair Value through Profit or Loss

The following types of financial assets held at 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively, are designated at fair value through profit or loss:

	Nominal amount at initial recognition at
(In € million)	31 December 2023	31 December 2022
Designated at fair value through profit or loss at recognition:
Money market funds (accumulating)	12,410	11,135
Total	12,410	11,135

The Company manages these assets and measures their performance on a fair value basis.

16.3 Potential Effect of Set-Off Rights on Recognised Financial Assets and Liabilities

The Company reports all its financial assets and financial liabilities on a gross basis. With each derivative counterparty there are master netting agreements in place providing for the immediate close-out of all outstanding derivative transactions and payment of the net termination amount in the event a party to the agreement defaults or another defined termination event occurs. The following tables set out, on a counterparty specific basis, the potential effect of master netting agreements on the Company's financial position, separately for financial assets and financial liabilities that were subject to such agreements as of 31 December 2023 and 31 December 2022, respectively:

				Related amounts not set off in the Statement of Financial Position
Derivative instruments (In € million)	Gross amounts recognised	Gross amounts recognised set off in the Financial Statements	Net amounts presented in the Financial Statements	Financial instruments	Cash collateral received	Net amount
31 December 2023
Financial assets	4,310	0	4,310	(1,676)	0	2,634
Financial liabilities	5,292	0	5,292	(1,676)	0	3,616
31 December 2022
Financial assets	7,829	0	7,829	(1,410)	0	6,419
Financial liabilities	9,255	0	9,255	(1,410)	0	7,845

16.4 Notional Amounts of Derivative Financial Instruments

The notional amount of interest rate contracts are as follows, specified by year of expected maturity:

	Remaining period
(In € million)	1 year	2 years	3 years	4 years	5 years	6 years
31 December 2023	911	654	1,365	1,426	621	524
31 December 2022	42	922	703	1,367	1,475	654

	Remaining period
(In € million)	7 years	> 7 years	Total
31 December 2023	1,250	3,629	10,380
31 December 2022	517	4,200	9,880

The notional amounts of equity swaps are as follows:

	Remaining period
(In € million)	1 year	2 years	3 years	4 years	> 4 years	Total
31 December 2023	41	34	0	0	0	75
31 December 2022	17	22	14	0	0	53

16.5 Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedge Accounting Disclosure

The following table presents the amounts relating to items designated as hedging instruments:

	31 December
	2023		2022
	Carrying values		Carrying values
(In € million)	Asset	Liability	Asset	Liability
Foreign currency risk	0	0	0	0
Interest rate risk	(21)	982	0	1,394
Commodity swap risk	0	0	0	0
Equity swap risk	0	0	0	0
Total	(21)	982	0	1,394

16.6 Net Gains or Net Losses

The Company's net gains or net losses recognised in profit or loss in 2023 and 2022, respectively are as follows:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss:
Held for trading	30	(46)
Designated on initial recognition	(193)	142
Financial assets at amortised cost ⁽¹⁾	(49)	(90)
Financial assets at fair value through OCI	(66)	55
Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss	163	464
Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost	286	(111)
Total	171	414

⁽¹⁾ Including impairment and Expected Credit Losses on Financial assets at amortised cost.

16.7 Impairment Losses

Loss allowances - For its portfolio of debt instruments including bonds, term deposits and commercial papers, the Company measures loss allowances at an amount that represents credit losses resulting from default events that are possible within the next 12 months, unless the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. In the event of such significant increase in credit risk the Company measures loss allowances for that financial instrument at an amount equal to its life-time expected losses, i.e. at an amount equal to the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of that financial instrument.

The Company applies the low credit risk exemption allowing the Company to assume that there is no significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition of a financial instrument, if the instrument is determined to have low credit risk at the reporting date. Similarly, the Company has determined that its trade receivables generally have low credit risk. The Company applies the simplified approach permitted by IFRS 9 of measuring expected credit losses of trade receivables on a lifetime basis from initial recognition.

Investment grade instruments - The Company considers a significant increase in credit risk to have occurred, if there is a downgrade by four notches such that the instrument moves into a high yield bucket as a direct result of the downgrade. With respect to instruments that were high yield at initial recognition, a downgrade by four notches is considered as a significant increase in credit risk.

	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
(In € million)	12-month ECL	Life-time ECL	Credit impaired ECL	Total
At 1 January 2023	8	0	0	8
Change in financial assets and risk parameters	(1)	0	0	(1)
At 31 December 2023	7	0	0	7

	Stage 1	Stage 2	Stage 3
(In € million)	12-month ECL	Life-time ECL	Credit impaired ECL	Total
At 1 January 2022	7	6	0	13
Change in financial assets and risk parameters	1	(6)	0	(5)
At 31 December 2022	8	0	0	8

There are no significant impairment on Financial Assets recognised in Profit and Loss in 2023 and 2022 respectively.

4.6 Other Notes

17. Auditor Fees

Fees related to professional services rendered by the Company's auditor, Ernst & Young Accountants LLP, for the fiscal year 2023 were €0.7 million (in 2022: €0.8 million) and the fees related to professional services rendered other EY member firms €2.3 million (in 2022: €1.9 million). These fees relate to audit services only.

18. Events after the Reporting Date

Regarding the events after the reporting date, please refer to "- Note 40: Events after the Reporting Date" of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

5 Other Supplementary Information

1. Appropriation of Result

Articles 30 and 31 of the Articles of Association provide that the Board of Directors shall determine which part of the result shall be attributed to the reserves. The General Meeting of Shareholders may dispose of a reserve only upon a proposal of the Board of Directors and to the extent it is permitted by law and the Articles of Association. Dividends may only be paid after adoption of the annual accounts from which it appears that the shareholders' equity of the Company is more than the amount of the issued and paid-in part of the capital increased by the reserves that must be maintained by law.

It will be proposed at the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders that the gain for the period of €6,884 million as shown in the income statements for the financial year 2023 is to be added to retained earnings. For the fiscal year 2023, the Board of Directors will propose the payment of a dividend of €1.80 per share and a special dividend of €1.00 per share.

Airbus SE

Mendelweg 30

2333 CS Leiden

The Netherlands

Report of the Board of Directors 2023

(Issued as of 15 February 2024)

This document is an unaudited PDF format version of the Board Report and is not the original report included in the audited financial report pursuant to article 361 of Book 2 of the Dutch Civil Code and as specified in the Regulatory Technical Standards on ESEF (Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/815).

The ESEF- compliant Annual Financial Report of Airbus SE, which includes the Board Report, for the year ended 31 December 2023 has been filed with the AFM in XHTML format and is available on the AFM's website (https://www.afm.nl/en/sector/registers/meldingenregisters/financiele-verslaggeving) as well as on Airbus SE's website (https://www.airbus.com/en/investors/financial-results-annual-reports).

In any case of discrepancies between this 'PDF format' and the 'XHTML format', the XHTML format prevails.

Dear shareholders,

This is the Report of the Board of Directors (the "Board Report") on the activities of Airbus SE (together with its subsidiaries referred to herein as "Airbus" or the "Company") during the 2023 financial year, prepared in accordance with Dutch law.

For further information regarding the Company's business and operations, finances and results, risks, risk factors and corporate governance, please refer to the Company's IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements published 15 February 2024, the Company's most current Universal Registration Document, and the Company's other annual, quarterly and ad-hoc announcements and releases relating to the Company's business, operations, finances and results, in each case available through the Company's website: www.airbus.com.

References to the "IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements" and the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements" respectively refer to the Company's consolidated financial information prepared in accordance with International Reporting Standards, and the accompanying notes thereto, published 15 February 2024, and available through the "investors" section of the Company's website: https://www.airbus.com/en/investors.

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this Board Report and other documents may not add up precisely to the totals provided, and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

1. General overview

Airbus pioneers sustainable aerospace for a safe and united world. The Company constantly innovates to provide efficient and technologically-advanced solutions in aerospace, defence, and connected services. In commercial aircraft, Airbus designs and manufactures modern and fuel-efficient airliners and associated services. Airbus is also a European leader in space systems, defence and security. In helicopters, Airbus provides efficient civil and military rotorcraft solutions and services worldwide.

2. Summary 2023

In 2023, the Company focused on achieving its main objectives amid a complex operating environment. The year included some important contract wins within the commercial aircraft, defence and helicopter businesses. Further progress was made with the Company's transformation and its core sustainability priorities.

The full list of announcements is available at: https://www.airbus.com/en/newsroom.

A selection of key announcements follows below.

2.1 Airbus

―	Thomas Toepfer was appointed to succeed Dominik Asam as Chief Financial Officer. Airbus also announced further top management changes, including the appointment of a designated Commercial Aircraft leadership team, operating under the helm of Christian Scherer, and the appointment of its first Chief Sustainability Officer, Julie Kitcher, both starting 1 January 2024.
―	Airbus delivered 735 commercial aircraft to 87 customers in 2023. It recorded a total of 2,319 gross new orders (2,094 net orders) across all programmes and market segments. Gross orders included 1,835 A320 Family and 300 A350 Family aircraft. The 2023 end-year order backlog stood at 8,598 aircraft.
―	Airbus successfully delivered its first aircraft (an A321neo) assembled at its newest A320 Family Final Assembly Line ("FAL") in Toulouse and delivered its first A321neo assembled at the FAL Asia in Tianjin, China. The ramp-up of the new Toulouse FAL, as well as the extension of the FALs in Tianjin, China, and Mobile (US), will contribute to Airbus' objective to produce 75 A320 Family aircraft per month in 2026.
―	Airbus advanced its industrial system in support of its ramp-up capacity, with a new automated A321XLR equipping hangar opening in Hamburg. With this, Airbus continues the modernisation and digitalisation of its industrial system. The A321XLR programme performed an international flight-test campaign, known as 'Functional and Reliability Testing'. This is part of Airbus' certification activity contributing to European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Type Certification, expected for the new variant in 2024.
―	In furtherance of the Company's sustainability strategy, the entire fleet of Airbus' chartered vessels transporting aircraft sub-assemblies between European and US sites will be renewed. Louis Dreyfus Armateurs has been commissioned to build, own and operate the modern, low-emission roll-on/roll-off fleet of three vessels supported by wind-assisted propulsion, entering into service from 2026.
―	EcoPulse, the hybrid-electric distributed propulsion aircraft demonstrator, jointly developed by Daher, Safran and Airbus to support aviation's decarbonisation roadmap, successfully performed its first flight test in hybrid-electric mode. The demonstrator flew with its ePropellers activated, powered by a battery and a turbogenerator. Unveiled at the 2019 Paris Air Show, EcoPulse is one of the major collaborative projects in Europe in the field of aviation decarbonisation.
―	Blue Condor, the modified glider at the centre of Airbus UpNext's hydrogen contrail-studying experiment, made its first hydrogen-powered flight over Nevada in the United States. The flight was the first ever by an Airbus aircraft to use hydrogen as the sole fuel source, and it kicked off a test campaign that will conclude in a contrail-measuring mission anticipated in 2024.
―	Airbus, Safran and Tikehau Capital, through an equally-owned holding company, acquired Aubert & Duval. Aubert & Duval is a strategic supplier of critical parts and materials to high-precision customers, notably the aerospace, defence, nuclear and medical industries. Its cutting-edge know-how in specialty steels and superalloys, and its more recently acquired expertise in titanium, are crucial to the aerospace, transportation, energy, defence and medical markets.
―	Airbus became a member of Japan's "ACT FOR SKY", a voluntary organisation that works to commercialise, promote, and expand the use of locally-produced sustainable aviation fuel.
―	The Airbus Direct Air Capture team is one of the three shortlisted teams for the German Future Prize (Deutscher Zukunftspreis) 2023 with its entry on the development of Direct Air Capture technology to remove CO ₂ from the atmosphere. The prize is awarded by the German Federal President in recognition of scientific excellence, coupled with scientific application, that benefits society.
―	Airbus announced that it is partnering with DG Fuels to foster sustainable aviation fuel production in the United States. This partnership will support the scaling of a promising technology to produce sustainable aviation fuels from cellulosic waste and residues.
―	The Qantas Group, Airbus and the Queensland Government announced that they are teaming up to invest in a Queensland biofuel production facility being developed by Jet Zero Australia in partnership with leading sustainable aviation fuel technology company LanzaJet. The facility will turn agricultural by-products (including from sugar cane) into jet fuel, and is the first project funded under the Qantas and Airbus Australian Sustainable Aviation Fuel Partnership.
―	Airbus received approval from the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) for its greenhouse gas emissions near-term reduction targets. In 2022, Airbus officially committed to defining science-based targets for the entire set of its emissions and submitted near-term targets that have now been independently assessed and validated by the SBTi.
―	Airbus is participating in a consortium with Air New Zealand, Fortescue Future Industries (energy), Hiringa Energy, Fabrum (hydrogen production) and New Zealand's Christchurch Airport, aimed at enabling the development of zero emission aviation in New Zealand, and supporting the country to pioneer the commercial deployment of green hydrogen-powered aircraft.

2.2 Airbus Helicopters

―	Airbus Helicopters logged 410 gross orders (393 net orders), an approximately 10% increase in gross orders in comparison to 2022, highlighting its stable growth despite the ongoing global context of inflation and geopolitical instability. Deliveries were steady, with 346 in 2023 (versus 344 in 2022), reflected by Airbus Helicopters' approximate 54% share of the civil and parapublic market.
―	Airbus Helicopters received certification from the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transport Canada Civil Aviation authority for the H160 helicopter, enabling it to make significant progress towards the entry into service of the rotorcraft across North America. The H160 previously received certification from the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in July 2020.
―	Airbus Helicopters and the French Armament General Directorate ("DGA") tested the unmanned aerial system ("UAS") VSR700 for the first time in an operational configuration from a ship at sea. The VSR700 performed 80 fully autonomous take-offs and landings from a civil vessel equipped with a helicopter deck, cruising off the coast of Brittany in the west of France.
―	Innovation was also a strong focus throughout the year, with the first flight of the DisruptiveLab, the unveiling of the PioneerLab and the power-on of our eVTOL prototype CityAirbus NextGen, which complements Airbus' range of demonstrators and focuses on testing technologies that Airbus SE/ Report of the Board of Directors 2023 reduce helicopter emissions, increase autonomy and integrate bio-based materials.
―	The first NH90 Sea Tiger - made by NHIndustries, the rotorcraft joint venture owned by Airbus Helicopters (62.5%), Leonardo (32%) and GKN Fokker (5.5%) - took off on-schedule for its maiden flight. The helicopter will replace the German Navy's Mk88A Sea Lynx fleet which entered into service in 1981. The Sea Tiger is the latest version of the proven NH90 NFH (Naval Version) and has been specifically designed to match the needs of the German Navy for a state-of-the-art anti-submarine warfare helicopter.
―	Global support contracts and the HCare offering continued to prove popular in 2023, with both civil and military customers. During 2023, 140 new helicopters were covered by "by-the-hour" contracts, bringing the total to 2,760 helicopters.

2.3 Airbus Defence and Space

―	Airbus Defence and Space signed two contracts valued at € 1.45 billion in total with the DGA and Direction de la Maintenance Aéronautique for the Capability Enhancement and the In-Service Support of the French A330 MRTT (Multi Role Tanker Transport) fleet. The new capabilities will convert the French A330 MRTT into a high bandwidth communication relay node with command and control capabilities. The support services introduced under these contracts guarantee a level of availability, reactivity and resilience compatible with the requirements of the French Air Force and the Strategic Air Forces.
―	The Government of Canada awarded Airbus Defence and Space a contract for four newly-built A330 MRTT aircraft and for the conversion of five used A330-200s in order to strengthen Canada's continental defence capabilities. The current contract has an order value of approximately CAD $3 billion or € 2.1 billion (excluding taxes).
―	The Federal Office of Bundeswehr Equipment, Information Technology and In-Service Support in Koblenz, Germany awarded Airbus a contract renewal for the Luftwaffe's A400M In-Service Support. The contract has a duration of 7.5 years and extends the A400M In-Service Support contract that had been in place since December 2014.
―	The first of 56 C295 aircraft was delivered to the Indian Air Force. Separately, the Spanish Ministry of Defence ordered 16 C295s in Maritime Patrol Aircraft (MPA) and Maritime Surveillance Aircraft (MSA) configuration.
―	Airbus Defence and Space conducted a new flight-test campaign of the A400M Roll-on/Roll-off firefighting prototype kit, dropping 20,000 litres of retardant and creating high concentration lines of over 400 metres in length on the ground.
―	Airbus signed a contract with the Spanish government for the development and acquisition of SIRTAP, a High Performance Tactical UAS that will reinforce the capabilities of the Spanish Army and the Air and Space Force. The contract includes a total of nine systems, each consisting of three unmanned aerial vehicles and one ground control station. Furthermore, two simulators will be supplied to train the Spanish Armed Forces.
―	With the arrival of the first satellite Flight Model structure from Beyond Gravity in Zurich, full production began on the six Galileo Second Generation ("G2") satellites at the Airbus site in Friedrichshafen, Germany. The G2 satellites are scheduled for launch in the coming years to support the initial deployment and validation of the G2 System.
―	The Airbus-built JUICE (JUpiter ICy moons Explorer) spacecraft began its mission to study Jupiter and its icy moons. JUICE is due to arrive at Jupiter in 2031 after a series of gravity slingshots from Venus and Earth to propel it on its way. Bringing together 80 partners across 23 countries and harnessing the brainpower of 2,000+ people, Airbus has designed and built JUICE under contract to the European Space Agency.
―	In 2023 Airbus signed a significant contract with Google, underscoring the appeal of the high-quality images available through Pléiades Neo.
―	In 2023 Airbus signed a contract with global consumer brand Nestlé for monitoring their reforestation efforts in the Ranong and Chumphon provinces of Southern Thailand. Nestlé is the first food and beverage company to utilise Airbus Pléiade Neo satellites in their sustainability efforts. Nestlé plans to utilise the high-resolution images provided by the Pléiade Neo satellites to monitor and help ensure the long-term success of the reforestation project.
―	In 2023 Airbus renewed the SPATIONAV MCO contract with the French maritime authorities, for a term of 7 years. The SPATIONAV system, built on Airbus's innovative STYRIS product, provides real-time maritime situational awareness through its strategically positioned 105 sites along France's extensive 6,000 km maritime coastline. supports multiple government agencies in metropolitan France, the French Caribbean, Mayotte and French Guyana.

3. Share capital and stock price evolution

3.1 Shareholding and voting rights

Issued share capital

As of 31 December 2023, Airbus SE's issued share capital amounted to €790,459,434 divided into 790,459,434 shares of a nominal value of€1 each. The issued share capital of Airbus SE as of such date represents 26.35% of the authorised share capital of€3 billion, comprising three billion shares. The holder of one issued share has one vote and is entitled to profit in proportion to his/her participation in the issued share capital. ¹

¹ Except for shares held by Airbus SE itself, and subject to certain other exceptions under Dutch law.

Modification of share capital or rights attached to shares

The shareholders' meeting has the power to authorise the issuance of shares. The shareholders' meeting may also authorise the Board of Directors, for a period of no more than five years, to issue shares and to determine the terms and conditions of share issuances.

Holders of shares have a pre-emptive right to subscribe for any newly issued shares in proportion to the aggregate nominal value of shares held by them, except for: (i) shares issued for consideration other than cash, (ii) shares issued to employees of the Company, and (iii) shares issued pursuant to a previously granted right to subscribe for those shares. For the contractual position as to pre-emption rights, see "3.2 - Relationship with principal shareholders".

The shareholders' meeting also has the power to limit or to exclude pre-emption rights in connection with new issuances of shares, and may authorise the Board of Directors, for a period of no more than five years, to limit or to exclude pre-emption rights. All resolutions in this context must be approved by a two-third majority of votes cast during the shareholders' meeting, in the case where less than half of the capital issued is present or represented at said meeting.

However, the articles of association of Airbus SE ("Articles of Association") provide that the shareholders' meeting is not authorised to pass any shareholders' resolution to issue shares, or to grant rights to subscribe for shares, if the aggregate issue price is in excess of €500 million, per share issuance, and no preferential subscription rights exist in respect thereof (by virtue of Dutch law, or because they have been excluded by the competent corporate body). The same limitation applies if the shareholders' meeting wishes to designate the Board of Directors to have the authority to resolve on such share issuance or granting of rights. These limitations in the Articles of Association can only be changed by the shareholders' meeting with a 75% voting majority.

Pursuant to the shareholders' resolutions adopted at the Annual General Meeting ("AGM") held on 19 April 2023, the powers to issue shares and to grant rights to subscribe for shares and to limit or exclude preferential subscription rights for existing shareholders, have been delegated to the Board of Directors for the purpose of:

1. employee share ownership plans and share-related long-term incentive plans, provided that such powers shall be limited to 0.18% of Airbus SE's authorised share capital; and

2. funding Airbus SE and any of its subsidiaries, provided that such powers shall be limited to 0.3% of Airbus SE's authorised share capital.

Such powers have been granted for a period expiring at the AGM to be held in 2024, and shall not extend to issuing shares or granting rights to subscribe for shares if: (i) there is no preferential subscription right (by virtue of Dutch law, or because it has been excluded by means of a resolution of the competent corporate body) and (ii) it concerns an aggregate issue price in excess of €500 million per share issuance.

At the AGM held on 19 April 2023, the Board of Directors was authorised for a period of 18 months from the date of such AGM to repurchase shares of Airbus SE, by any means, including derivative products, on any stock exchange or otherwise, as long as, upon such repurchase, Airbus SE would not hold more than 10% of Airbus SE's issued share capital, and at a price per share not less than the nominal value, and not more than the higher of the price of the independent trade and the highest current independent bid on the trading venues of the regulated market of the country in which the purchase is carried out.

The shareholders' meeting may reduce the issued share capital by cancellation of shares or by reducing the nominal value of the shares by means of an amendment to the Articles of Association. The cancellation of shares requires the approval of a two-thirds majority of the votes cast during the shareholders' meeting in the case where less than half of the capital issued is present or represented at the meeting; the reduction of nominal value by means of an amendment to the Articles of Association requires the approval of a two-thirds majority of the votes cast during the shareholders' meeting (unless the amendment to the Articles of Association also concerns an amendment which under the Articles of Association requires a 75% voting majority).

At the AGM held on 19 April 2023, the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Officer ("CEO") were authorised, with powers of substitution, to implement a cancellation of shares held or repurchased by Airbus SE, including the authorisation to establish the exact number of the relevant shares thus repurchased to be cancelled.

Securities granting access to Airbus SE's capital

There are no securities that give access, immediately or over time, to the share capital of Airbus SE (see section "5.1 - IFRS consolidated financial statements" of this Board Report for more information on this matter).

Changes in the issued share capital in 2023

In the course of 2023, a total number of 2,254,426 new shares were issued, all of which were issued in the framework of the 2023 Employee Share Ownership Plan ("ESOP").

Repurchases and cancellations of shares in 2023

During 2023 (i) Airbus SE repurchased 2,510,000 shares and (ii) none of the treasury shares were cancelled. As of 31 December 2023, Airbus SE held 3,037,467 treasury shares.

Shareholding structure at the end of 2023

As of 31 December 2023, the French state held 10.86% of the outstanding Airbus SE shares through Societe de Gestion de Participations Aeronautiques ("Sogepa"), the German state held 10.84% through Gesellschaft zur Beteiligungsverwaltung GZBV mbH & Co. KG ("GZBV"), and the Spanish state held 4.09% through Sociedad Estatal de Participaciones Industriales ("SEPI"). The public (including the Company's employees) and Airbus SE held, respectively, 73.82% and 0.38% of Airbus SE's share capital.

The diagram below shows the ownership structure of Airbus SE as of 31 December 2023 (% of capital and of voting rights (in parentheses) before exercise of the convertible bonds).

⁽¹⁾ Including shares held by the Company itself (0.38%).
⁽²⁾ KfW & other German public entities.

Shareholders may have disclosure obligations under Dutch law. These apply to any person or entity that acquires, holds or disposes of an interest in Airbus SE's voting rights and/or capital. Disclosure is required when the percentage of (actual or deemed) voting rights, capital interest or gross short position reaches, exceeds or falls below: 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 75% or 95% (whether because of an acquisition or disposal of shares or other instruments, or because of a change in the total voting rights or capital issued). Disclosures must be made to the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets ("AFM") immediately. Additional disclosure and/or publication obligations apply under European regulations for net short positions in respect of Airbus SE.

In 2023, the below listed entities notified the AFM of their substantial interest in Airbus SE. For further details, please refer to the website of the AFM at: https://www.afm.nl/en/sector/registers/meldingenregisters/substantiele-deelnemingen.

a) Notification made to the AFM because the capital interest exceeded the above-mentioned thresholds:

―	The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. owns 3.28% and 3.28% voting rights (3.01% indirect potential and 0.26% indirect real);
―	BlackRock Inc. owns 3.35% (0.34% indirect potential and 3.02% indirect real) and 4.01% (0.37% indirect potential and 3.64 indirect real) voting rights.

b) Notification made to the AFM because the capital interest fell below the above-mentioned thresholds:

―

None

Right to attend shareholders' meetings

Each holder of one or more shares may attend shareholders' meetings, either in person or by written proxy, speak and vote according to the Articles of Association. However, under (and subject to the terms of) the Articles of Association, these rights may be suspended under certain circumstances. A shareholder, or another person who has the right to attend a shareholders' meeting, can be represented by more than one proxy holder, provided that only one proxy holder can exercise the rights attached to each share.

The persons who have the right to attend and vote at shareholders' meetings are those who are on record in a register designated for that purpose by the Board of Directors on the 28th day prior to the day of the shareholders' meeting (the "Registration Date"), irrespective of who may be entitled to the shares at the time of that meeting.

As a prerequisite to attending the shareholders' meeting and to casting votes, Airbus SE, or alternatively an entity or person so designated by Airbus SE, should be notified in writing by each holder of one or more shares and those who derive the aforementioned rights from these shares, not earlier than the Registration Date, of the intention to attend the meeting in accordance with the relevant convening notice.

Shareholders holding their Airbus SE shares through Euroclear France S.A. who wish to attend general meetings will have to request from their financial intermediary or account holder an admission card, and be given a proxy to this effect from Euroclear France S.A. in accordance with the relevant convening notice. For this purpose, a shareholder will also be able to request that its shares be registered directly (and not through Euroclear France S.A.) in the register of Airbus SE. However, only shares registered in the name of Euroclear France S.A. may be traded on stock exchanges.

In order to exercise their voting rights, the shareholders will also be able, by contacting their financial intermediary or account holder, to give their voting instructions to Euroclear France or to any other person designated for this purpose, as specified in the relevant convening notice.

Pursuant to its Articles of Association, Airbus SE may provide for electronic means of attendance, speaking and voting at the shareholders' meetings in such circumstances, and subject to such conditions as determined by the Board of Directors.

Notification requirements and mandatory disposal threshold restricting ownership to 15%

Under the Articles of Association, each shareholder must notify Airbus SE when it (or another party in respect of its interest in Airbus SE) must make a notification to the AFM of a substantial interest or short position with respect to Airbus SE, when its interest (alone or with concert parties) reaches or crosses the Mandatory Disposal Threshold or, subject to certain conditions and exemptions, when changes occur in the composition, nature and/or size of any interest held by it or by its concert parties in excess of the Mandatory Disposal Threshold (as defined below). Failure to comply with these obligations may, subject to a prior notification by Airbus SE, result in the suspension of voting and attendance rights until the shareholder has complied with its obligations.

The Articles of Association prohibit any shareholder from holding an interest of more than 15% of the share capital or voting rights of Airbus SE, acting alone or in concert with others (the "Mandatory Disposal Threshold"). An interest ("Interest") includes not only shares and voting rights, but also other instruments that cause shares or voting rights to be deemed to be at someone's disposal pursuant to the Dutch Financial Supervision Act, and must be notified to the Dutch regulator, the AFM, if certain thresholds are reached or crossed. Any shareholder having an interest of more than the Mandatory Disposal Threshold must reduce its interest below the Mandatory Disposal Threshold, for instance by disposing of its Excess Shares, within two weeks after such notification by Airbus SE. Upon receipt of such notification, the voting, attendance and dividend rights attached to the Excess Shares shall be suspended. The same applies to concerts of shareholders and other persons who together hold an interest exceeding the Mandatory Disposal Threshold. Should such shareholder or concert not comply with not exceeding the 15% Mandatory Disposal Threshold by the end of such two-week period, the voting, attendance and dividend rights attached to all shares held by such shareholder or concert shall be suspended, and their Excess Shares would be transferred to a Dutch law foundation ("Stichting"), which can, and eventually must, dispose of them. The suspension of shareholder rights described above shall be lifted once a shareholder or concert complies with its obligations under the Articles of Association.

The Dutch law foundation would issue depositary receipts to the relevant shareholder in return for the Excess Shares transferred to the foundation, which would entitle the relevant shareholder to the economic rights, but not the voting rights, attached to such Airbus SE shares. The foundation's Articles of Association and the terms of administration governing the relationship between the foundation and the depositary receipt holders provide, inter alia, that:

―	the Board members of the foundation must be independent from Airbus SE, any grandfathered persons and their affiliates (for more information on this matter, see "3.1 - Shareholding and voting rights - Exemptions from mandatory disposal threshold") and any holder of depositary receipts and their affiliates (there is an agreement under which Airbus SE will, inter alia, cover the foundation's expenses and indemnify the Board members against liability);
―	the Board members are appointed (except for the initial Board Members who were appointed at incorporation) and dismissed by the Management Board of the foundation (Airbus SE may, however, appoint one Board member in a situation where there are no foundation Board members);
―	the foundation has no discretion as to the exercise of voting rights attached to any of the Airbus SE shares held by it and will, in a mechanical manner vote to reflect the outcome of the votes cast (or not cast) by the other shareholders, and the foundation will distribute any dividends or other distributions it receives from Airbus SE to the holders of depositary receipts; and
―	no transfer of a depositary receipt can be made without the prior written approval of the foundation's Board.

For any shareholder or concert, the term "Excess Shares", as used above, refers to such number of shares comprised in the interest of such shareholder or concert exceeding the Mandatory Disposal Threshold, which is the lesser of: (i) the shares held by such shareholder or concert which represent a percentage of the Company's issued share capital that is equal to the percentage with which the foregoing interest exceeds the Mandatory Disposal Threshold; and (ii) all shares held by such person or concert.

This restriction is included in the Articles of Association to reflect Airbus SE's further normalised governance going forward, aiming at a substantial increase of the free float and to safeguard the interests of Airbus SE and its stakeholders (including all its shareholders), by limiting the possibilities of influence above the level of the Mandatory Disposal Threshold or takeovers, other than a public takeover offer resulting in a minimum acceptance of 80% of the share capital referred to below.

Exemptions from mandatory disposal threshold

The restrictions pursuant to the Mandatory Disposal Threshold under the Articles of Association do not apply to a person who has made a public offer with at least an 80% acceptance (including any Airbus SE shares already held by such person). These restrictions also have certain grandfathering exemptions for the benefit of shareholders and concerts holding interests exceeding the Mandatory Disposal Threshold on 2 April 2013 (the "Exemption Date"), which is the date of first implementation of the Mandatory Disposal Threshold.

Different grandfathering regimes apply to such shareholders and concerts, depending on the interests and the nature thereof held by each such shareholder or concert on the Exemption Date.

Airbus SE has confirmed that: (i) the specific exemption in article 16.1.b of the Articles of Association applies to Sogepa, as it held more than 15% of the outstanding Airbus SE's voting rights and shares, including the legal and economic ownership thereof, on the Exemption Date; and (ii) the specific exemption in article 16.1.c of the Articles of Association applies to the concert among Sogepa, GZBV and SEPI, as they held more than 15% of the outstanding Airbus SE voting rights and shares, including the legal and economic ownership thereof, on the Exemption Date.

Mandatory public offer under Dutch law

In accordance with Dutch law, shareholders are required to make a public offer for all issued and outstanding shares in Airbus SE's share capital if they - individually or acting in concert (as such terms are defined under Dutch law summarised below), directly or indirectly - have 30% or more of the voting rights (significant control) in Airbus SE. In addition to the other available exemptions that are provided under Dutch law, the requirement to make a public offer does not apply to persons, who at the time the takeover provisions under Dutch law came into force, already held - individually or acting in concert - 30% or more of the voting rights in Airbus SE. In the case of such a concert, a new member of the concert can be exempted if it satisfies certain conditions.

Amendments to the Articles of Association

According to the Articles of Association, resolutions to amend the Articles of Association require a two-thirds majority of the votes validly cast at a general meeting of shareholders, unless they concern amendments to a limited number of provisions thereof, in which case a 75% voting majority would be required. The proposal containing the literal text of a proposed amendment must be available for inspection by shareholders at Airbus SE's headquarters, from the day the meeting is convened until after the end of the meeting.

3.2 Relationship with principal shareholders

In 2013, GZBV, a subsidiary of Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau ("KfW"), a public law institution serving the domestic and international policy objectives of the government of the Federal Republic of Germany, Sogepa and SEPI, entered into a shareholders' agreement (the "Shareholders' Agreement"). The Shareholders' Agreement, further details of which are set out below, does not give the parties to it any rights to designate members of the Board of Directors or management team or to participate in the governance of Airbus SE. Airbus SE has also entered into state security agreements with each of the French state and German state, which are also described in more detail below.

3.2.1 Corporate governance arrangements

The corporate governance arrangements of Airbus SE were substantially changed in 2013, resulting in changes to the composition of the Board of Directors and its internal rules, as well as amendments to the Articles of Association of Airbus SE. These changes were intended to further normalise and simplify Airbus SE's corporate governance, reflecting an emphasis on best corporate governance practices and the absence of a controlling shareholder group. Changes to Airbus SE's corporate governance arrangements in the Articles of Association, included: (i) disclosure obligations for shareholders that apply when their interests in Airbus SE reach or cross certain thresholds and (ii) ownership restrictions prohibiting any shareholder from holding an interest of more than 15% of the share capital or voting rights of Airbus SE, acting alone or in concert with others (or further details, please refer to section "3.1 -Shareholding and voting rights - Exemptions from mandatory disposal threshold").

3.2.2 Shareholder arrangements

Grandfathering agreement

The French state, Sogepa, the German state, KfW and GZBV (all parties together the "Parties" and each, individually, as a "Party") entered into an agreement with respect to certain grandfathering rights under the Articles of Association. Below is a summary of such agreement.

Individual grandfathering rights

A party that is individually grandfathered pursuant to Article 16.1.b of the Articles of Association (such Party holding "Individual Grandfathering Rights") shall remain individually grandfathered in accordance with the Articles of Association if the concert with respect to Airbus SE (the "Concert") is subsequently terminated (for instance by terminating the Shareholders' Agreement) or if it exits the Concert.

Loss of individual grandfathering rights

A Party holding Individual Grandfathering Rights as well as any of its affiliates who are grandfathered pursuant to Article 16.1.b in conjunction with Article 16.3 of the Articles of Association (such affiliates holding "Derived Grandfathering Rights", and the Individual Grandfathering Rights and the Derived Grandfathering Rights, together, the "Grandfathering Rights") shall no longer be entitled to exercise their Grandfathering Rights in the event:

―	the Concert is terminated as a result of it or any of its affiliates having actually or constructively terminated such Concert; or
―	it or its relevant affiliate(s) exit(s) the Concert,

and such termination or exit is not for good cause and is not based on material and ongoing violations of the Concert arrangements, including, without limitation, of the Shareholders' Agreement, by the other principal member of the Concert.

In the event that in the future the voting rights in the Company of the other principal member of the Concert, together with those of its affiliates, would for an uninterrupted period of three months represent less than 3% of the outstanding aggregate voting rights of Airbus SE, the Grandfathering Rights of the Party, including its affiliates which were no longer entitled to use their Grandfathering Rights, shall from then on revive and Sogepa and GZBV shall jointly notify Airbus SE to that effect.

Notification to the Company

Airbus SE will not be required to take any of the actions provided for in Article 15 of the Articles of Association pursuant to the post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement unless and until it receives: (i) a joint written instruction from Sogepa and GZBV with respect to the taking of any of the actions provided for in Article 15 of the Articles of Association pursuant to the post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement, or (ii) a copy of a binding advice rendered by three independent, impartial and neutral Expert Adjudicators in order to settle any dispute between the Parties arising out of, or in connection with, the post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement.

Airbus SE will not incur any liability to any of the Parties by taking such actions following receipt of any such joint instruction or binding advice and the Company will not be required to interpret the post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement or any such joint instruction or binding advice. Notwithstanding the description under "Various provisions - Jurisdiction" below, the courts of the Netherlands will have exclusive jurisdiction to resolve any dispute, controversy or claim affecting the rights or obligations of the Company under the post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement.

Various provisions

Termination. The post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement terminates only if either the French state and its affiliates or the German state and its affiliates no longer hold shares in the Company.

Governing law. Laws of the Netherlands.

Jurisdiction. The courts of the Netherlands shall have exclusive jurisdiction. This is binding advice for any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of, or in connection with, the post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement, in accordance with the procedure set forth in the post-Concert Grandfathering Agreement; provided, however, that application to the courts is permitted to resolve any such dispute controversy or claim.

Governance of the Company

Below is a further description of the Shareholders' Agreement, based solely on a written summary of the main provisions of the Shareholders' Agreement that has been provided to Airbus SE by Sogepa, GZBV and SEPI (all parties together, the "Shareholders").

Appointment of the Directors: The Shareholders shall vote in favour of any draft resolution relating to the appointment of Directors submitted to the shareholders' meeting of Airbus SE in accordance with the terms and conditions of the German State Security Agreement and the French State Security Agreement (as described below). If, for whatever reason, any person to be appointed as a Director pursuant to the German State Security Agreement or the French State Security Agreement is not nominated, the Shareholders shall use their best endeavours so that such person is appointed as a Director. Sogepa and GZBV shall support the appointment of one Spanish national that SEPI may present to them as a member of the Board of Directors of Airbus SE, provided such person qualifies as an independent Director pursuant to the conditions set forth in the rules governing the internal affairs of the Board of Directors (the "Board Rules"), and shall vote as Shareholders in any Shareholders' meeting in favour of such appointment and against the appointment of any other person for such position. If, for whatever reason, the French State Security Agreement and/or the German State Security Agreement has/have been terminated, KfW or Sogepa, as the case might be, shall propose two persons, and the Shareholders shall exercise their best endeavours so that these persons are appointed as Directors. Directors can always be dismissed at the general meeting.

Modification of the Articles of Association: Sogepa and GZBV shall consult each other on any draft resolution intending to modify the Board Rules and/or the Articles of Association. Unless Sogepa and GZBV agree to vote in favour together of such draft resolution, the Shareholders shall vote against such draft resolution. If Sogepa and GZBV reach a mutual agreement on such draft resolution, the Shareholders shall vote in favour of such draft resolution.

Reserved matters: With respect to the matters requiring the approval of a qualified majority at the Board level ("Reserved Matters"), all the Directors shall be free to express their own views. If the implementation of a Reserved Matter requires a decision of the shareholders' meeting of Airbus SE, then Sogepa and GZBV shall consult each other with a view to reaching a common position. Should Sogepa and GZBV fail to reach a common position, they shall remain free to exercise on a discretionary basis their votes.

Prior consultation: Sogepa and GZBV shall consult each other on any draft resolution submitted to the shareholders' meeting other than related to Reserved Matters and the Board Rules.

Balance of interests

The Shareholders agree to pursue their common objective to seek a balance between themselves and their respective interests in Airbus SE as follows:

―	to hold as closely as reasonably possible to 12% of the voting rights for Sogepa, together with any voting rights attributable to Sogepa and/or to the French state, pursuant to Dutch takeover rules except for voting rights attributable due to acting in concert with the other parties;
―	to hold as closely as reasonably possible to 12% of the voting rights for GZBV, together with any voting rights attributable to GZBV and/or to the German state, pursuant to Dutch takeover rules except for voting rights attributable due to acting in concert with the other parties; and
―	to hold as closely as reasonably possible to 4% of the voting rights for SEPI, together with any voting rights attributable to SEPI and/or to the Spanish state, pursuant to Dutch takeover rules except for voting rights attributable due to acting in concert with the other parties.

Mandatory takeover threshold

The total aggregate voting rights of the Shareholders shall always represent less than 30% of the voting rights of the Company, or less than any other threshold the crossing of which would trigger for any Shareholder a mandatory takeover obligation (the "MTO Threshold"). In the event that the total aggregate voting rights of the Shareholders exceed the MTO Threshold, the Shareholders shall take all appropriate actions as soon as reasonably practicable, but in any event within 30 days, to fall below the MTO Threshold.

Transfer of securities

Permitted transfer. Transfer of securities by any Shareholder to one of its affiliates.

Pre-emption right. Pro rata pre-emption rights of the Shareholders in the event any Shareholder intends to transfer any of its securities to a third party directly or on the market.

Call option right. Call option right for the benefit of the Shareholders in the event that the share capital or the voting rights of any Shareholders cease to be majority-owned, directly or indirectly, by the French state, the German state or the Spanish state as applicable.

Tag-along right. Tag-along right for the benefit of SEPI in the event that Sogepa, the French state or any of their affiliates and any French public entity, and GZBV, the German state or any of their affiliates and any public entity propose together to transfer all of their entire voting rights interests.

Various provisions

Termination. The Shareholders' Agreement may cease to apply in respect of one or more Shareholders and/or their affiliates, subject to the occurrence of certain changes in its or their shareholding interest in Airbus SE, or in its or their shareholders.

Governing law. Laws of the Netherlands.

Jurisdiction. Arbitration in accordance with the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce, with the seat of arbitration in The Hague (the Netherlands).

3.2.3 Undertakings with respect to interests of certain stakeholders

Airbus SE has made undertakings and entered into agreements in connection with interests of certain stakeholders.

State security agreements and related undertakings

Airbus SE and the French state have entered into an amendment to the existing convention between them relating to the Company's ballistic missiles business (as amended, the "French State Security Agreement"). Under the French State Security Agreement, certain sensitive French military assets are held by an Airbus SE subsidiary (the "French Defence Holding Company"). The French state has the right to approve or disapprove of- but not to propose or appoint - three outside Directors on the Board of Directors of the French Defence Holding Company (the "French Defence Outside Directors"), at least two of whom must qualify as Independent Directors under the Board Rules if they are members of the Board of Directors. Two of the French Defence Outside Directors are required also to be members of the Board of Directors of Airbus SE. French Defence Outside Directors may neither (i) be employees, managers or corporate officers of a company belonging to Airbus SE (although they may be members of the Board of Directors of Airbus SE) nor (ii) have material ongoing professional relationships with Airbus SE.

Pursuant to the French State Security Agreement, Airbus SE has granted to the French state: (a) a veto right, and subsequently a call option, on the shares of the Airbus SE subsidiary performing ballistic missiles activity, exercisable under certain circumstances, including if (i) a third party acquires, directly or indirectly, either alone or in concert, more than 15% or any multiple thereof of the share capital or voting rights of Airbus SE, or (ii) the sale of the shares of such companies carrying out such activity is considered, and (b) a right to oppose the transfer of any such shares.

Airbus SE and the German state have entered into an agreement, and an amendment agreement, to the agreement relating to the protection of essential interests to the German state's security (the "German State Security Agreement"). Under the German State Security Agreement, certain sensitive German military activities are pursued directly or indirectly by an Airbus SE subsidiary (the "German Defence Holding Company"). The German state has the right to approve or disapprove of- but not to propose or appoint - three outside Directors to the Supervisory Board of the German Defence Holding Company (the "German Defence Outside Directors"), at least two of whom must qualify as Independent Directors under the Board Rules if they are members of the Board of Directors. Two of the German Defence Outside Directors are required also to be members of the Board of Directors. The qualifications to serve as a German Defence Outside Director are comparable to those to serve as a French Defence Outside Director.

Pursuant to the German State Security Agreement, Airbus SE and the German Defence Holding Company have granted to the German state a pre-emption right to acquire the sensitive activities, as defined under the German State Security Agreement. The pre-emption right applies in case the German Defence Holding Company wishes to sell the sensitive activities to an entity outside Airbus SE, or outside the German territory, or the shares of a controlled entity which hosts sensitive activities. In such a case, the German state may acquire the shares of such a controlled entity. Furthermore, the German state has the right to acquire the sensitive activities in case Airbus SE intends to allocate the sensitive activities outside Germany or to give up the sensitive activities.

In February 2021, Airbus SE and the Spanish state entered into an agreement relating to the protection of essential security interests to the Spanish state (the "Spanish State Security Agreement"). Under the Spanish State Security Agreement, certain sensitive Spanish military assets are held by a Company's subsidiary (the "Spanish Defence Holding Company"). Pursuant to the Spanish State Security Agreement, Airbus SE granted the Spanish state a pre-emption right to acquire the sensitive assets as defined under the Spanish State Security Agreement. The pre-emption right applies in case the Spanish Defence Holding Company wishes to sell the sensitive assets to an entity outside Airbus or outside Spain's territory. In such a case, the Spanish state has the right to acquire the sensitive assets.

Dassault Aviation

Airbus SE entered into an agreement with the French state pursuant to which Airbus SE:

―	grants the French state a right of first offer in case of the sale of all or part of its shareholding in Dassault Aviation; and
―	commits to consult with the French state prior to making any decision at any shareholders' meeting of Dassault Aviation.

Airbus SE holds 10.24% of Dassault Aviation's share capital and 6.31% of its voting rights.

Stock exchange listings

Airbus SE has undertaken to the parties to the Shareholders' Agreement that, for the duration of the Shareholders' Agreement, Airbus SE's shares will remain listed exclusively in France, Germany and Spain.

3.3 Share price performance 2023

In 2023, the Airbus SE share price remained volatile and closed at € 139.78.

After opening at € 112.22 in January, the Airbus SE share price outperformed the market during the first quarter, supported by the solid 2022 financial results and positive reaction to the announcement of an increase in the targeted production rate for widebody aircraft.

Global equity markets remained volatile given the uncertainty around inflation and interest rates, and the concerns around the stability of the banking sector following the situation surrounding Silicon Valley Bank and Credit Suisse.

In the second quarter, the share price was further supported by the acceleration of deliveries and order momentum, in spite of concerns around supply chain tensions in the overall aerospace industry and the back-loaded profile of Airbus deliveries expected in 2023. Global markets remained volatile as mixed economic data fuelled uncertainty around inflation, interest rates and economic growth.

In the third quarter, global markets declined due to concerns about the potential for "higher for longer" interest rates and revised economic growth perspectives, despite moderating inflation. In this context, the Airbus share price was dragged down by uncertainty around GTF engine issues, resulting from a rare condition in powdered metal used to manufacture certain engine parts, and the fleet management plan developed primarily for the GTF engines, which power the A320neo.

In the fourth quarter, global equities were impacted by the escalating conflict in the Middle East, uncertainty around central banks' interest rates decisions, and relatively underwhelming corporate earnings. However, equity markets recovered towards the end of the quarter, lifted by easing inflation, stabilisation of US monetary policy with no additional interest rate increases, and further dovish signalling from major central banks. Airbus share price reached an all-time high in the course of December 14th at €143.98, benefitting from this positive trend and further supported by a strong order momentum, in spite of concerns about the Airbus Defence and Space business.

With a performance of +26% in 2023, Airbus SE shares outperformed the CAC40 index (+17%) and the DAX40 index (+20%), as well as the broader aerospace and defence sector (MSCI World Aerospace & Defence +14%).

3.4 Dividend proposals

In December 2013, Airbus formalised a dividend policy demonstrating a strong commitment to shareholder returns. This policy targets sustainable growth in the dividend within a pay-out ratio of 30%-40%.

The Board of Directors will propose to the Annual General Meeting the payment to shareholders on 18 April 2024 of a dividend of€ 1.80 per share (FY 2022: € 1.80), corresponding to a pay-out ratio of 38%.

The dividend proposal reflects our confidence in future earnings and cash generation.

In addition, the Board of Directors will propose to the Annual General Meeting the payment of a special dividend of€ 1.00 per share.

The proposed special dividend is underpinned by our strong free cash-flow generation, particularly in the fourth quarter 2023, the resulting net cash position as well as our commitment to shareholder return.

The record date should be 17 April 2024.

4. Corporate governance

4.1 Management and control

4.1.1 Board of Directors composition, powers, rules and engagement with shareholders

Composition of the Board of Directors

Under the Articles of Association, the Board of Directors (the "Board of Directors") consists of 12 Directors, who each retire at the close of the AGM held three years following their appointment. Under the Board Rules, at least a majority of the members of the Board of Directors (i.e., 7/12) must be European Union nationals ("EU"; any reference in the Board Rules to the EU includes the United Kingdom ("UK") and its constituent countries, notwithstanding a withdrawal of the UK from the EU), (including the Chairman of the Board of Directors) and a majority of such majority (i.e., 4/7) must be both EU nationals and residents. No Director may be an active civil servant. The Board of Directors has one Executive Director and 11 non-Executive Directors. While the Board of Directors appoints the CEO, the CEO is required to be an Executive Director and must be an EU national and resident; therefore it is anticipated that the Board of Directors will appoint as CEO the person appointed by the shareholders as an Executive Director. At least nine of the Non-Executive Directors must be "Independent Directors" (including the Chairman of the Board of Directors).

Under the Board Rules, an Independent Director is a non-Executive Director who is independent within the meaning of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code (the "Dutch Code") and meets additional independence standards. Specifically, where the Dutch Code would determine non-independence, in part, by reference to a Director's relationships with shareholders who own at least 10% of the Company, the Board Rules determine such Director's non-independence, in relevant part, by reference to such Director's relationships with shareholders who own at least 5% of the Company. According to the criteria of the Dutch Code and the Board Rules, all non-Executive Directors (including the Chairman) presently qualify as Independent Directors.

The Remuneration, Nomination and Governance Committee (the "RNGC") of the Board of Directors is responsible for recommending to the Board the names of candidates to succeed Board members after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Directors and the CEO.

The Board of Directors, deciding by a simple majority of the votes cast (a "Simple Majority"), proposes individuals to the shareholders' meeting of the Company for appointment as Directors by the shareholders. No shareholder or group of shareholders, or any other entity, has the right to propose, nominate or appoint any Directors other than the rights available to all shareholders under general Dutch corporate law.

In addition to the membership and composition rules described above, the RNGC, in recommending candidates for the Board of Directors, and the Board of Directors in its resolutions proposed to the shareholders' meeting regarding the renewal or appointment of Directors, are both required to apply the following principles:

―	the preference for the best candidate for the position;
―	the preference for gender diversity between equal profiles;
―	the maintenance of an appropriate skills mix and geographical experience;
―	the maintenance, in respect of the number of members of the Board of Directors, of the observed balance among the nationalities of the candidates in respect of the location of the main industrial centres of the Company (in particular among the nationals of France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, where these main industrial centres are located); and
―	at least a majority of the members of the Board of Directors (i.e., 7/12) shall be EU nationals (including the Chairman), and a majority of such majority (i.e., 4/7) shall be both EU nationals and residents (including the UK and its constituent countries, notwithstanding the withdrawal of the UK from the EU).

In accordance with these principles, the Board of Directors shall continue to seek greater diversity with respect to gender, age, geography, education, profession and background.

The Board of Directors makes sure it has the required mix of experience, qualifications, skills and industrial knowledge necessary to assist the Company in formulating and achieving its overall strategy, together with the specific expertise required to fulfil the duties assigned to it and the Board of Directors' committees.

The Board of Directors is required to take into account, in the resolutions proposed in respect of the renewal or nomination of Directors presented to the shareholders' meeting, the undertakings of the Company to the French state, pursuant to the French State Security Agreement, and to the German state, pursuant to the German State Security Agreement, in each case as described more fully above. In practice, this means that at all times the Board of Directors needs to have: (i) two Directors who should also be French Defence Outside Directors (as defined above) of the French Defence Holding Company (as defined above) who have been proposed by the Company and consented to by the French state, and (ii) two Directors who should also be German Defence Outside Directors (as defined above) of the German Defence Holding Company (as defined above) who have been proposed by the Company and consented to by the German State.

The RNGC endeavours to avoid a complete replacement of outgoing Directors by new candidates, and draws up an appointment and reappointment schedule for the Directors after consultation with the Chairman and the CEO. In drawing up such a schedule, the RNGC considers the continuity of Company-specific knowledge and experience within the Board of Directors, also taking into account that Directors should at the time of their appointment or reappointment not be older than 75 years and ensuring that at least one third of Directors' positions are either renewed or replaced every year for a term of three years. This is to avoid large block replacements of Directors at a single AGM, with the corresponding loss of experience and integration challenges, provided that exceptions to these rules may be agreed by the Board of Directors if specific circumstances provide an appropriate justification for such exceptions.

Overview of the Airbus SE Board of Directors' composition until the 2024 Annual General Meeting

At the end of 2023, the RNGC launched a comprehensive review process of the Board of Directors' skills matrix, aiming at providing more transparency and explanation of the assignment of skills among Board Members. The result of this review process will be disclosed in the 2024 Annual General Meeting information notice.

The Board of Directors composition shows a balanced mix of experience, with, in particular, seven members having aerospace industry skills, five having manufacturing and production skills, five having sustainability skills, five having geopolitical skills, nine having finance skills and four having information or data management skills.

Airbus SE Board of Directors until the 2024 Annual General Meeting

⁽¹⁾ As of 14 February 2024.
⁽²⁾ Proposed for (re)election in 2024.
⁽³⁾ Mr Faury and Mr Obermann are not Committee members, however they are invited to attend all Committee meetings. The average attendance rate of the Committee meetings in 2023 is calculated without reflecting their attendance.

Following the resignation of Lord Paul Drayson on the date of the Annual General Meeting held in 2022, Mr Antony Wood joined the Board as a temporary replacement of a Non-Executive Director with immediate effect on 14 December 2022, in accordance with the internal Board rules and following a decision by the Board of Directors. Mr Antony Wood was appointed as Non-Executive Director of the Board of Directors for a term of three years at the Annual General Meeting held in 2023. Following his appointment, Mr Wood joined the Audit Committee as a Committee member. He brings extensive experience of the aerospace industry and of the defence sector to the Board of Directors.

At the end of 2023, the average age of the members of the Board of Directors was 61. The proportion of female representation on the Board of Directors is one third.

The Board of Directors believes that a diverse composition among its members, notably with respect to gender, experience and national origin is valuable for the quality and efficiency of its work.

Powers of the members of the Board of Directors

The Board Rules specify that in addition to the Board of Directors' responsibilities under applicable law and the Articles of Association, the Board of Directors is responsible for certain enumerated categories of decisions. Under the Articles of Association, the Board of Directors is responsible for the management of the Company. Under the Board Rules, the Board of Directors delegates the execution of the strategy as approved by the Board of Directors and the day-to-day management of the Company to the CEO, who, supported by the Executive Committee and its executive leadership team, makes decisions with respect to the management of the Company. However, the CEO should not enter transactions that form part of the key responsibilities of the Board of Directors, unless these transactions have been approved by the Board of Directors.

Matters that require Board of Directors' approval include among others, the following items (by Simple Majority below unless otherwise noted):

―	approving any change in the nature and scope of the business of the Company;
―	debating and approving the overall strategy and the strategic plan of the Company;
―	approving the operational business plan of the Company (the "Business Plan") and the yearly budget of the Company (the "Yearly Budget"), including the plans for Investment, Research and Development ("R&D"), Employment, Finance and, as far as applicable, major programmes;
―	nominating, suspending or revoking the Chairman of the Board of Directors and the CEO (Qualified Majority, as defined below);
―	approving of all the members of the Executive Committee as proposed by the CEO and their service contracts and other contractual matters in relation to the Executive Committee, and deciding upon the appointment and removal of the Secretary to the Board of Directors on the basis of the recommendation of the RNGC;
―	approving the relocation of the headquarters of the principal companies of the Company and of the operational headquarters of the Company (Qualified Majority as defined below);
―	approving decisions in connection with the location of new industrial sites material to the Company or the change of the location of existing activities that are material to the Company;
―	approving decisions to invest and initiate programmes financed by the Company: acquisition, divestment or sale decisions, in each case for an amount in excess of € 300 million;
―	approving decisions to invest and initiate programmes financed by the Company: acquisition, divestment or sale decisions, in each case for an amount in excess of € 800 million (Qualified Majority, as defined below);
―	approving decisions to enter into and terminate strategic alliances at the level of the Company or at the level of one of its principal subsidiaries (Qualified Majority as defined below);
―	approving matters of shareholder policy, major actions or major announcements to the capital markets; and
―	approving decisions in respect of other measures and business of fundamental significance for the Company, or which involves an abnormal level of risk.

In addition, the Board Rules detail the rights and duties of the members of the Board of Directors and set out the core principles which each member of the Board of Directors shall comply with and shall be bound by. These principles include acting in the best interests of the Company and its stakeholders, devoting necessary time and attention to the carrying out of their duties, and avoiding any and all conflicts of interest.

Voting and quorum rules

Most Board of Directors' decisions can be made by a Simple Majority, but certain decisions must be made by a two-thirds majority (i.e., eight favourable votes) of votes cast by the Directors regardless of whether they are present or represented in respect of the decision (a "Qualified Majority"). In addition, amendments to certain provisions of the Board Rules require the unanimous approval of the Board of Directors, with no more than one Director not being present or represented (including provisions relating to nationality and residence requirements with respect to members of the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee). However, no individual Director or class of Directors has a veto right with respect to any Board of Directors' decisions.

The Board of Directors must have a certain number of Directors present or represented at a meeting to take action. This quorum requirement depends on the action to be taken. For the Board of Directors to make a decision on a Simple Majority matter, a majority of the Directors must be present or represented. For the Board of Directors to make a decision on a Qualified Majority matter, at least ten of the Directors must be present or represented. If the Board of Directors cannot act on a Qualified Majority matter because this quorum is not satisfied, the quorum would decrease to eight of the Directors at a new duly called meeting.

Shareholders engagement: Governance roadshow meetings

The Chairman of the Board and the Lead Independent Director (and Chair of the RNGC) engage with shareholders of the Company together with the General Counsel and the Head of Investor Relations. The Board values an open and transparent dialogue with shareholders.

The following topics have in particular been discussed: executive compensation, Board of Directors' composition including diversity and overboarding policy as well as the Company's sustainability vision and strategy.

Exchanging with shareholders on key governance topics provides the Board of Directors with important insights on shareholders' expectations and allows for a continuous improvement of the Company's governance practices.

4.1.2 Operation of the Board of Directors in 2023

Board of Directors meetings

Nine Board meetings (including ad hoc calls) were held in 2023. The average attendance rate at these meetings was 95.3%. As is the case every year, the Board of Directors was informed in between Board meetings of any developments relevant to the Company, through written communications and through verbal debriefings held on a regular basis between meetings. Non-executive sessions took place at the end of each meeting of the Board of Directors.

The main areas of work carried out by the Board of Directors in 2023 are described below:

Company's results and operative planning

―	Review and approval of the 2023 operative planning;
―	Regular reviews of the Company's figures and results, its overall financial situation and capital allocation in the context of the volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous world;
―	Decision to submit a dividend proposal at the 2023 Annual General Meeting;
―	Review of forecast results and annual guidance for 2023.

Internal controls and risk management

―	Regular reviews of top company risks and opportunities;
―	Approval of the Risk Chapter of the 2022 Report of the Board of Directors and Universal Registration Document.

Audit and relations with statutory auditors

―	Review of the 2023 quarterly and annual financial statements along with relevant statutory auditors' reports.

General / strategy

―	Changes to the leadership team: Airbus announced changes to the leadership team led by Chief Executive Officer Guillaume Faury, as well as the appointment of a dedicated Commercial Aircraft business management team to operate under the helm of Christian Scherer.
―	Uncertain geopolitical environment: regular monitoring of the situation related to the war in Ukraine, China/US tensions as well as the geopolitical environment in the Company's Core Countries and global market as well as regular reviews of their impact on the Company.
―	Commercial Aircraft business: monitoring and regular discussions on key topics such as the progress made towards the production ramp-up, the supply chain issues, the availability of engines and the overall Commercial Aircraft business strategy.
―	Defence and Space: review of the financial situation of the Division and strategic orientations, regular updates on key programmes including the Future Combat Air System (FCAS) and Ariane 6 (ArianeGroup joint venture), focus on improvements in the Space business and follow-up on the ongoing transformation launched in 2023.
―	Helicopters: review of the financial situation of the Division, the progress made on major projects (including in securing the Tiger MkIII programme) and on the Next Generation Rotorcraft Capability (NGRC) and strategic reviews.
―	Sustainability: discussions encompassed employees' health and safety and engagement, inclusion and diversity (including gender diversity), the growing environmental and climate challenges and the status of future aircraft and Sustainable Aircraft Fuel ("SAF") as well as Environment Social and Governance ("ESG") topics & Defence. These ambitions were furthered by the creation of a dedicated Chief Sustainability Officer organisation.
―	Digital: Deep dive on ongoing digital projects, in particular Airbus' Digital Design Manufacturing and Services (DDMS) initiative, including a visit to the Company's DDMS playground for a presentation of use cases. Updates on Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity developments. Review of the strategic opportunity of a transaction with Atos in relation to its big data and security business line to accelerate the Company's digital transformation journey and enhance its defence and security portfolio.
―	Product safety: a bi-annual review of product safety-related issues was performed, updates on relevant developments were provided at quarterly meetings of the Board of Directors and in between Board meetings, as per the product safety protocol in place.
―	Ethics and Compliance: quarterly updates on the International Traffic in Arms Regulations ("ITAR") monitorship, including a presentation by the ITAR Special Compliance Officer, Philippe Oudinot, of his report at the July Board of Directors' meeting, deployment of the export control programme and Consent Agreement and Deferred Prosecution Agreement conclusion. Closure of the Consent Agreement and the Deferred Prosecution Agreements in 2023.

Corporate governance

―

Board composition and succession plan:

―	Review of the Board composition (including skills, experience and gender mix), continuous update of the Board succession plan and launch of relevant non-executive directors search with the support of independent advisors;
―	Decision to propose Mr Ralph D. Crosby, Mr Mark Dunkerley and Mr Stephan Gemkow for renewal as non-executive Board members at the 2023 Annual General Meeting;
―	Appointment at the 2023 Annual General Meeting and onboarding of a new non-executive Board member, Mr Antony Wood.

―

Board Committees composition review and appointment of Mr Antony Wood as a member of the Audit Committee.

―

Board effectiveness review including improvement action plan update (see Board evaluation section below).

―

CEO and executive committee members' succession plan: regular talent and development plans review, including get to know sessions with selected talents.

Compensation

―	Non-executive directors' remuneration evolution decision following a benchmark analysis performed by an independent advisor;
―	CEO and executive committee members 2022 individual achievements assessment and 2023 roadmap definition;
―	Extensive review of the CEO's remuneration policy in light of a benchmark performed by an independent third-party and of shareholders' and stakeholders' feedback;
―	Employees' remuneration, retention and ownership schemes review.

Annual General Meeting

―	Preparation of the 2023 Annual General Meeting with the approval of the agenda, draft resolutions and report of the Board of Directors, preparation of the 2024 Annual General Meeting.

Strategy off-site Board meeting, induction programme and other site visits

Each year, the Board of Directors holds one strategy off-site meeting. In 2023, this meeting took place in Airbus Atlantic's Tunisian premises where the Board met with the Company's local teams and visited the industrial site as well as some of the Company's suppliers located on the same site (Aeropark). There was a focus on Airbus' aerostructure business, notably with a presentation on the manufacturing of detailed parts as well as on the sub-assembly and final-assembly of fuselage sections.

In addition, Mr Antony Wood, as new member of the Board, joined by other members of the Board of Directors (in particular Stephan Gemkow and Mark Dunkerley), followed the Airbus induction programme aiming at providing relevant information to support them in their non-Executive Director roles as well as allowing them to meet Airbus Executive Committee members and senior talents of the Company.

Three meetings were organised in 2023 as part of this induction programme: in Hamburg (Germany) at Airbus Commercial Aircraft business, in Toulouse (France) at Airbus Defence and Space Connected Intelligence site and in Getafe (Spain) at Airbus Defence and Space.

During those meetings, presentations on business strategy and upcoming challenges were made by top Company executives to provide information about Company activities such as:

―	A321 and A321XLR Final Assembly Lines visits;
―	Unloading procedure at the Beluga centre observation;
―	Exchanging with Trainees of the vocational training centre (Airzubis);
―	Spacecraft production centre visit;
―	Meeting the Ariane 6 team and visiting the MRTT hangars and A400M maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) centre.

Other site visits took place in 2023, including a visit of the Airbus-Leonardo ATR joint venture in Blagnac (France). Eager to engage with Airbus' teams globally, René Obermann also visited in 2023 the sites of Hamburg, Manching (Germany) and Toulouse (France). In addition to the site visits, René Obermann had regular exchanges with Airbus top management leaders as well as key stakeholders.

Board evaluation 2023

Principle

The Board of Directors implemented a continuous evaluation process of its performance based on a three-year cycle. As part of this process, every three years, a formal evaluation of the functioning of the Board of Directors and its Committees is conducted with the assistance of a third-party expert. In the two years succeeding such an outside evaluation, the General Counsel, being also the Corporate Secretary, issues a questionnaire focusing on the implementation of the improvement action plan resulting from the aforementioned third-party assessment and more generally on the Board performance. The outcome of such an internal evaluation is then presented and discussed at the December Board meeting.

2023 was the third and final year of the three-year cycle that started in 2021. In November 2023, the Board of Directors, therefore, carried out an internal evaluation based on a questionnaire issued by the General Counsel and circulated to each Board Member. The questionnaire covered the following key topics:

―	Overall Board performance;
―	Board and Committees functioning and contribution;
―	Quality of topics covered at Board level;
―	The relationship and dynamic between Board and Management and further amongst Board members;
―	Board decision-making processes;
―	Board composition and skills;
―	Board and Management succession planning; and
―	Board Secretary support.

In this internal evaluation, the Board confirmed its overall satisfaction with the progress made within the Board in comparison to last year's evaluation and the defined action plan that resulted from the formal evaluation conducted by a third-party expert, Korn Ferry, in 2021.

The Board notably valued the existing set of diversified skills and high level of expertise of its members. The Board highlighted the necessity to continue improving gender and geographical diversity and reinforcing the Board's broad expertise, including technology expertise.

It was noted that, under the Chairman's leadership, the open and trusted debates as well as the Board dynamics - with a strong level of Board members' engagement - contribute to the good performance of the Board. The outcome of the questionnaire emphasised the trustful relationship between the Chairman, the CEO and the Board. The Board valued the current practice of having regular non-executive sessions and would welcome enhancing further the exchanges amongst non-executive members in preparation for the Board meetings.

Furthermore, the Board confirmed the added value of the deep dive sessions organised on specific topics as well as the site visits that should be maintained going forward. The Board noted that significant time was allocated to in-depth strategic debates that will be pursued in 2024. Finally, it was indicated that Board and Management succession planning, supply chain management and geopolitical aspects will remain focus areas in 2024.

4.1.3 Board Committees

The Audit Committee

Pursuant to the Board Rules, the Audit Committee, which is required to meet at least four times a year, makes recommendations to the Board of Directors on the approval of the annual financial statements and the interim accounts (Q1, H1, Q3), as well as the appointment of external auditors and their remuneration. Moreover, the Audit Committee has responsibility for verifying and making recommendations to the effect that the internal and external audit activities are correctly directed, that internal controls are duly exercised and that these matters are given due importance at meetings of the Board of Directors. Thus, it discusses with the auditors their audit programme and the results of the audit of the financial statements, and it monitors the adequacy of the Company's internal controls, accounting policies and financial reporting. It also oversees the operation of the Company's enterprise risk management system and keeps a strong link to the Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee. For further details in this regard, see "4.5 -Enterprise risk management system". Please refer to Annex E of the Board Rules for a complete list of responsibilities of the Audit Committee.

The Chairman of the Board of Directors and the CEO attend all Audit Committee meetings (subject to their recusal from portions of such meetings, as may be appropriate). The CFO and the Head of Accounting Record to Report are requested to attend meetings to present management proposals and to answer questions. Furthermore, the Head of Corporate Audit & Forensic and the Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer report to the Audit Committee on a regular basis.

In 2023, this Committee met six times with an attendance rate of 93.3%. It fully performed all of its duties and discussed all the items described above. In particular, it performed reviews of internal controls, corporate audit (including major findings and audit plan for 2023), accounts (i.e. 2022 full year accounts, 2023 Q1, H1 and Q3 accounts, specific provisions and accounting items, operative planning and forecasts), tax related issues and independence of external auditors. In addition, the Committee performed a deep-dive on the Company's enterprise risk management ("ERM") processes and regular reviews of top company risks and opportunities. Legal and compliance updates were also presented and discussed in meetings.

The Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee

Pursuant to the Board Rules, the Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee (ECSC) which is required to meet at least four times a year, assists the Board of Directors in overseeing the Company's culture and commitment to ethical business, integrity and sustainability. The ECSC is empowered to monitor the Company's Ethics & Compliance programme, organisation and framework to make sure that the Company's Ethics & Compliance governance is effective (including all associated internal policies, procedures and controls). This includes the areas of money laundering and terrorist financing, fraud, bribery and corruption, trade sanctions and export control, data privacy, procurement and supply chain compliance and anti-competitive practices. The ECSC is also empowered to oversee the Company's sustainability strategy and effective governance and ensure that sustainability related topics are taken into account in the Company's objectives and strategy.

The ECSC makes recommendations to the Board of Directors and its Committees on all ethics, compliance or sustainability-related matters, including on climate-related disclosures, and is responsible for providing the Audit Committee with any necessary disclosures on issues or alleged ethical and compliance breaches that are financial and accounting-related. The ECSC maintains a reporting line with the Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer, who attends every ECSC meeting and is requested to provide quarterly reports on its activities, and with the Chief Sustainability Officer and Communications and member of the EC, who attends each ECSC meeting.

The Chairman of the Audit Committee and the Chairman of the RNGC are members of the ECSC. Unless otherwise decided by the ECSC, the CEO and the Chairman of the Board of Directors attend all of the meetings. From time to time, independent external experts are also invited to attend ECSC meetings.

In 2023, the ECSC met four times with an average attendance rate of 90%. All of the above-described items were discussed during the meetings and the ECSC fully performed all its duties.

The ECSC's work during the year was evenly split between sustainability topics and compliance topics. On the sustainability side, the ECSC discussed key sustainability roadmaps, including human rights and substances, and provided guidance on a wide variety of climate-related topics, including climate disclosures, internal strategy related to SBTi Targets and SAF. The ECSC also reviewed the Company's strategy linked to critical materials sourcing, as well as the Company's community impact policy and platform. The evolution of sustainability reporting and the regulatory landscape was a further point of attention. The ECSC continued to closely monitor Ethics and Compliance activities following the settlements reached with the French, UK and US authorities in January 2020, culminating in the conclusion of the Deferred Prosecution Agreements in 2023 and the subsequent dismissal of the related proceedings. The Company's deployment of its export control programme and the status of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) monitorship has been an area of strong focus, which it will continue to be following the conclusion of the Consent Agreement in 2023.

The Remuneration, Nomination and Governance Committee

Pursuant to the Board rules, besides its role described in section "4.1.1 - Board of Directors composition, powers, rules and engagement with shareholders" above, the Remuneration, Nomination and Governance Committee ("RNGC") consults with the Chairman and the CEO with respect to proposals for the appointment of the members of the Executive Committee, and makes recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding the appointment of the Secretary to the Board of Directors. The RNGC also makes recommendations to the Board of Directors regarding succession planning (at Board of Directors, Executive Committee and senior management levels), remuneration strategies and long-term remuneration plans. Furthermore, the RNGC oversees contractual matters in relation to the members of the Board and the Executive Committee, including the terms and conditions of the relevant contracts, and the preparation of the remuneration policy for approval by the Board. The rules and responsibilities of the RNGC have been set out in the Board Rules.

In addition, the RNGC reviews the Company's top talents, discusses measures to improve engagement and to promote diversity, as well as reviewing the remuneration of the Executive Committee members, the Long-Term Incentive Plans ("LTIP"), and the variable pay for the previous year.

Finally, the RNGC performs regular evaluations of the Company's corporate governance and makes proposals for changes to the Board Rules or the Articles of Association.

The Chairman of the Board of Directors and the CEO attend all meetings of the RNGC (subject to their recusal from portions of such meetings, as may be appropriate). The Chief Human Resources Officer ("CHRO") is requested to attend meetings to present management proposals and to answer questions. The CEO leaves the meetings when the RNGC discusses his remuneration or personal situation.

Pursuant to the Board Rules, the Chair of the RNGC automatically fulfils the function of "Lead Independent Director". In this role, the Chair of the RNGC is responsible for (i) replacing the Chairman if unable to attend meetings of the Board of Directors, (ii) organising the annual appraisal of the Chairman's performance by the Board of Directors and (iii) acting as an intermediary for, and between, the other Directors when necessary.

The RNGC is required to meet at least four times a year. In 2023, it met six times with an attendance rate of 95.8%. It discussed all of the above-described items during the meetings and it fully performed all its duties. In particular, the Committee worked on the reorganisation of the Company's leadership team with the creation of a Commercial Aircraft CEO role dedicated to the Airbus Commercial Aircraft business and a number of changes within the Company's executive committee. More generally, the RNGC held regular discussions on the CEO's and Executive Committee members' succession plans, on talent management (development, engagement and retention) and diversity.

In parallel, the RNGC reviewed the Board of Directors' succession plan, with a strong focus on diversity (including gender diversity and skills mix). The RNGC's work notably led to the identification of a number of talents for potential future changes within the Board. The RNGC work also included reviewing the membership of the Board Committees. Change to the composition of the Audit Committee was implemented in 2023 with the nomination of Mr Antony Wood.

At the beginning of 2023, the RNGC, with the support of an external advisor, launched a comprehensive review process of the Company CEO's remuneration policy that evaluated pay components, pay mix (including the balance between short and long term incentives), the performance conditions considered and other structural features to ensure that the policy continues to attract, retain and motivate executives. This process, as in previous policy reviews, included engagement meetings with shareholders and other relevant stakeholders as well as an independent benchmark of peer's pay practices. See section "4.4.2 -Remuneration Policy - Executive remuneration - Applicable to the CEO" of this Board Report for more information on this matter.

4.1.4 Executive Committee nomination and composition

The CEO proposes all the members of the Executive Committee of the Company (the "Executive Committee" or "EC") for approval by the Board of Directors, after consultation with (i) the Chairman of the RNGC and (ii) the Chairman of the Board of Directors, applying the following principles:

―	the preference for the best candidate for the position;
―	the maintenance, in respect of the number of members of the Executive Committee, of the observed balance among the nationalities of the candidates in respect of the location of the main industrial centres of the Company (in particular among the nationals of France, Germany, Spain and the United Kingdom, where these main industrial centres are located); and
―	at least two-thirds of the members of the Executive Committee, including the CEO and the CFO, being EU nationals and residents.

Role of CEO and Executive Committee

The CEO is responsible for executing the strategy, as approved by the Board of Directors, and for managing the day-to-day operations of the Company's business with the support of the Executive Committee and its executive leadership team through Executive Leadership Meetings ("ELM") in which the EC members participate. The CEO shall be accountable for the proper execution of the day-to-day operations of the Company's business.

ELMs are held on a regular basis and aim at advising the CEO on his day-to-day role, as well as ensuring that EC members report back on business progress, updates and concerns, addressing Company-wide topics including corporate matters, approving all vacancies and promotions above certain levels.

The EC further supports the CEO in performing these tasks. Under the leadership of the CEO, the EC is responsible for business strategy as well as organisational matters and management of the business, monitoring key projects/products and major investments, overseeing performance targets, whether it be financial, individual, programmes or support functions, outlining policies to motivate, recruit and retain employees. It is also accountable for regulatory and statutory obligations along with policy matters, communications and market disclosures. It is also the forum where the information or requests for approval destined for the Board of Directors are discussed and approved. The EC members shall jointly contribute to the overall interests of the Company, in addition to each member's individual operational or functional responsibility within the Company.

The EC comprises the heads of the Commercial Aircraft, Helicopters and Defence and Space businesses, and the key functions of the Company.

The CEO is the only Executive Director within the Board of Directors and represents the Company on the Board of Directors. But, depending on the topic, he usually asks the responsible EC member to join him at meetings of the Board of Directors to present the financials (CFO), programme/product topics (Division heads), HR matters (CHRO) or any other topic where a specialist is needed. This approach allows the Board members to get to know the EC members and equips them to make judgements when it comes to decisions about key positions.

4.2 Conflict of interest

Conflict of interest

The Company has a conflict of interest policy, which sets out that any potential or actual conflict of interest between the Company and any member of the Board of Directors shall be disclosed and, where possible, avoided (please refer to the "Board Rules (Annex D - Article 8: Conflicts of interest)"). This policy is available on the Company's website: www.airbus.com (Company / Corporate Governance / Governance Framework and Documents), as is the related principle 2.7 of the Dutch Code (as such term is defined in "4.3 - Dutch corporate governance code" below), which the Company complied with during 2023. Pursuant to the Articles of Association and the Board Rules, a conflicted member of the Board of Directors should abstain from participating in the deliberation and decision-making process relating to the matters concerned.

For the duration of René Obermann's non-executive director mandate at ISAT Connect Bidco Limited (the holding company for the Inmarsat group, a mobile satellite communications company), Mr. Obermann abstained from participating in the Board's discussions regarding Airbus' satellites activities, in order to avoid any appearance of a conflict of interest. As Mr. Obermann's mandate at ISAT Connect Bidco Limited ended in May 2023 with the completion of the merger of ISAT with ViaSat, since that time it has not been necessary for Mr. Obermann to abstain from participating in such Board discussions.

The Board of Directors must approve any decision to enter a transaction where a Director has conflicts of interest that are material to the Company or the individual Director.

In 2023, no such transactions were reported. There were, however, related-party transactions: for an overview, please refer to "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 10. Related Party Transactions".

4.3 Dutch corporate governance code

In accordance with Dutch law and with the provisions of the Dutch Corporate Governance Code (Dutch Code), which provides (non-obligatory) guidance for effective collaboration and management, the Company either applies the provisions of the Dutch Code or, if applicable, explains and gives sound reasons for deviations from these provisions.

The Dutch Code was revised in 2022, with its updated recommendations applying to financial years starting on or after 1 January 2023. The Company welcomed the updates to the Dutch Code and continues supporting its emphasis on topics such as sustainable long-term value creation and the importance of culture (in particular, diversity and inclusion).

While the Company, in its continuous efforts to adhere to the highest standards, applies nearly all the current recommendations of the Dutch Code, it must, in accordance with the "comply or explain" principle, provide the explanations below.

For the full text of the Dutch Code, please refer to: https://www.mccg.nl/.

For the financial year 2023, and in respect of compliance with the Dutch Code, the Company states the following:

1. Securities in the Company as long-term investment

Provision 3.3.3 of the Dutch Code recommends that non-Executive Directors who hold securities in the Company should keep them as a long-term investment. With this not being a strict legal requirement, it is at the discretion of the non-Executive Directors who own shares to decide whether to keep them as a long-term investment; the Company imposes no such requirement.

Provision 3.1.2 vi of the Dutch Code recommends that any shares awarded to the CEO should be held for at least five years after they are awarded. The rules applicable within the Company (as described in section "4.4.2 B. 5 - Long-Term Incentive Plan" below) do not impose a minimum five year holding period for such awarded shares; however, the Company believes that potential deviations from this recommendation are significantly limited by the share ownership guideline (set forth in section "4.4.2 B. 6 - Share ownership guideline"), under which the CEO is expected to hold throughout his / her tenure Airbus SE shares with a value equal to at least 200% of his / her base salary.

2. Dealings with analysts

Best practice provision 4.2.3 of the Dutch Code recommends meetings with analysts, presentations to analysts, presentations to investors and institutional investors and press conferences shall be announced in advance on the Company's website and by means of press releases. In addition, it recommends that provisions shall be made for all shareholders to follow these meetings and presentations in real time, and that after the meetings the presentations shall be posted on the Company's website.

For practical reasons, the Company does not always allow shareholders to follow meetings with analysts in real time. However, the Company ensures that all shareholders and other parties in the financial markets are provided with equal and simultaneous information about matters that may influence the share price.

3. Diversity and inclusion

Best practice provision 2.1.6 of the Dutch Code recommends that the corporate governance statement explain the diversity and inclusion policy of the Company and the way it is implemented. In accordance with Dutch law (article 2:166 of the Dutch Civil code) the Company provides such information in "6.1.11 -Inclusion and diversity" below.

4. CEO's remuneration policy - Severance

The Airbus remuneration policy provides that in case of termination of the CEO's duties at the initiative of the Board of Directors, the CEO shall be entitled to a termination indemnity equal to one time the last Total Annual Remuneration (defined the Base Salary and VR most recently paid), subject to applicable local legal requirements (if any). The termination indemnity would be paid only provided that the performance conditions assessed by the board of directors had been fulfilled by the CEO. If the CEO's appointment as member of the Board of Directors terminates within a period of 12 months or less prior to his retirement date, the termination indemnity will be limited by pro-rating its amount. Best practice provision 3.2.3 of the Dutch Code recommends that severance arrangements be limited to a maximum of one year's base salary. As the Company competes on a global basis (and beyond the Dutch market) for talent, the Company deems a deviation of this recommendation to be justified. The termination indemnity of the CEO could therefore result in a deviation from the Dutch Code.

5. CEO's remuneration policy implementation- Pay ratio

Best practice provision 3.4.1 of the Dutch Code recommends that the Company's remuneration report describes the Company's pay ratio and any changes in that pay ratio compared to at least five previous financial years. The Company is disclosing the Company's pay ratio for the financial years 2019 through 2023, consistent with the Dutch Corporate Governance Code. The Company's pay ratio for the financial year 2018 is not disclosed in section "4.4.3 - Implementation of the Remuneration Policy in 2023: CEO" of the remuneration report because, due to the particular circumstances reflected in CEO remuneration for 2018 and due to intervening changes in the composition of CEO remuneration, the Company believes that the pay ratio for that year would not be a representative comparison figure. The Company's pay ratio for the financial year 2018 remains publicly disclosed in the Company's Board Report for that financial year.

6. Other

For information on the operation of the Shareholders' Meeting, its key powers, the shareholders' rights and how such powers and rights can be exercised, see "3.1 - Shareholding and voting rights - Right to attend shareholders' meetings".

For information on the composition and operation of the Board of Directors and its respective committees, see "4.1.1 - Board of Directors composition, powers, rules and engagement with shareholders"; "4.1.2 -Operation of the Board of Directors in 2023"; and "4.1.3 - Board Committees".

For information on (i) significant direct and indirect shareholdings, (ii) holders of shares with special control rights, (iii) rules governing appointment and dismissal of Directors, (iv) amendments to the Articles of Association, and (v) the delegation to the Board of Directors of the power to issue or buy back shares, see (i) "3.1 - Shareholding and voting rights - Shareholding structure at the end of 2023"; (ii) "3.2 -Relationship with principal shareholders"; (iii) "4.1.1 - Board of Directors composition, powers, rules and engagement with shareholders"; (iv) "3.1 - Shareholding and voting rights - Amendments to the Articles of Association"; and (v) "3.1 - Shareholding and voting rights - Modification of share capital or rights attached to shares".

4.4 Remuneration report

4.4.1 Introduction

The RNGC, composed solely of independent non-executive members of the Board of Directors, is pleased to present the Remuneration Report which comprises the following sections:

―

Paragraph 4.4.2 presents the Company's remuneration policy ("Remuneration Policy") (i) as adopted by the Annual General Meeting held in 2020 and applicable since 1 January 2020 and (ii) as proposed for adoption at the Annual General Meeting to be held in 2024 ("2024 AGM") for implementation in the course of 2024. A revised remuneration policy will be submitted at the 2025 AGM (see section 4.4.2 below for additional information on the contemplated changes).

―

Paragraphs 4.4.3 and 4.4.4 respectively describe how the Remuneration Policy was implemented in 2023 in respect of the CEO and of the Non-Executive Members of the Board of Directors.

As a reminder, at the 2023 AGM shareholders approved the implementation of the Remuneration Policy for the financial year 2022 following the approval of resolution 6, with a very high level of votes being cast in favour.

A review of the voting results follows below, including the level of abstentions, which primarily resulted from some of the Company's principal shareholders exercising their abstention rights per a principles-based approach.

As of the 2024 AGM, the Remuneration Policy will be published on the Company's website at the following address: airbus.com/en/our-governance/governance-framework-and-documents. It will therefore no longer be included in future Reports of the Board of Directors, starting with the Report of the Board of Directors for 2024 (to be published in 2025).

Note: While this chapter 4.4 is presented as the Remuneration Report, only the disclosure included in (or expressly incorporated by reference into) this paragraph 4.4.1 and paragraphs 4.4.3 and 4.4.4 constitute the remuneration report (bezoldigingsverslag) for purposes of Section 2:135b of the Dutch Civil Code, and as such will be included as a separate agenda item for an advisory vote at the 2024 AGM.

The cumulated remuneration of all Executive Committee Members is presented in the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 33. Remuneration". To the extent that any information presented in this note relates to matters referred to Sections 2:383c through 2:383e of the Dutch Civil Code and is not described in paragraph 4.4.3, such information is incorporated by reference into this Remuneration Report in order to satisfy the requirements of the Dutch Civil Code.

4.4.2 Remuneration Policy

A - General

The Remuneration Policy covers all members of the Board of Directors: the CEO (who is the only Executive Director) and the other members of the Board of Directors (who are the Non-Executive Directors). By adopting a resolution to that effect, the general meeting may (re)adopt, amend or supplement the Remuneration Policy on the basis of a proposal by the Board of Directors, at the recommendation of the RNGC.

The Board of Directors, at the recommendation of the RNGC, may decide to temporarily deviate (either increasing or reducing the remuneration levels) from any element of the Remuneration Policy as outlined below, and may continue to do so until the General Meeting adopts an amended version of the Remuneration Policy following the occurrence of such deviation, if this is necessary to serve the long-term interests and sustainability of the Company or to assure its viability. Any deviation will be made public and duly justified.

The Remuneration Policy detailed in this chapter "4.4.2 - Remuneration Policy" of the Report of the Board was adopted by the 2020 AGM with effect as of 1st January 2020. The Remuneration Policy therefore needs to be submitted for approval at the 2024 AGM, even if it is unchanged. In anticipation of the need to submit the Remuneration Policy for shareholders' approval at the 2024 AGM, the RNGC, with the support of an external advisor, launched a comprehensive review process at the beginning of 2023, evaluating pay components, pay mix (including the balance between short and long-term incentives), performance conditions and other structural features to ensure that the Remuneration Policy continues to attract, retain and motivate executives. This process, as in previous remuneration policy reviews, included engagement with shareholders and other relevant stakeholders, as well as an independent benchmark of pay practices. This process allowed the Company to identify potential changes to the Remuneration Policy, as detailed below.

However, after careful consideration and having taken investors' feedback into account, the Board has decided, as a sound governance practice, to align the timing for a decision by the AGM on the changes to the Remuneration Policy with that of the CEO's new mandate (renewal/appointment), which will take place at the 2025 AGM, and therefore to submit the contemplated changes to the Board of Directors' Remuneration Policy at the 2025 AGM (and not the 2024 AGM).

Subject to further engagements as part of the 2025 AGM roadshow, the currently envisioned changes would strive for a stronger alignment of remuneration with the long-term strategy of the Company and would include: (i) the introduction of a Sustainability & Climate related KPI in the Long Term Incentive ("LTI") portion of CEO's remuneration (25%) and (ii) an increase in the LTI grant from 100% to 150% of the base salary. In parallel, the Board is contemplating reinforcing the "pay for performance" principle by reviewing the range of performance achievement and pay-out of the LTI KPIs. The range could evolve from 50% - 150% to 0% - 200% (starting from 0% without taking the EBIT into consideration and increasing the scale up to 200%). Finally, the Board envisages strengthening financial / quantitative performance measures with the potential inclusion of relative Total Shareholder Return ("TSR") as a KPI in the LTI (25%) and by increasing the quantifiable portion of the CEO's individual objectives (Individual Component of the Annual Variable Remuneration).

In consideration of the above, it is therefore proposed that with effect from 1st January 2024 and until the 2025 AGM, the current Remuneration Policy in the form set out below in this chapter 4.4.2 "Remuneration Policy" of the Report of the Board, remains in place.

B - Executive remuneration - Applicable to the CEO

1- Remuneration philosophy

The Company's remuneration philosophy aims to provide remuneration that will attract, retain and motivate high-calibre executives, whose contribution will help to ensure that the Company achieves its strategic and operational objectives, thereby delivering long-term sustainable returns for all shareholders and other stakeholders in a manner consistent with the Company's identity, mission and corporate values.

The Board of Directors and the RNGC are committed to making sure that the executive remuneration structure (i) is transparent and comprehensive for all stakeholders; (ii) is consistent and aligned with the interests of long-term shareholders, whilst also taking into consideration the employment conditions of the Company's employees; and (iii) further incentivises the Company's corporate values by also basing variable remuneration components on the achievement of non-financial targets and metrics using environmental, social or governance criteria via the sustainability performance measure.

Before setting the targets to be proposed for adoption by the Board of Directors, the RNGC analyses scenarios with respect to the potential targets, and considers the financial and other outcomes that would result from meeting various performance levels, including achieving maximum performance thresholds, and how the level and structure of executive remuneration would be affected, together with the potential risks for the Company's business these outcomes could present. The Board of Directors further considers these aspects, based on the RNGC's recommendations.

Before making a recommendation relating to the remuneration of the CEO, the RNGC and the Board of Directors shall also take note of the views of the CEO with regard to the amount, level and structure of his or her remuneration.

2- Total direct compensation and peer group

The CEO's total direct compensation ("Total Direct Compensation") comprises a base remuneration ("Base Salary"), an annual variable short-term remuneration ("Variable Remuneration" or "VR") and an award under the LTI plan ("LTIP"). The three elements of the Total Direct Compensation are each intended to comprise one third of the total, assuming the achievement of performance conditions is 100% of the applicable targets. The level of the Total Direct Compensation for the CEO (Base Salary, VR and LTIP) is set by reference to the median of an extensive peer group (as described in paragraph 4.4.3 item 1) below) and takes into account the scope of the role of the CEO, and the level and structure of executive rewards within the Company. The benchmark is regularly reviewed by the RNGC, with the support of an independent consultant, and is based on a peer group which comprises:

―	global companies in the Company's main markets (France, Germany, UK, Spain and US), excluding financial institutions; and
―	companies operating in the same industries as the Company worldwide.

The elements of Total Direct Compensation are described below:

Remuneration Element	Main Drivers	Performance Measures	Target and Maximum
Base Salary (in €)	Reflects market value of position.	Not applicable	1/3 of Total Direct Compensation (when performance achievement is 100% of target)
Variable remuneration (in €)	Rewards annual performance based on achievement of Company performance measures and individual objectives.	Collective (50% of VR): divided between:	The VR is targeted at 100% of base salary for the CEO and, depending on the performance assessment, ranges from 0% to 200% of target.
		EBIT ² (40%);	The VR is capped at 200% of Base Salary.
		Free Cash Flow ³ (40%) and
		Sustainability (20%).
		Individual (50% of VR): Achievement of annual individual objectives, divided between outcomes and behaviour.
LTIP	Rewards long-term commitment and Company performance, and engagement based on financial targets aligned with long-term objectives, subject to cumulative performance over a three-year period ⁴.	Vesting, subject to performance over a three-year period.	The original allocation to the CEO
(in Units and/or Shares)		In principle, no vesting if cumulative EBIT is negative.	is capped at 100% of base salary at the time of grant.
		If cumulative EBIT is positive, vesting from 50% to 150% of grant based on EPS (75%) and Free Cash Flow (25%).	Vesting is capped at 150% of initial grant (in number of Performance Shares and/or Units).
			In addition, for the vesting of Performance Units -overall pay-out is capped at 250% of the origina value at the date of grant.
			-the value that could result from share price increases is capped at 200% of the reference share price at the date of grant.

² The Company continues to use the term EBIT (Earnings Before Interest and Taxes). It is identical to profit before finance cost and income taxes as defined by IFRS Rules.
³ During 2023 Airbus defined the alternative performance measure FCF as the sum of (i) cash provided by operating activities and (ii) cash used for investing activities, less (iii) change of securities, (iv) contribution to plan assets for pension schemes, (v) realised treasury swaps and (vi) bank activities. For information on how the Company will define FCF beginning in 2024, please refer to Section 8 of this Board Report.
⁴ See also "4.3.1 - Securities in the Company as long-term investment" for more information on this topic.

The following graph depicts three relevant scenarios for the outcome of the Total Direct Compensation:

Indications assume a Base Salary of EUR 1.485 million.

"Below Threshold" includes annual Base Salary; VR at 0%; LTIP not vesting.

"Target" includes Base Salary, VR at target and LTIP grant face value in cash and/or in shares.

"Maximum" includes Base Salary; maximum VR value (200% of VR at target); maximum LTIP cash grant projected at vesting date (250% of grant value); maximum performance applicable to the number of shares granted (150%). The final value of Performance Shares depends on the share price development which is not capped. Illustrative table for a theoretical grant of 50% Shares / 50% Units.

3- Base Salary

The CEO's Base Salary is determined by the Board of Directors, taking into account the peer group analysis mentioned above.

4- Variable Remuneration

The Variable Remuneration is a cash payment that is paid following the end of each financial year, depending on the achievement of specific and challenging performance targets as determined at the beginning of each financial year. The level of the CEO's variable remuneration is targeted at 100% of the Base Salary; it is capped at a maximum level of 200% of the Base Salary. The entire Variable Remuneration is at-risk, and therefore if performance targets are not achieved as per the defined objectives agreed by the Board of Directors, it may mean that no variable remuneration is paid at all.

The performance measures that are considered when awarding the variable remuneration to the CEO are split between common collective performance measures and individual performance measures.

Common collective component

The common collective component is based on earnings before interest and taxes ("EBIT") (40%), Free Cash Flow (40%) and sustainability (20%) objectives (the "Common Collective Component"). At the beginning of each year, the Board of Directors sets the targets for these key value drivers at Company and Division levels. The common collective targets relate closely to internal planning and to guidance given to the capital markets (although there may be variations). The key value drivers that form the sustainability component will be determined by the Board of Directors and disclosed in the implementation section of the Remuneration Report for the relevant financial year. They can be related to matters such as health & safety, climate and/or people.

To calculate the common collective annual achievement levels, actual EBIT, Free Cash Flow and sustainability performance are compared against the targets that were set for the year. This comparison forms the basis for computing achievement levels, noting that the actual EBIT, and Free Cash Flow levels are occasionally normalised for a limited number of factors which are outside management's control (such as certain foreign exchange impacts or unplanned merger and acquisition activities). The RNGC's intention is to ensure ambitious financial and sustainability targets, and to incentivise the CEO's commitment to meeting these targets.

The following graphic illustrates the Common Collective Component, how it is measured, and the key value drivers:

Individual component

The individual element ("Individual Component") focuses on outcomes and behaviour (as defined below). Individual performance is assessed in these two important dimensions, which both contribute to the Company's remuneration philosophy. Among other matters, corporate social responsibility and the Company's corporate values are considered as part of this assessment.

―	Outcomes encompass various aspects of what the CEO can do to contribute to the success of the business: specific business results he achieves, projects he drives and processes he improves. The individual targets of the CEO are comprehensive and shared with all employees via the top company objectives.
―	Behaviour refers to the way results have been achieved, which is also critical for long-term success: how the CEO and the Board of Directors work as a team, how the CEO leads the Executive Committee, quality of communication, encouragement of innovation, etc. A specific part of the behaviour assessment relates to ethics, compliance, quality and other sustainability matters.

The performance of the Individual Component is measured by the RNGC for the CEO and for all the other members of the Executive Committee.

The RNGC discusses the level of achievement of every single target and derives a combined target achievement level for the outcomes. The behavioural part of the Individual Component is also discussed by the RNGC and constitutes an adjustment factor for the target achievement of the outcomes. Finally, the RNGC proposes to the Board of Directors the compound Individual Component of the CEO target achievement made up from the outcomes and behavioural achievements.

5- Long-Term Incentive Plan

The CEO participates in the Company's LTIP in order to help reinforce alignment with shareholders' interests. The LTIP allows the award of performance units ("Performance Units" or "Units") and/or performance shares ("Performance Shares" or "Shares").

The value of the CEO's LTIP allocation is capped at 100% of the Base Salary at the date of grant, and subject to performance conditions. The achievement of the performance criteria is assessed by the RNGC after a three-year period, based on relevant financial criteria during this period, with stringent targets having been set in advance and agreed by the Board of Directors at the recommendation of the RNGC.

At the end of this three-year period, the grant is subject to a performance calculation to determine whether and to what extent it should vest. Depending on this calculation, (i) Performance Units will vest in two tranches, the payment of which takes place approximately six and 18 months following the end of the performance period and (ii) Performance Shares will vest in one tranche, approximately six months following the end of the performance period. This is depicted in the graphic below:

The level of vesting of Performance Shares and Units is subject to the following performance measures:

―	0-50% of the allocation: In principle, this element of the Performance Unit/Share award will not vest if the Company reports negative cumulated EBIT results. Nonetheless, should the Company's EBIT results be impacted by exceptional and unpredictable circumstances, the Board of Directors, upon recommendation of the RNGC, may decide that a maximum portion of 50% of the allocation will vest;
―	50-150% of the allocation: This element of the Performance Unit/Shares vests based on the two following performance criteria: average earnings per share (75%) ("Earnings per Share" or "EPS") and cumulative Free Cash Flow (25%).

Earnings per Share (75%)	Free Cash Flow (25%)
Average over 3 years, €	Cumulated over 3 years, M€
• Measures profitability	• Measures cash generation
• Driven by net income and number of shares	• Driven by cash provided by/used for operating and investment activities

The vesting of Performance Units and Shares is subject to the following maximum cap:

―	the maximum level of vesting is 150% of the number of Units/Shares granted.

The vesting of Performance Units is subject to the following maximum caps:

―	the value that could result from share price increases is capped at 200% of the reference share price at the date of grant; and
―	the overall pay-out is capped at 250% of the value at the date of grant.

Performance Units and Performance Shares that vest in accordance with the terms and conditions applicable to them are settled without further action being required by the beneficiary.

For each payment in cash, one Unit is equal to the value of one Company share at the time of vesting. The Company share value is the average of the opening share price on the Paris Stock Exchange during the 20 trading days preceding (and including) the respective vesting dates.

6- Share ownership guideline

The Board of Directors has established a share ownership guideline pursuant to which the CEO is expected to acquire Airbus SE shares with a value equal to 200% of the Base Salary and to hold them throughout his or her tenure.

7- Benefits

The benefits offered to the CEO are similar to the benefits granted to other executives of the Company and comprise, among other matters, medical, death and disability coverage (both through a social security system or a company plan, depending on the contractual agreement with the CEO), a company car and usual facilities.

Unless the law provides otherwise, the costs and expenses of the CEO are covered, including reasonable costs of defending claims, under the conditions set forth in the insurance policy subscribed by the Company. Under circumstances excluded by the insurance policy, such as an act or failure to act by the CEO that can be characterised as intentional, intentionally reckless, or seriously culpable, there will be no entitlement to any coverage.

8- Retirement

The CEO is entitled to retirement benefits through mandatory applicable state and collective pension plans. The CEO also participates in a Company pension contribution-based plan. This plan consists of an annual pension contribution of 20% of the annual pensionable remuneration (as described in paragraph 4.4.3 item 8) below), subject to applicable local practices (if any).

9- Clawback

In accordance with Dutch law, the Board of Directors may adjust a "bonus" (as defined under Dutch law, including short-term remuneration and awards under the Long-Term Incentive Plan subject to performance criteria) awarded to the CEO to a suitable level, if payment or satisfaction of that bonus would be unacceptable under the applicable standards of reasonableness and fairness. Furthermore, the Company may reclaim a bonus already paid, in whole or in part, subject to applicable local legal requirements (if any), to the extent such payment was made on the basis of incorrect information regarding the achievement of the targets, objectives and/or conditions underlying the bonus or regarding the circumstances on which the bonus depended. The Non-Executive Directors, or a special representative designated by the general meeting, may demand such repayment on the Company's behalf. Any such adjustment or clawback would be reported in the notes of the relevant financial statements of the Company.

10- Loans

The Company does not provide loans or advances to the CEO.

11- Severance

In case of termination of the CEO's duties at the initiative of the Board of Directors, the CEO shall be entitled to an indemnity equal to one (1) time the last Total Annual Remuneration (defined as Base Salary and VR most recently paid) subject to applicable local legal requirements (if any), and provided that the performance conditions (as described in paragraph 4.4.3 item 11) below) assessed by the Board of Directors have been fulfilled. If the CEO's appointment as member of the Board of Directors terminates within a period of 12 months or less prior to his retirement date, the termination indemnity will be limited by pro-rating its amount. This will not apply if the CEO's mandate is terminated for cause (misconduct), or in case of resignation or termination on or after his retirement date.

The CEO's appointment terms and conditions include a non-compete clause, which applies for a maximum of one year. The compensation under the non-compete clause is equal to 50% of the last total annual remuneration (defined as Base Salary and VR most recently paid), subject to applicable local legal requirements (if any), and paid in monthly instalments.

Past LTIP awards may be maintained, in the event of retirement or if a mandate is not renewed by the Company for a reason other than cause (misconduct). The vesting of past LTIP awards follows the rules and regulations of the LTIP, including performance conditions, and is not accelerated in any case. LTIP awards are forfeited for executives who leave the Company at their own initiative, however this is subject to review by the Board of Directors.

The term of the CEO's appointment is linked to his or her mandate as a member of the Board of Directors. The termination of the CEO's appointment may be subject to a notice period of six months, except if the CEO's appointment is terminated for cause (misconduct), in which case the CEO's appointment may be terminated immediately, or in case of non-renewal of the CEO's mandate, by the general meeting.

C - Non-Executive remuneration - applicable to Non-Executive Directors

The Remuneration Policy with regard to Non-Executive Directors aims at ensuring fair compensation and protecting the independence of the Board's members. Their remuneration should be commensurate to the time spent and the responsibilities of their role on the Board of Directors.

Fees and entitlements

Non-Executive Directors are entitled to the following remuneration components:

―	a base fee for membership or chair of the Board of Directors;
―	a Committee fee for membership or chair on each of the Board's Committees;
―	an attendance fee for attending Board meetings (subject to such conditions as may be imposed by the Board of Directors at the recommendation of the RNGC); and
―	an attendance fee for attending Committee meetings, if and when such Committees would have more than four Committee meetings per year (whether these meetings are held physically or by phone).

Each of these fees is a fixed amount that is determined by the Board of Directors from time to time, at the recommendation of the RNGC.

Committee chairmanship and Committee membership fees are cumulative if the concerned Non-Executive Director belongs to two different Committees. Fees are paid twice a year, at the end of each semester (as close as possible to the Board meeting dates).

Non-Executive Directors do not receive any performance or equity- related compensation, and do not accrue pension rights with the Company in the frame of their mandate, except what they would receive in the frame of a current or past executive mandate. These measures are designed to ensure the independence of Board Members and strengthen the overall effectiveness of the Company's corporate governance.

The Company does not encourage Non-Executive Directors to purchase Airbus SE shares.

The Company does not provide loans or advances to the Non-Executive Directors.

Unless the law provides otherwise, the Non-Executive Directors shall be reimbursed by the Company for various costs and expenses, including reasonable costs of defending claims. Under certain circumstances, such as an act or failure to act by a Member of the Board of Directors that can be characterised as intentional, intentionally reckless, or seriously culpable, there will be no entitlement to this reimbursement.

4.4.3 Implementation of the Remuneration Policy in 2023: CEO

This paragraph 4.4.3 describes how the Remuneration Policy was implemented in 2023 with respect to the CEO (Mr Guillaume Faury). As a reminder, the AGM held in 2020 approved the Remuneration Policy through resolution five with a very high level of support.

In line with the Remuneration Policy and the expectation of the RNGC and the Board of Directors, the philosophy of the remuneration policy aims to provide remuneration that will attract, retain and motivate high-calibre executives, while taking into account best practices as well as employee and shareholder considerations. It should help to ensure that the Company achieves its strategic and operational objectives, thereby delivering sustainable returns for all shareholders and other stakeholders in a manner consistent with the Company's identity, mission and corporate values.

1- Benchmarking

Upon the request of the RNGC, a benchmark was performed in June 2023 by an independent third party, following an approach consistent with that applied for the previous benchmark performed in 2021.

To consider the Company's operations and employees' breakdown by geographic areas, the relevant peer group was composed of 55 companies ⁵ selected from the CAC40 in France, the DAX 40 in Germany, the FTSE 100 in the UK, the IBEX 35 in Spain and the Dow 30 in the US, having comparable economic indicators such as revenues, number of employees and market capitalisation, and providing perspective on compensation practices from direct or indirect competitors.

In particular, US companies were included in this peer group since Airbus has direct competitors in the US and since Airbus has senior executives in the US where it competes to recruit talents. However, and considering the very unique US pay practices and as Airbus executives are mainly based in Europe, US companies were only weighted at 10%. The data was compounded using the following weighting: France 30% Germany 30%, Spain 15%, the United Kingdom 15% and the USA 10%.

Financial institutions were excluded from the peer group.

The updated benchmark shows that globally the Total Target Cash (Base Salary + Variable Remuneration) of the peer group increased by around 7% while the Total Direct Compensation (Base Salary + Variable Remuneration + LTIP) of the peer group increased by around 10%, versus the previous benchmark.

The comparison of the remuneration of the CEO versus the market range is as follows:

―	the Total Target Cash of the CEO (€ 2,970,000) is below the median market range of the peer group by more than 7% (i.e. € 3,215,000);
―	the Total Direct Compensation of the CEO (€ 4,455,000) is below the median level of the peer group by more than 34% (i.e. € 6,825,000).

CEO compensation relative to the market benchmark

In addition to external benchmarks, the RNGC also considers the remuneration of employees through the review of the evolution of the pay ratio (see "4.4.3. 10 - Pay ratio").

The Board of Directors, under recommendation of the RNGC, decided to maintain the current remuneration of the CEO.

⁵ Peer group:
France : Air Liquide, Danone, Dassault Systèmes, Engie, Safran SA, Saint-Gobain, Sanofi, Schneider Electric, Stellantis, Thales, Total, Vinci
Germany: BASF, Bayer, BMW, Continental, Deutsche Post, Deutsche Telekom, E.ON, Henkel, Mercedes, SAP, Siemens, Volkswagen
Spain: Aena, Amadeus IT, Cellnex, Endesa, Ferrovial, Iberdrola, Inditex, Naturgy, Repsol, Telefónica
UK: Bae Systems, BAT, BP, Diageo, GSK, Rio Tinto, Rolls Royce, Shell, Tesco, Unilever, Vodafone
US: 3M; Boeing, Caterpillar, Fedex, GE, General Dynamics, IBM, Lockheed, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon

2- Base Salary

The 2023 CEO Base Salary level on a full year basis is unchanged compared to 2022 and amounts to € 1,485,000 (still below the Base Salary of the former CEO: € 1,500,000 in 2019).

3- Variable Remuneration

As stipulated in the Remuneration Policy, the CEO's VR is targeted at 100% of the Base Salary and capped at 200% of the Base Salary. It is subject to the fulfilment of collective and individual performance targets.

For 2023, the VR of the CEO amounts to an aggregate of€ 1,915,650 composed of€ 913,275 (48%) for the Common Collective Component and € 1,002,375 (52%) for the Individual Component.

Performance achievement - Common Collective Component

According to the policy applicable for the financial year 2023, the Common Collective Component for the Company consolidated achievement has been assessed at 123% by the RNGC and the Board of Directors in February 2024, against the target letters validated at the beginning of 2023 and that include detailed vesting scales for each criteria ⁶. It is based on an achievement of 80% of target EBIT, 166% of target Free Cash Flow, and 122% of target sustainability (which is based on achievement of 200% of target reduction of CO ₂ emissions and 43% of target reduction of FR1).

These criteria and their assessment apply to all Executives having a Common Collective Component in their variable remuneration and since 2022, this has also been extended to all Senior Managers. Therefore, approximately 4,950 employees receive a collective bonus based on the achievements mentioned above.

Sustainability targets are measured by two criteria: the rolling lost time injury frequency rate ("FR1") which is the monthly number of lost time injuries per million worked hours averaged over 12 months) and the reduction in CO ₂ emissions ("CO ₂ e"), each weighted for 10% of the Common Collective Performance.

―	In 2023, the rolling FR1 remained stable in Airbus Commercial, decreased by more than 30% in Airbus Helicopters and increased in Airbus Defence and Space, leading to a consolidated achievement of 43%. For further details, please refer to Section 6.1.9 -Health and Safety.
―	In 2023, the CO ₂ e decreased by 15% (reduction of circa 103 ktons), which is above the targeted reduction of 0.9%, leading to an achievement of 200%. For further details, please refer to Section 6.1.2 -Climate Change.

For 2024, the Board of Directors decided to maintain the sustainability component as follows: FR1 for 50% and CO ₂ avoidance for 50%. The targets for 2024 are:

―	a reduction of the rolling FR1 by 15% in Airbus Commercial and Airbus Defence and Space (the rolling FR1 in these two divisions at the end of 2023 being above 1 and by 10% in Airbus Helicopters (the rolling FR1 for this division at the end of 2023 being below 1 versus the actual 2023 rolling FR1.
―	annual targets are set in line with the Company's 2030 roadmap; they refer to a material sub-scope of its operations on which the Company can have a more direct control and influence. The CO ₂e for 2024 was set in absolute value at 581 ktons, which represents a reduction of 3% vs. 2023 (after scope extension). For further details, please refer to Section 6.1.2 -Climate Change.

⁶ While the Company is paying all due attention to investors' feedback, for sensitivity reasons, specific information on vesting scale (threshold, target, maximum) is not disclosed.

Performance achievement - Individual Component

The Chief Executive Officer's Individual Component of the 2023 Annual Variable Remuneration was assessed by reviewing whether the objectives defined by the Board of Directors at the beginning of 2023 had been achieved. Following a review by the RNGC and the Board of Directors in February 2024 this assessment resulted in an overall achievement level of 135%.

Overview on Individual Component achievements:

Individual Component	Weight	Achievement
Outcome element	90%	133%
Top Company objectives (communicated to all employees of the Company and shared with the Executives and Managers of the Company)	30%	120%
Individual objectives (how the CEO contributes to the success of the Company)	60%	140%
Behaviour element	10%	150%
2023 CEO's Individual Component performance achievement		135%

The Individual Component has been assessed according to two sets of complementary elements:

1. The outcome element

The outcome element is composed of:

―	The Top Company objectives: accounting for 30% of the total CEO Individual Component, which are shared with Executives and Managers of the Company to promote collective alignment;

In 2023, there was an intention to create a truly shared spirit of collective engagement and solidarity across the Commercial Aircraft business towards the ultimate operational target consisting of reaching the delivery guidance, hence increasing the Company's productivity and efficiency. It translated into an individual objective shared by around 6,000 key contributors to the Commercial Aircraft business.

Despite a complex operational environment, 735 aircraft were delivered (versus a guidance of around 720) in 2023.

―	The CEO's Individual objectives: accounting for 60% of the total Individual Component, they encompass various aspects of what the CEO can do to contribute to the success of the Company, such as specific business results he achieves, projects he drives and processes he improves.

As disclosed in the 2022 Report of the Board of Directors, published in February 2023, the individual priorities of the CEO for 2023 comprised: operational performance, market position in commercial aviation, major European defence programmes, Environment, Social and Governance topics, Digital and Decarbonisation roadmap, leadership team development and portfolio management.

Overview of the 2023 CEO's Individual objectives:

2023 CEO's Individual objectives	Weight	Achievement
Operational performance	5%	The Board after reviewing the following factors in detail considered that the Operational performance objective of the CEO was overachieved:	140%
		Over the past year, under the leadership of the CEO, the Company successfully added flexibility to the A320neo Family production by making all Final Assembly Lines ("FAL") sites A321neo capable. This increased A321 production flexibility throughout its global industrial production system will enable the Company to better respond to market recovery and future demand needs, being close to major customers and growth regions. In 2023, both the Tianjin and Toulouse FALs delivered their first A321s.
Market position in commercial aviation	15%	The Board after reviewing the following factors in detail considered that the market position in commercial aviation objective of the CEO was overachieved:	200%
		The year 2023 demonstrated a higher overall order intake compared to last year with more than 2,300 commercial aircraft gross orders, further consolidating the Company's position as market leader for the fifth consecutive year.
		This also included major developments on the widebody market with 11
Major European defence programmes	10%	new widebody customers in 2023 and the highest number of sales for the A350 in one year to date with 285 orders.	90%
		The Board after reviewing the following factors in detail considered that the major European defence programmes objective of the CEO was partially achieved:
		In 2023, the Military Air Systems (including FCAS) business performed really well under the CEO's leadership enabling that all deliveries and programme milestones were met, except for the Eurodrone that is facing some unforeseen delay.
		The Space business did not perform as expected. While the major milestones were met for a number of programmes (including successful launches) the performance was impacted by charges resulting from the update of Estimates at Completion.
Environment, Social and Governance topics	10%	The Board after reviewing the following factors in detail considered that the environment, social and governance topics objective of the CEO was overachieved:	150%
		Under the CEO's impulsion, a dedicated Chief Sustainability Officer organisation was created at the end of the year to supervise and coordinate all aspects of the Company's sustainability ambition.
		2023 was also a year marked by the activation of the Sustainable Aviation Fuel ("SAF") ecosystem to contribute to the Company's SBTi validated target.
		Among the highlights, a number of agreements were reached and signed for SAF development in China (SPIC, SINAF) and in the US (with LanzaJet). Multiple partnerships were also established to support the emergence of new technological pathways for the production of SAFs in Australia (Jetzero) and in the US (DGfuel).
		Under a strong tone from the CEO, the Company strives to accelerate female representation in leadership roles. It includes slots in dedicated leadership programmes, aimed at development of leaders selected from across various geographies and functions. In 2023, the percentage of female representation on executive positions reached 20% as per the target, representing a 4% increase as compared with 2022. The Company is committed to pursuing efforts, focusing on leadership programmes, mentorship, sponsorship, targeted recruitment and strengthening promotions pipeline to enhance female representation in executive positions.
		In October 2023, after extensive efforts deployed throughout the organisation under the CEO's impulsion, the Company received notice from the US State Department that the Consent Agreement it had entered into in January 2020 had been closed, based on fulfilment of its terms. This important step concluded a three-year probation period during which Airbus demonstrated to the authorities its commitment to compliance and integrity.
Digital	10%	The Board after reviewing the following factors in detail considered that the digital objective of the CEO was overachieved:	125%
		Digital Design, Manufacturing & Services ("DDMS") is a digital-first approach to the way aerospace products are designed, manufactured and operated. The DDMS programme focuses on digital methods and tools for end-to-end business processes. DDMS is a Company wide transformation programme implemented under the CEO's leadership.
		Over the past year, the major milestones for "DDMS for Single Aisle" and "DDMS Next" (for future programmes) reached successful completion. In doing so, 417 capabilities were delivered, more than 20,000 people were trained and 5,497 new users were onboarded.
		The CEO implemented the "Smartphone for all" initiative aiming at providing a smartphone to all employees of the Company. 62,000 users were equipped which helped decommission 45,000 fixed phones.
Leadership team development and portfolio management	10%	The Board after reviewing the following factors in detail considered that the leadership team development and portfolio management objective of the CEO was overachieved:	100%
		The CEO decided to appoint a dedicated Commercial Aircraft business management team under the helm of Christian Scherer.
		The new organisation serving two objectives:
		(i) reinforcing the Company's focus on the operational business and (ii) allowing the CEO to focus his attention on the Company's overall strategy and to drive its transformation across the group-wide businesses.
		The CEO continued to successfully conduct active portfolio management focusing on supply chain support (acquisition of Aubert & Duval together with Tikehau Capital and Safran), decarbonization (Jet Zero Australia investment, aircraft lifecycle services centre in China, partnering with DG Fuels, ZeroAvia investment) technologies (acquisition of Sobotech, planned acquisition of Aerovel) and services (contemplated components support JV with Air France, HMotion simulation training center JV project with ADAC HEMS).
Total 2023 CEO's Individual objectives	60%		140%

2. The behaviour element

The CEO behavioural element accounts for 10% of the total Individual Component and refers to the way results have been achieved, which is also critical for long-term success: how the CEO and the Board of Directors work as a team, how the CEO leads the Executive Committee, his communication skills, his appetite for innovation and for driving changes.

With his extensive operational knowledge, his global outlook and strong personal values, the CEO has demonstrated throughout the year, despite the various challenges, an exceptionally resilient mind-set and personal skills to successfully lead the Company.

For the year 2024, the Board has set the following priorities for the CEO:

1. Implement strategy, including but not limited to portfolio optimisation for value creation.

2. Execute the product roadmap balancing short term and long term goals.

3. Improve our geopolitical resilience in a more fragmented world.

4. Be the catalyst for future European aerospace cooperation and Protect and deliver major defence programmes milestones.

5. Drive organisational change and develop the leadership team for the future.

6. Enable execution on our Digital and Decarbonisation roadmap.

7. Oversee and ensure the Commercial Aircraft ramp up and guidance.

4- Long-Term Incentive Plan

2023 Grant

In 2023, under the Company's LTIP, the Board decided to grant only Performance Shares, and no Performance Units. This applies to the CEO as well as to all beneficiaries of LTIP. The value of the Performance Share award has been capped at 100% of the Base Salary, in line with the current Remuneration Policy as validated by the AGM 2020, which then represents one third of the CEO's target Total Direct Compensation. The table below gives an overview of the Performance Shares granted to the CEO in 2023 pursuant to the LTIP:

Share plan: number of Performance Shares

	Granted in 2023	Vesting dates
Guillaume Faury	11,619	Vesting schedule is made up of 1 tranche expected in May 2027

The grants in 2023 were performed in compliance with the performance measures (average EPS (75%) and cumulative FCF (25%)) described in paragraph 4.4.2 B item 5). As per the current Remuneration Policy, the Performance Shares granted in 2023 will vest in one tranche in May 2027.

Vesting values in 2023

In 2023, the CEO received both cash payments and vested shares in connection with the vesting of 2018 and 2019 LTIP awards:

―	Cash: the total cash payment to the CEO amounted to € 304,862 in 2023.
―	Shares: in connection with the 2019 LTIP award, the CEO received 2,765 vested shares on 11 May 2023.

LTIP overview: granting and vesting

Date of grants	Grant Type	Number	Share price at grant	Value at grant date	Performance achievement	Units with performance achievement
2018	Unit	4,208	€ 106.94	€ 450,004	50%	2,104
2018	Share	4,208	€ 106.94	€ 450,004	50%	2,104
2019	Unit	5,530	€ 122.06	€ 674,992	50%	2,766
2019	Share	5,530	€ 122.06	€ 674,992	50%	2,765
2020	Unit	9,920	€ 68.04	€ 674,957	150%	14,880
2020	Share	9,920	€ 68.04	€ 674,957	150%	14,880
2021	Share	12,121	€111.38	€ 1,350,037	Not yet known	Not yet known
2022	Share	14,115	€ 105.20	€ 1,484,898	Not yet known	Not yet known
2023	Share	11,619	€ 127,81	€ 1,485,024	Not yet known	Not yet known

Date of grants	Dates of vesting	Share value at vesting dates( ^*)
2018	2 vestings in 2022 -2023	1st vesting 12 May 2022 € 105.15 2nd vesting 11 May 2023 € 125.20
2018	1 vesting in 2022	12 May 2022 € 104.4
2019	2 vestings in 2023 -2024	11 May 2023 € 125.20
2019	1 vesting in 2023	11 May 2023 € 122.04
2020	2 vestings in 2024 - 2025	Not yet known
2020	1 vesting in 2024	Not yet known
2021	1 vesting in 2025	Not yet known
2022	1 vesting in 2026	Not yet known
2023	1 vesting in 2027	Not yet known

^(*) Vesting will occur according to the respective rules and regulations of each plan.
100% of units and shares granted are conditional to the achievement of performance conditions.
Note: 2018 awards were granted to Mr Faury before his appointment as CEO and should vest during his mandate. Calculations may involve rounding to the nearest unit.

Performance Conditions of LTIP 2020:

―

The performance conditions for LTIP 2020 were determined as follows: if the Company reports a positive cumulative EBIT, a minimum portion of 50% of the Performance Units / Shares vest. If the Company reports a negative cumulative EBIT resulting from exceptional circumstances, the Board of Directors can decide at its sole discretion to vest a maximum portion of 50% of the Performance Units / Shares.

―

50% to 150% of the allocation would be granted depending on the compounded achievement of the two following performance criteria:

―	75% of average EPS ("Ave EPS"): determined on a linear basis depending on three-year Ave EPS for the 2021, 2022 and 2023 fiscal years, with the three-year Ave EPS target for an allocation of 100% equal to € 2.52; and
―	25% of cumulative FCF ("Cum FCF"): determined on a linear basis depending on three-year Cum FCF for the 2021, 2022 and 2023 fiscal years, with the three-year Cum FCF target for an allocation of 100% equal to € 1,951million.

Review of achievement of performance conditions:

In February 2024, the Board of Directors noted the achievement of the performance conditions of the 2020 plan, i.e. for the 2021, 2022 and 2023 fiscal years. The three-year average EPS was € 5.19 and the three-year Cum FCF was € 11,720 million.

The overperformance of the 2020 plan is due to a faster than expected recovery from the COVID 19 pandemic. As a reminder, the 2020 plan was granted in October 2020 when the impact of the pandemic for the years 2021, 2022 and 2023 was still extremely difficult to predict.

For reasons of confidentiality, the precise targets set for the average EPS and cumulative Free Cash Flow, even though they have been properly established and validated in a suitable manner, cannot be publicly disclosed as these objectives are considered as competitive sensitive information. Nonetheless, in the spirit of providing the highest level of transparency to our shareholders and to adhere to best practices, retrospective information demonstrating the stringency of the targets set by the Board of Directors is provided for the previous LTIP, as follows:

Date of grants	KPI	Number of units	Target for a 100% allocation	Achieved	Performance achievement in percentage	Compounded performance achievement in percentage
2018	Ave EPS Cum FCF	8,416	€ 6.73 € 13,000m	€ 2.27 € 3,230m	50% 50%	50%
2019	Ave EPS Cum FCF	11,060	€ 7.72 € 13,150m	€ 3.10 € 4,320m	50% 50%	50%
2020	Ave EPS Cum FCF	19,840	€ 2.52 ⁽¹⁾ € 1,951 ⁽¹⁾	€ 5.19 €11,720	150% 150%	150%

Date of grants	Resulting vesting in number	For comparison, average EPS for the last 3 reported years at the date of grant
2018	4,208	€ 2.81 ^*
2019	5,530	€ 2.98 ^**
2020	29,760	€ 2.27 ^***

^* Average EPS of 2017, 2016, and 2015. ^** Average EPS of 2018, 2017 and 2016. ^*** Average EPS of 2019, 2018 and 2017.
⁽¹⁾ Please note that this target was set during the COVID pandemic, and reflects the difficulty in accurately forecasting the performance of the Company's businesses during that period.

Based on the above, the ratio between the fixed part of the remuneration of the CEO in 2023 (Base Salary, annual contribution to the Company's defined contribution pension plan and benefits) and the variable part of the remuneration (Variable Remuneration related to 2023 paid-out in 2024 and LTIP vesting in 2023) is 47% / 53% (2022: 48% / 52%).

5- Share ownership

The CEO owned 29,364 Airbus SE shares on 31 December 2023 which represents a value higher than 200% of his Base Salary, in compliance with the Share ownership guideline (see "4.4.2. B. 6 - Share ownership guideline"). Please refer to the AFM website www.afm.nl for any further information related to the transactions of the CEO.

6- Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESOP)

In March 2023, the Company offered all eligible employees the opportunity to subscribe to a share matching plan, through which the Company matches a certain number of directly acquired shares with a grant of matching shares. This ratio varies depending on the number of shares acquired at fair market value by the employees, with a maximum discount of 50%. The total offering was up to 2.2 million shares of Airbus SE, open to all qualifying employees. Information about the plan can be found on the Company's website.

Under the umbrella of the ESOP 2023, a dedicated UK tax advantageous Share Incentive Plan ("SIP") was also deployed in March 2023.

Although the CEO was eligible for the plan, he did not participate in the ESOP 2023 plan, leaving more shares for employees in order to favour the development of employee shareholding.

7- Benefits

Costs of benefits provided through applicable mandatory collective and social security plans are accounted for among social charges (please refer to Note 33 to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements for further details). The monetary value of other benefits provided to the CEO in 2023 amounts to € 34,969 (vs € 32,734 in 2022).

8- Retirement

Until the end of 2019, the retirement benefit of the CEO accrued through a defined benefit commitment. Following the Board of Directors decision approved in the AGM 2020, the accrued pension rights under this commitment have been frozen based on the seniority of the CEO as Executive Committee member at the end of 2019. A replacement target ratio has therefore been set at 52% of his Base Salary (i.e. 26% of the sum of his Base Salary and his target VR) and will no longer accrue. The pension rights under this commitment remain unvested until the retirement date of the CEO.

The pension rights arising from the Company's defined contribution plan (i.e. contribution of 20% of the pensionable remuneration, which is the Base Salary and the most recently paid VR) are deducted from the frozen pension rights described above.

The present value of the remaining CEO's pension obligation related to the frozen defined benefit commitment is estimated annually by an independent actuarial firm according to the international accounting standard IAS19 as applied by the Company for post-employment benefits.

As of 31 December 2023, the defined benefit obligation related to the frozen defined benefit commitment amounted to € 3,875,518 (2022: € 6,895,263). This obligation has been accrued in the 2023 Consolidated Financial Statements and will be updated annually up to the retirement date of the CEO considering additional service cost and future changes on economic assumptions or other factors like salary increase. The decrease in the defined benefit obligation is mainly due to the change in retirement age following the pension reform in France in 2023. This change has been considered as a plan amendment and leads to the recognition of a profit in EBIT.

For the fiscal year 2023, the cost related to the CEO's pension rights accrued under Company's plans during the year represented a net profit of €1,049,054 composed by an expense of € 1,404,951 and the effect of the French pension reform leading to a release of provision of€ 2,454,006 (2022: expense of€ 1,385,222).

The annual cost of pension rights accrued under applicable mandatory collective and state pension plans are accounted for among social charges (please refer to Note 33 to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements for further details).

9- Clawback

The Board of Directors did not apply any clawback in 2023.

10- Pay ratio

The Dutch Corporate Governance Code recommends that the Company provides a ratio comparing the compensation of the CEO and that of a "representative reference group" determined by the Company.

The Company's pay ratio is calculated by comparing the compensation of the CEO with the average compensation of employees, which is derived from the number of employees and the personnel expenses disclosed in the Financial Statements (see Notes 28 and 29).

The ratio between the compensation of the CEO (including base salary, variable remuneration, social charges, benefits, pension contributions and LTIP grant face value) and the average compensation of full-time equivalent employees for the fiscal year to which this report relates is approximately 70 (2022: 74; 2021: 56; 2020: 64; 2019: 64). ⁷

11- Severance

No payment has been made to the CEO in 2023 related to severance or other termination indemnity.

Under the current CEO's appointment terms and conditions, the payment of an indemnity in case of termination would be subject to performance conditions. These conditions would be fulfilled if the collective and individual components of the VR for the last 2 financial years preceding the financial year during which the termination occurs have been assessed by the Board of Directors at 100% or more.

12- Development of the compensation

The table below provides an overview of the development of the direct cash compensation paid to the CEO during a financial year composed by the Base Salary plus the VR (as defined below) and of the Employee Compensation (as defined below).

Financial year	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
I. CEO's direct cash compensation
Annual Base Salary (k€)	1,485	1,485	1,350	1,350	1,392 ⁽¹⁾
VR (k€) ⁽²⁾	2,042	2,241	1,404	1,553	2,318
Total	3,527	3,726	2,754	2,903	3,710
Annual Variation	-5,3%	+35%	-5.1%	-21.8%	+1.1%
II. Long Term Incentive Plan (k€) ⁽³⁾	1,485	1,485	1,350	1,350	1,350
III. Company Performance
EBIT Adjusted (m€)	5,838	5,627	4,865	1,706	6,946
Annual Variation	+4%	+16%	+185%	-75%	+19%
FCF before M&A and customer financing (m€)	4,386	4,680	3,515	(6,935)	3,509
Annual variation	-8%	+33%	n.a	-298%	+21%
IV. Employee Compensation (k€) ⁽⁴⁾	81.8	79.3	71.6	72.0	75.1
Annual Variation	+3.2%	+10.8%	-0.6%	-4.1%	+2.0%

⁷ - In order to align with the newly added explanatory notes to best practice provision 3.4.1 of the Dutch Code, the pay ratio shown in this board report has been calculated on the basis of total full-time equivalent headcount, rather than total permanent employees (as was done in the past). As a result thereof, the pay ratio presented in this board report for the financial years 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022 is different than presented in the board report over such previous years. The ratios presented have been rounded to the nearest integer.
¹⁾ Base salary 2019 relates to the former CEO up to 10 April 2019 and to the current CEO from 10 April 2019.
²⁾ VR paid during the financial year at stake in relation to the previous financial year. In 2020, the VR paid is related to the former CEO from 1 January 2019 up to 10 April 2019 (based on target) and to the current CEO from 10 April 2019 up to the end of the year 2019. As a reminder, the current CEO decided in 2020 to donate the equivalent to his VR related to 2019 to non-governmental organisations and humanitarian organisations.
³⁾ Face value of LTIP granted in the financial year.
⁴⁾ Average compensation of full-time equivalent permanent employees from France, Germany, Spain and the UK for the Company, excluding subsidiaries, composed by gross sum of the Base Salary, annual bonus, profit and success sharing, overtime, premium for work conditions and other premiums. For the 2022 financial year, the amount presented has been adjusted based on final figures. For the 2023 financial year, the amount presented is still an estimate and will be adjusted next year.

4.4.4 Implementation of the Remuneration Policy in 2023: Non-Executive Directors

This section describes how the Remuneration Policy was implemented in 2023 with respect to the Non-Executive Directors. In line with the Remuneration Policy, its implementation aims at ensuring fair compensation and protecting the independence of the Board Members. Their remuneration should be commensurate to the time spent and the responsibilities of their role on the Board of Directors.

The CEO is the only Member of the Board of Directors who is not entitled to any Board or Committee fee.

From 1 January 2023, and in application of the Remuneration Policy, the Board, upon recommendation of the RNGC, decided to increase the Board and Committees fixed fees as described below. The applicable attendance fees for Board and Committee meetings remain unchanged as respectively set in 2016 and 2019.

This decision has been taken after due consideration of the increased responsibility, complexity and related time commitment since the last remuneration review in 2016, the outcome of the benchmark conducted by an independent third party, the Company's unique international profile and of the necessity to remain competitive to attract the best talents.

The benchmark was performed in September 2022 by an independent advisor, Egon Zehnder, at the RNGC request, based on a global peer group of 80 large-scale corporations ⁸ , where Airbus' market capitalisation and revenues fall within the third quartile.

The group of companies considered in the benchmark analysis is broader than the peer group used to position the CEO's compensation. This divergence is justified considering that the purpose of this analysis was to ensure that Airbus' non-executive pay practices remain suitable and competitive on a global scale, enabling the attraction of specific and diverse expertise beyond its industry and geographical footprint, as illustrated by the current Board composition.

Furthermore, in view of (i) non-executive directors and executive directors having distinct profiles, (ii) non-executive directors' and executive directors' pay not being directly comparable, and (iii) non-executive director pay practices varying significantly between countries, the expanded scope in this specific exercise is justified.

However, and to remain consistent with Airbus' approach and profile, approximately 88% of the companies considered are either registered in the Netherlands or in Airbus' core countries (France, Germany, Spain and UK).

With the implemented increase, the level of fixed fees is consistent with market practice, yet still below average, and aligned with the Company's positioning -based on market capitalisation and revenues-within the peer group as per the benchmark referred to above.

⁸ Peer group:
3M, A.P. Moller - Maersk A/S , AB Volvo, ABB, Accenture, Ahold Delhaize, Air Liquide, Aon, Bae System, Banco Bilbao, BASF, BAT, Bayer, BMW, Bombardier, BP, Caterpillar, Chevron, Continental, Credit Suisse, Daimler, Danone, Dassault Systèmes, Deutsche Post, Deutsche Telekom, DIAGEO, E.ON, Endesa, Engie, Exxon Mobil Corp, Fedex, Ferrovial, Ford Motor, Fortum Oyj, GE, General Dynamics Corporation, GSK, Heineken, Henkel, Honeywell International Inc., Iberdrola, IBM, INDITEX, ING, Koninklijke DSM NV, Leonardo, Lockheed Martin Corporation, Mckesson Corp, MTU Aero Engines AG, Naturgy, Nestle, Northrop Grumman Corporation, Novartis, NXP Semiconductors, Raytheon Technologies Corporation, Renault, Repsol, Rio Tinto, Roche, Rolls Royce, Safran, Saint-Gobain, Sanofi, Santander, SAP, Schneider Electric, SHELL, Siemens, Sodexo, Stellantis, Telefonica, Tesco, Thales, The Boeing Company, Total, Unilever, Unitedhealth Group, Vinci, Vodafone, Volkswagen.

1- Board fees:

―

Fixed fee for membership of the Board of Directors (€ / year):

―	Chair of the Board: 500,000
―	Member of the Board: 120,000

―

Attendance fees (€ / Board meeting):

―	Chair: 15,000
―	Member: 10,000

Attendance fees shall decrease by 50% in case of an attendance by phone or a Board meeting held by phone.

2- Committee fees:

―

Fixed fee for membership of a Committee (€ / year):

―	Chair: 60,000
―	Member of a Committee: 30,000

―

Attendance fee for membership of a Committee, applicable to chair and members € / additional meeting above four meetings per Committee per year, whether these meetings were held physically or by phone):

―	Physical participation: 3,000 if the chair or member is based in Europe and double attendance fee amount (i.e. 6,000) if the chair or member is based outside Europe.
―	Participation by phone (whether the meeting is held physically or by phone): 1,500.

Following the decision made by the Board to increase the remuneration of the Chairman of the Board as of 1st January 2023, René Obermann decided to donate to several charitable organisations the net (after relevant income tax) portion of his 2023 fixed remuneration as Chairman of the Board in excess of the amount of fixed remuneration he received in 2022.

The remuneration of the Non-Executive Members of the Board of Directors was as follows:

	2023			2022
(In €)	Fixum ⁽¹⁾	Attendance	Total	Fixum ⁽¹⁾	Attendance	Total
		Fees ⁽²⁾			Fees ⁽²⁾
Non-Executive Board Members
René Obermann	500,000 ⁽³⁾	105,000	605,000 ⁽³⁾	225,00	135,000	360,000
Victor Chu	150,000	62,000	212,000	100,00	66,000	166,000
Jean-Pierre Clamadieu	210,000	76,000	286,000	140,00	96,500	236,500
Ralph D. Crosby, Jr.	150,000	70,000	220,000	100,00	100,000	200,000
Mark Dunkerley	180,000	94,000	274,000	124,42	112,000	236,420
Stephan Gemkow	150,000	76,000	226,000	110,00	98,000	208,000
Catherine Guillouard	210,000	63,000	273,000	140,00	98,000	238,000
Amparo Moraleda	210,000	69,500	279,500	140,00	103,000	243,000
Claudia Nemat	150,000	56,500	206,500	100,00	76,500	176,500
Irene Rummelhoff	150,000	55,000	205,000	72,10	75,000	147,100
Antony Wood ⁽⁴⁾	141,050	70,000	211,050	3,91	10,000	13,913
Former Non-Executive Board Members
Lord Drayson ⁽⁵⁾	-	-	-	33,811	15,000	48,811
Carlos Tavares ⁽⁶⁾	-	-	-	22,541	5,000	27,541
Denis Ranque ⁽⁷⁾
Hermann-Josef Lamberti ⁽⁸⁾
Total	2,201,050	797,000	2,998,050	1,311,78	990,000	2,301,785

	2021	2020	2019
(In €)	Total	Total	Total
Non-Executive Board Members
René Obermann	300,000	193,988	202,000
Victor Chu	143,000	178,000	207,000
Jean-Pierre Clamadieu	197,000	217,087	219,176
Ralph D. Crosby, Jr.	161,000	183,000	208,500
Mark Dunkerley	166,000	118,879	-
Stephan Gemkow	163,000	128,879	-
Catherine Guillouard	197,500	223,000	222,765
Amparo Moraleda	184,500	215,000	235,000
Claudia Nemat	156,500	180,000	174,500
Irene Rummelhoff	-	-	-
Antony Wood ⁽⁴⁾	-	-	-
Former Non-Executive Board Members
Lord Drayson ⁽⁵⁾	169,500	200,000	225,000
Carlos Tavares ⁽⁶⁾	125,000	150,000	145,000
Denis Ranque ⁽⁷⁾	-	96,731	311,000
Hermann-Josef Lamberti ⁽⁸⁾	-	70,274	200,235
Total	1,963,500	2,154,838	2,350,176

⁽¹⁾ Fixum includes a base fee for Board membership and the relevant Committee membership as the case may be (Audit Committee, Remuneration, Nomination and Governance Committee ("RNGC") and Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee ("ECSC"). The fixum for the year 2023 was paid 50% in January 2023 and 50% in July 2023. The fixum for the year 2022 was paid 50% in January 2022 and 50% in July 2022 except in relation to the ad hoc Committee for which the full amount was paid in January 2023. Please note that in view of the actual timing of certain Fixum payments made pertaining to 2022, certain figures in this column have been corrected from those included in the ESEF package.
⁽²⁾ 2023 attendance fees include the Board attendance fees and the fees in relation to the relevant Committee (Audit Committee, RNGC and ECSC) meetings. The Board attendance fees related to the first semester 2023 were paid in July 2023, those related to the second semester 2023 were paid in January 2024. The Committees' attendance fees related to the full year 2023 were paid in January 2024.
⁽³⁾ Amount before donation of the portion exceeding the fixed remuneration perceived in 2022 as mentioned above.
⁽⁴⁾ Member of the Audit Committee since 19 April 2023.
⁽⁵⁾ Member of the Board of Directors, the RNGC and the ECSC until 12 April 2022.
⁽⁶⁾ Member of the Board of Directors until 12 April 2022.
⁽⁷⁾ Chairman of the Board of Directors and of the former Ethics & Compliance Committee until 16 April 2020.
⁽⁸⁾ Member of the Board of Directors and the Audit Committee until 16 April 2020.

The total aggregate remuneration (i.e. fixum and attendance fee) of the Non-Executive Members of the Board of Directors was respectively € 1,963,500 in 2021, € 2,154,838 in 2020, and € 2,350,176 in 2019.

4.4.6 Miscellaneous

Policy for loans and guarantees granted

The Company's general policy is not to grant any loan to the members of the Board of Directors. Unless the law provides otherwise, the members of the Board of Directors shall be reimbursed by the Company for various costs and expenses, such as the reasonable costs of defending claims. Under certain circumstances, such as an act or failure to act by a member of the Board of Directors that can be characterised as intentional, intentionally reckless, or seriously culpable, there will be no entitlement to this reimbursement. The Company has also taken out liability insurance (''D&O'' - Directors & Officers) covering the persons concerned.

4.5 Enterprise risk management system

The long-term development and production cycles of the Company's wide range of products and services in a globalised supply chain and highly regulated environment make enterprise risk management (ERM) a crucial mechanism both to mitigate risks faced by the Company and to identify and enhance potential opportunities.

Applied across the Company and its main subsidiaries, ERM is a permanent top-down and bottom-up process, which is executed across the Divisions at each level of the organisation. It is designed to identify and manage relevant risks and opportunities. A sharp focus is put on the operational dimension due to the importance of programmes and operations for the Company. External factors are also considered in our approach in order to strengthen company resilience.

ERM is an operational process embedded into the day-to-day management activities of programmes, operations and functions. The top risks and their mitigations are reported to the Board of Directors through a reporting synthesis, consolidated on a quarterly basis.

The ERM system relies on five pillars:

―	Anticipation: early risk reduction and attention to emerging risks;
―	Speak-up & early warnings;
―	Robust risk mitigations;
―	Opportunities; and
―	Strong governance.

ERM process

The objectives and principles of the ERM system, as endorsed by the Board of Directors, are set forth in the Company's ERM Policy and communicated throughout the Company. The Company's ERM Policy is supplemented by directives, manuals, guidelines, handbooks, and other supporting documents. External standards which contribute to the Company's ERM system include the ISO 31000 standard for risk management, defined by the International Organization for Standardization.

The ERM process consists of three elements:

―	a strong operational dimension - derived from ISO 31000 - to enhance operational risk and opportunity management, identifying and mitigating threats and vulnerabilities, including single points of failure;
―	a reporting dimension (bottom up and top down), which contains procedures for the status reporting of the ERM system and the risk/opportunity situation; and
―	an ERM confirmation dimension, which comprises procedures to assess the effectiveness of the ERM system.

The ERM process applies to all identified relevant sources of risks and opportunities that would potentially affect the Company's activities, its businesses and its organisation in the short, mid and long-term. The ERM process is part of the overall management process of the Company and is interrelated with such other processes.

All Airbus organisations, including the Divisions, subsidiaries and controlled entities, commit to and confirm the effective implementation of the ERM system. The annual "ERM Confirmation Letter" issued by each Airbus organisation serves as their formal acknowledgement of their effective implementation of the ERM system.

For the main risks to which Airbus is exposed, see "4.6 - Risk Factors" of this Board Report.

ERM governance and responsibility

The governance structure and related responsibilities for the ERM system are as follows:

―	the Board of Directors, with support of the Audit Committee, supervises the ERM system strategy and business risks and opportunities, as well as the design and effectiveness of the ERM system;
―	the CEO authorises ERM reports to be escalated to the Board of Directors. The CFO is accountable for an effective ERM system and supervises the Head of ERM, the ERM system design, and process implementation;
―	the Head of ERM has primary responsibility for the ERM strategy, priorities, system design, culture development and reporting tool. The Head of ERM supervises the operation of the ERM system, and is supported by a dedicated risk management organisation in the Company, focusing on the operational dimension, including early warning and anticipation culture development, while actively seeking to anticipate and proactively mitigate identified sources of risk by challenging the business to address such potential centres of risk within the Company. The risk management organisation is structured as a cross-divisional centre of competence and works to embed proactive risk management within the Company; and
―	Company management at the executive level has responsibility for the operation and monitoring of the ERM system in their respective areas of responsibility, and for the implementation of appropriate response activities aimed at reducing risks and seizing opportunities, while also considering the recommendations of the internal and external auditors.

ERM effectiveness

The ERM effectiveness is analysed by:

―	ERM centre of competence (CoC), based on ERM reports, ERM Confirmation Letters, in situ sessions (e.g. risk reviews), participation in key controls (e.g. major programme maturity gate reviews);
―	ERM key performance indicators (KPIs) measuring maturity and effectiveness of the ERM process within the Company's various programmes and functions;
―	Risk and opportunity in-depth analyses proposed by the ERM CoC and performed by the functions with the involvement and support of the ERM CoC; and
―	Corporate Audit, based on internal Corporate Audit reports and on an annual survey of heads of programmes and functions regarding the ERM network.

The combination of the following controls is designed to achieve reasonable internal assurance as to ERM effectiveness:

Organisation	Explanations
Board of Directors / Audit Committee	Regular monitoring
	The Board of Directors and the Audit Committee review, monitor and supervise the ERM system. Any material failings in, material changes to, and/or material improvements of the ERM system which are observed, made and/or planned are discussed with the Board of Directors and the Audit Committee.
Top management	ERM as part of the regular divisional business reviews
	Results of the operational risk and opportunity management process, self-assessments and confirmation procedures that are presented by the Divisions or other Airbus organisations to top management.
	ERM working sessions at an executive leadership meeting twice a year.
Management	ERM Confirmation Letter procedure
	Entities and department heads that participate in the annual ERM compliance procedures must sign ERM Confirmation Letters.
ERM CoC	ERM effectiveness measurement
	Assess ERM effectiveness by consideration of ERM performance KPI, ERM reports, ERM Confirmation Letters, in situ sessions (risk reviews etc.), participation in key controls (e.g. major programme maturity gate reviews).
Corporate Audit	Audits on ERM
	Provide independent assurance to the Audit Committee on the effectiveness of the ERM system, conducting an annual survey.
Ethics & Compliance	Alert system
	Detects deficiencies regarding conformity with applicable laws and regulations, as well as with ethical business principles.

Board declaration

Based on the Company's current state of affairs, the reports made directly available to the Board of Directors coming from different processes, audits and controls, and the information the Board of Directors has received from management, the Board of Directors believes to the best of its knowledge that:

―	the internal risk management and control systems provide reasonable assurance that the financial reporting does not contain any material inaccuracies;
―	this Board Report provides sufficient insight into any material failings in the effectiveness of the internal risk management and control systems;
―	it is justified that the financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis; and
―	this Board Report states the material risks and uncertainties to the extent that they are relevant to the Company's continuity for the period of 12 months after the preparation of this Board Report.

It should be noted that no matter how well designed, the internal risk management and control system has inherent limitations, such as vulnerability to circumvention or the potential to override the controls in place. Consequently, no assurance can be given that the Company's internal risk management system and procedures are or will be, despite all care and effort, entirely effective.

4.6 Risk factors

The Company is subject to the risks and uncertainties described below that may materially affect its business, results of operations and financial condition. These are not the only risks the Company faces. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to the Company, or that it currently considers immaterial, may also impair its business and operations.

Although a certain degree of risk is inherent in the Company's business (as described in the risk factors in this section and elsewhere in this Board Report), the Company endeavours to minimise and/or manage risk in accordance with the company's risk appetite. To pursue its strategy, the Company is prepared to take modest or low event risks in order to secure profitability and cash flow and maintain its competitiveness, invest in research and development and manage a diversified business portfolio in a world of uncertain market and economic conditions. Due to the importance of programmes and operations for the Company, the Company focuses on the operational dimension of risk identification and management. Within the area of legal and compliance risks, the Company seeks to ensure that its business practices conform to applicable laws, regulations and ethical business principles, while developing and maintaining a culture of integrity. Regarding financial risks, the Company undertakes a prudent risk approach and aims to minimise downside risk in accordance with the company's risk appetite through an appropriate liquidity buffer, moderate financial leverage and the use of hedging derivatives and other insurance programs.

4.6.1 Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks

- Global economic conditions

The Company's business, results of operations and financial condition are materially affected by global economic conditions.

Market disruptions and significant economic downturns may develop quickly due to, among other things, crises affecting credit or liquidity markets, regional or global recessions, sharp fluctuations in or sustained high commodity prices (including gas and oil), energy shortage or unavailability, currency exchange rates or interest rates, rapid increases in or sustained high levels of inflation or deflation, sovereign debt and bank debt rating downgrades, restructurings or defaults, geopolitical tensions (such as those reflected in the sanctions imposed as a result of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, or other potentially conflicting policies among the US, EU, Russia and China with ramifications beyond their borders) or adverse geopolitical events (such as military or armed conflicts, acts of terrorism, pandemics or natural disasters). Recent US administrations have introduced greater uncertainty with respect to US tax and trade policies, tariffs and government regulations affecting trade between the US and other countries. Such measures, and the countermeasures they provoked, affected and may continue to affect countries where our customers and suppliers are located or where the Company has an operational presence or to which its financing activities are linked. For more detailed information, see "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - The war in Ukraine and armed conflicts", "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - COVID-19 or other pandemic risks" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Availability of government and other sources of financing".

The Company's global presence includes France, Germany, Spain and the UK as well as fully-owned subsidiaries in the US, China, Japan, India and in the Middle East, a majority shareholding (75%) of a limited partnership with the Government of Quebec in Mirabel, Canada (for the A220 programme) and spare parts centres in Hamburg, Frankfurt, Virginia (USA), Beijing, Dubai and Singapore. At the end of 2023, the Company had engineering and training centres in Toulouse, Miami, Mexico, Wichita (USA), Hamburg, Bangalore, Beijing and Singapore. There are also hubs and field service stations around the world. The Company also relies on industrial cooperation and relationships with major companies and a wide network of suppliers. This global presence entails the risk of being affected by weak market and economic conditions in particular in Europe, the US and Asia where it manufactures and where it sells the majority of its products.

As of the end of 2023, approximately 19,000 suppliers from more than 90 countries supply parts, components, systems and services to the Company. In 2023, the overall external sourcing volume of the Company was estimated at around € 49 billion. The Company requires its suppliers' and subcontractors' services in order to deliver its products and generate revenue and profit. Therefore financial, economic and geopolitical instability in any part of the world that would affect our suppliers or subcontractors, including conditions resulting in sharply rising inflation, increasing energy prices, their inability to obtain credit or even their insolvency, could impact the Company's ability to meet its customer obligations in a satisfactory and timely manner. In addition, financial, economic and geopolitical instability affecting suppliers or subcontractors could impact such parties' ability to meet their obligations under risk sharing agreements entered into with the Company. The lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the consequences of Russia's invasion of Ukraine have likewise increased the Company's exposure to supply chain risk. For further details, please refer to section "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on Key Suppliers and Subcontractors".

The behaviour of our customers and by extension, the demand for and supply of the Company's products and services have been and may continue to be materially affected by global economic conditions. Geopolitical events (such as armed conflicts) or events like the COVID-19 pandemic leading to global or localised economic deterioration and resulting in a drop in air travel, could lead to protracted weak demand for commercial aircraft. Historically, the Company has experienced that order intake for commercial aircraft has shown cyclical trends, due in part to changes in passenger demand for air travel and the air cargo share of freight activity, which are in turn driven by a range of economic variables including gross domestic product ("GDP") growth and private consumption levels. Likewise, demand for military and parapublic products may be affected by governmental budget constraints caused by economic pressure. As the size of the Company's commercial aircraft business relative to its defence, space and government activities has grown, the latter's ability to serve as an effective buffer to counter commercial cycles has been diluted.

Protracted weak global economic conditions brought on by the above-described or other factors could therefore directly result in:

―	financial distress among airlines and lessors, and potential bankruptcies within this market;
―	requests by customers to postpone or cancel existing orders for aircraft (including helicopters) or decisions by customers to review their order intake strategy due to, among other things, lack of availability of credit in the financial markets to finance aircraft purchases or increases in operating costs, or weak levels of passenger demand for air travel and cargo activity more generally, which in each case could negatively impact the Company's results of operations;
―	variations in public spending for defence, homeland security and space activities, which may lead to the termination or reduction of future funding or to cancellations or delays impacting existing contracts, each of which could negatively impact the Company's results of operations; and
―	an increase in the amount of sales financing that the Company is requested to provide to its customers to support aircraft deliveries, which are typically secured by the underlying aircraft itself and which entail exposure to the customer credit risk. See "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Sales Financing Arrangements".

In addition, due to the lengthy terms of sales and supplier contracts, in the aerospace and commercial aircraft industry it is standard to include revision clauses in such contracts. Revision clauses can be based on one or multiple indices and therefore, can evolve due to changes in the underlying economic measures on which such indices are based, thereby potentially negatively impacting the Company's results.

The Company generally finances its manufacturing activities and product development programmes (particularly the development of new commercial aircraft), through a combination of cash flows generated by operating activities, customer advances, European governments' refundable advances and risk-sharing agreements with subcontractors. In addition, the Company's military-linked activities often benefit from government-financed research and development contracts. The Company may also elect to raise funds in the capital markets. Unfavourable or weak economic conditions, uncertainty or adverse trends leading to liquidity constraints or reduced availability of financing for the Company's customers, suppliers, European and other governments, and other risk sharing partners may affect the Company's ability to finance its product development programmes and raise funds in the capital markets. Please also refer to "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - Liquidity" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Availability of government and other sources of financing".

The Company's financial results may also be negatively affected by gains or losses realised on the sale or exchange of financial instruments; impairment charges resulting from revaluations of debt and equity securities and other investments; interest rates; cash balances; and changes in fair value of derivative instruments. Periods of increased volatility in the financial markets and overall economic uncertainty increase the risk that actual amounts realised in the future on the Company's financial instruments could differ significantly from the fair values currently assigned to them.

Although the potential negative impact of global economic conditions has been thoroughly assessed and are continually monitored, the consequences thereof could have unforeseen material effects on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition, particularly to the extent they were to impact the Company's commercial aviation activities or otherwise impact its access to financing.

- Foreign currency exposure

In 2023, more than 75% of the Company's revenues were denominated in US dollars, with approximately 60% of such currency exposure being "naturally hedged" by US dollar-denominated costs. The remainder of costs are incurred primarily in euros and to a lesser extent, pounds sterling and other currencies. Consequently, to the extent that the Company does not cover its net current and future exchange rate exposure from the time of a customer order to the time of delivery, its profits will be affected by market changes in the exchange rate of the US dollar against these currencies.

There are complexities inherent in determining whether and when foreign currency exposure of the Company will materialise, in particular given the possibility of unpredictable revenue variations arising from order cancellations, postponements or delivery delays.

Regarding foreign currency exchange risk, the Company may also have difficulty in fully implementing its hedging strategy if its hedging counterparties are unwilling to increase derivatives risk limits with the Company, and the Company is further exposed to the risk of non-performance or default by these hedging counterparties. The exchange rates at which the Company is able to hedge its foreign currency exposure may also deteriorate, as the euro could appreciate against the US dollar for some time, as has been the case in the past and as higher capital requirements for banks result in higher credit charges for uncollateralised derivatives. Accordingly, the Company's foreign currency hedging strategy may not protect it from significant changes in the exchange rate of the US dollar to the euro and the pound sterling, in particular over the long-term, which could have a negative effect on its financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, to further mitigate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on its profits, the Company might enter into a euro conversion agreement with its customers to fully or partially convert the payment from US dollar into euro based on an agreed conversion rate. These agreements can be implemented at the specific request of customers, and are accounted for in the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements as a contract in euros.

Since 2022 and going forward, the Company has presented its matured hedge portfolio and euro conversion on a blended basis and therefore blended rates reflect both the EBIT impact of hedge rates of the US dollar hedge portfolio and euro conversion.

As of 31 December 2023, the blended portfolio amounts to US$ 91.7 billion with maturities up to 2029 and covers a major portion of the foreign exchange exposure expected over the period of the operative planning.

The portion of the Company's US dollar-denominated revenues that is not covered in accordance with the Company's coverage strategy will be exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates, which may be significant. Furthermore, the Company is exposed to certain other price risks such as interest rate risks, changes in commodity prices and in the price of items held in inventory. Adverse movements of these prices may jeopardise the Company's profitability if not hedged.

Currency exchange rate fluctuations in currencies other than the US dollar in which the Company incurs its principal manufacturing expenses (mainly the euro) may affect the ability of the Company to compete with competitors whose costs are incurred in other currencies. This is particularly true with respect to fluctuations relative to the US dollar, as many of the Company's products and those of its competitors (e.g. in the defence export market) are priced in US dollars. The Company's ability to compete with its competitors may be eroded to the extent that any of the Company's principal currencies appreciates in value against the principal currencies of such competitors.

The Company's consolidated revenues, costs, assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than euro are translated into euro for the purposes of compiling its financial statements. Changes in the value of these currencies relative to the euro will, therefore, have an effect on the euro value of the Company's reported revenues, costs, EBIT, other financial results, assets, liabilities and equity.

- Liquidity

The Company is exposed to liquidity risk, particularly in the event of funding needs arising during a market disruption. If liquidity risk were to materialise, the Company could be at risk of making late payments or not being able to pay its creditors and shareholders, or potentially delaying or disrupting the closing of some transactions. Liquidity risk can arise particularly when money markets and / or debt capital markets are closed for new issuances for a period of time. In order to mitigate liquidity risk, the Company maintains:

―	significant amounts of cash or highly liquid cash equivalents on balance sheet;
―	undrawn committed credit facilities;
―	diversified Euro funding programmes (such as a € 12 billion Euro medium-term note ("EMTN") programme, a € 11 billion Negotiable European Commercial Paper programme and a € 4 billion Euro Commercial Paper programme); and
―	access to USD funding (through a US$ 3 billion US Commercial Paper programme and the 144A US dollar bond market).

On 5 July 2022, the Company signed a sustainability-linked Revolving Syndicated Credit Facility committed by 38 banks for € 8 billion with a maturity of five years and two extension options of one year (subject to banks' approval). This facility incorporates an adjustment mechanism that links the applicable margin of the facility (which can go either up or down) to the achievement of annual targets for two selected sustainability key performance indicators related to environmental rating and health and safety. The first extension option of one year has been exercised by Airbus and approved by all banks except one. Save for this bank, the new maturity of the sustainability-linked Revolving Syndicated Credit Facility is 5 July 2028. Going forward, the Company will continue to maintain a prudent approach when it comes to managing its liquidity, with the objective of maintaining its robust credit rating.

- The war in Ukraine and armed conflicts

Local or regional wars or armed conflicts may pose risks to the Company's operations, supply chain (relating to the production or movement of materials or goods) and access to commodities. To the extent such events result in reduced demand for air travel or negative impacts on the commercial aircraft market (closing certain routes, disrupting fuel or other critical supplies, or otherwise impinging on air traffic) they could reduce demand for the Company's products and services.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022 and the resulting export control restrictions and international sanctions against Russia, Belarus and certain Russian entities and individuals resulted in disruption to the Company's business, operations (including data management) and supply chain. In response to the export control restrictions and sanctions enacted by the EU, the UK, the US, Canada and other countries, the Company suspended the delivery of aircraft and support services (including spare parts, equipment and software) to sanctioned entities and countries. The Company maintained compliance with all applicable regulations and sanctions on its facilities and operations in Russia. The Representative Office in Moscow was closed in August 2023, while the Airbus Russia affiliate (Airbus RUS) and the Space Division's two joint ventures in Russia (Energia Satellite Technologies and Synertech) are in process of being closed. For additional information on this matter, please refer to "4.6.3 - Legal, regulatory and governance risks - Export controls laws and regulations" below.

The war in Ukraine has likewise increased the Company's exposure to supply chain disruption risk. Part of the titanium used by the Company is sourced from Russia, both directly and indirectly through the Company's suppliers. While geopolitical risks, and associated de-risking activities, are integrated into the Company's titanium sourcing policies, the impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine (including the resulting sanctions), may continue to affect the Company's ability to source certain materials and components, particularly in view of the lead time needed to develop alternative sources. For more details, see "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on key suppliers and subcontractors" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Industrial system adaptation". The Company's business, results of operations and financial condition may continue to be affected by the direct and indirect impacts of the war in Ukraine and response measures thereto.

- COVID-19 or other pandemic risks

While the COVID-19 pandemic, the resulting health and economic crisis and actions taken in response to the spread of the pandemic, including government measures, lockdowns, travel limitations and restrictions which resulted in significant disruption to the Company's business, operations and supply chain have in many ways receded, lingering effects continue to impact the Company's business, operations and supply chain and its ability to deliver products and services. See also "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on key suppliers and subcontractors" below for more information on this matter.

Moreover, a localised or global resurgence of the COVID-19 pandemic or the emergence of another pandemic or widespread human health issue could result in further government measures, lockdowns, travel limitations and restrictions. This could negatively impact demand for air travel and commercial air traffic, thereby impacting the financial health and viability of operators, airlines, lessors and suppliers and adversely affecting the Company's ability to deliver products and services as well as customers' demand for aircraft and their ability to fund and take delivery of such aircraft. See also "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Commercial Aircraft and Helicopter Market Factors" for more information on this matter.

In addition to the aforementioned effects, to the extent a resurgence of COVID-19 was to result in further lockdowns, travel limitations and restrictions, logistical challenges would result that could cause further disruptions to the Company's business, its operations and supply chain and which could adversely affect the Company's ability to deliver products and services as well as customers' ability to take delivery of aircraft. There can be no assurance that the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition will not be materially affected by pandemics or other similar events in the future. Please also refer to the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 2. Macroeconomic Environment, Geopolitical and Financial Market Risks".

4.6.2 Business and operations-related risks

- Commercial aircraft and helicopter market factors

Historically, the Company has experienced that the commercial aircraft market and order intake for commercial aircraft shows cyclical trends, reflecting changes in demand for passenger air travel and air freight, which in turn largely correlate to a range of economic variables, such as GDP growth, private consumption levels and working age population size. Other factors playing an important role in determining the market for commercial aircraft include (i) the average age and technical obsolescence of the fleet relative to new aircraft; (ii) the number and characteristics of aircraft taken out of service and parked pending potential return into service; (iii) passenger and freight load factors; (iv) airline pricing policies and resultant passenger yields; (v) airline financial health; (vi) the availability of third party financing for aircraft purchases; (vii) fuel price evolution; (viii) the regulatory environment; (ix) environmental constraints imposed upon aircraft operations, such as the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation ("CORSIA"), carbon standards and other environmental taxes; and (x) market evolutionary factors such as the volume of business-related travel, the growth of low-cost passenger airline business models, the impact of e-commerce on air cargo volumes or the consolidation of airlines. In the future, other factors (such as the availability of SAF) may impact the market. Geopolitical, global economic and financial market conditions can further amplify these factors. Please also refer to "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks".

The factors described above may have a material impact on the commercial aircraft industry and, therefore, on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. In 2023, the commercial aircraft business of Airbus recorded total revenues of approximately € 47.8 billion - representing approximately 72% of the Company's revenues. For information on revenue by segment, please refer to the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 11. Segment Information". While historically downturns in its commercial aircraft business have been partially mitigated by its defence, space and government activities, the significant growth of the Company's commercial aircraft business relative to its other activities in recent years has significantly diminished this effect.

The commercial helicopter market in which the Company operates has shown cyclical trends and could also be influenced by factors listed above. In 2023, with 715 bookings identified, the overall market was back to its pre-pandemic levels. In comparison with 2022, this represents a slight increase of 1%. From 2022 to 2023 the demand for helicopters increased in most of the mission segments, including aerial work, public services, emergency medical services (EMS) and energy. Market demand decreased substantially in the commercial passenger transport and private and business aviation segments. There was a significant increase in demand for Super Medium, Light Twin and Medium Twin helicopters driven by the strong rebound in the energy segment and by the demand of the EMS segment.

For further information on risks relating to specific commercial aircraft and helicopter programmes, please refer to "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Programme-specific risks".

- Sales financing arrangements

In support of aircraft sales and deliveries, the Company may from time to time participate in financing solutions for its customers. From 2021 through 2023, the average number of aircraft delivered in respect of which financing support has been provided by Airbus amounted to approximately 1% of the number of deliveries over the same period. Airbus has a policy to sell-down such financing exposure when market conditions are sufficiently favourable, and to not hold such exposure over the longer term.

The risks arising from the Company's sales financing activities may be classified into two categories: (i) credit risk, which relates to the customer's ability to perform its obligations under a financing arrangement, and (ii) aircraft residual value risk, which primarily relates to unexpected decreases in the future value of aircraft. Defaults by its customers or significant decreases in the value of the financed aircraft in the resale market may materially adversely affect the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company's sales financing arrangements expose it to credit risk and aircraft residual value risk, because it generally retains security interests in aircraft for the purpose of securing customers' performance of their financial obligations to the Company. Under adverse market conditions, the market for used aircraft could become illiquid and the market value of used aircraft could significantly decrease below projected amounts. In the event of a financing customer default at a time when the market value for a used aircraft has unexpectedly decreased, the Company would be exposed to the difference between the outstanding loan amount and the market value of the aircraft, net of ancillary costs (such as maintenance and remarketing costs, etc.). Through the Airbus Asset Management department or as a result of past financing transactions, the Company is the owner of used aircraft, exposing it directly to fluctuations in the market value of these used aircraft.

In addition, the Company has "backstop" commitments to provide financing related to orders on the Company's and ATR's backlog. The Company's sales financing exposure could rise in line with future sales growth depending on agreements reached with customers and the market conditions at such time. The Company remains exposed to the risk of defaults by its customers or significant decreases in the value of the financed aircraft in the resale market, which may have a negative effect on its future financial condition and results of operations.

- Counterparty credit

In addition to the credit risk relating to sales financing as discussed above, the Company is exposed to credit risk to the extent of non-performance by its counterparties for financial instruments, such as hedging instruments (US$ 67.1 billion nominal value at 31 December 2023) and cash investments (€ 23.2 billion nominal value at 31 December 2023). However, the Company has policies in place to avoid concentrations of credit risk and to ensure that credit risk exposure is limited.

Counterparties for transactions in cash, cash equivalents and securities as well as for derivative transactions are limited to highly-rated financial institutions, corporates or sovereigns. The Company's credit limit system assigns maximum exposure lines to such counterparties, based on a minimum credit rating threshold as published by Standard & Poor's and Moody's (and if neither is available, Fitch Ratings are used). Besides the credit rating, the limit system also takes into account fundamental counterparty data, as well as sector and maturity allocations and further qualitative and quantitative criteria such as credit risk indicators.

The counterparty credit exposure of the Company is reviewed on a regular basis and the respective limits are regularly monitored and updated. In addition to monitoring the Company's overall credit exposure, the Company regularly analyses counterparty credit exposure in terms of its potential contribution to unexpected losses. As of 31 December 2023 the Company's credit exposure had been estimated as follows (in € million) ⁽¹⁾ :

Source of risk	Exposure	Unexpected Loss Contribution
Banks	3,823 ⁽²⁾	41
Corporates	6,119	134
Sovereign issuers	832	7
Money market funds	12,399	20
Total	23,173	202

⁽¹⁾ Not audited.
⁽²⁾ Does not include the nominal value of hedging instruments

The Company also seeks to maintain a certain level of diversification in its portfolio between individual counterparties as well as between financial institutions, corporates and sovereigns in order to avoid an increased concentration of credit risk on only a few counterparties.

However, there can be no assurance that the Company will not lose the benefit of certain derivatives or cash investments in the event of a systemic market disruption. In such circumstances, the value and liquidity of these financial instruments could decline and result in a significant impairment, which may in turn have a negative effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

Moreover, the progressive implementation of new financial regulations and adjustments to existing regulations may have an impact on the business model of banks (as did, for example, the split between investment banking and commercial banking activities) and on the capital structure and cost of such banks' activities in relation to over-the-counter derivatives, and therefore will have consequences on the funding, central clearing and collateralisation of over-the-counter derivatives for corporations like the Company. This may ultimately increase the cost and reduce the liquidity of the Company's long-term hedges, for example, as banks seek to either pass on the additional costs to their corporate counterparties or withdraw from low-profit businesses altogether.

- Pension commitments

The Company participates in several pension plans for both executive and non-executive employees, some of which are underfunded. As at 31 December 2023, the provision for retirement plans and similar obligations amounted to €2.7 billion (compared to € 2.9 billion as at 31 December 2022). For information related to these plans, please refer to the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 31. Post-Employment Benefits". The Company has recorded a provision in its balance sheet for its share of the underfunding measured in accordance with IFRS based on current estimates. These estimates will be reviewed annually and, as the case may be, revised leading the Company to record lower or higher provisions.

Necessary adjustments of such provisions include but are not limited to (i) the discount factor (dependent in part on interest rates) and the inflation rate applied to calculate the net present value of the pension liabilities, (ii) the performance of the asset classes which are represented in the pension assets, (iii) behavioural assumptions regarding beneficiaries, and (iv) additional cash injections contributed by the Company from time to time to the pension assets. The Company has taken measures to reduce potential losses on the pension assets and as a long-term objective to better match the characteristics of the pension assets with those of the pension liabilities. Nevertheless, any required additional provisions would have a negative effect on the Company's total equity (net of deferred tax), which could in turn have a negative effect on its future financial condition.

- Cyber security risks

The Company's extensive information and communications systems, industrial environment, products and services are exposed to cyber security risks. Cyber security threats are continually and rapidly changing and scenarios of attacks are becoming more sophisticated.

The Company is exposed to a number of different cyber security risks, directly or through its supply chain, arising from actions that may be intentional and hostile, accidental or negligent. Some of the objectives of an attacker are espionage, to influence, to create an obstacle to functioning, or to extract payment. The main cyber security risks for the Company are intrusion in systems leading to data leakage, attacks impacting the resilience of industrial systems and compromising the development, use or operation of products and services.

All of the above-mentioned risks are heightened in the context of the increasingly common use of digital solutions by the Company (including greater use of cloud services, mobile devices, "internet of things"), increasingly capable adversaries and integration with the extended enterprise. Risks related to the Company's industrial control systems, manufacturing processes and products are growing with the increase of interconnectivity and digitalisation. Moreover, a primary challenge is maintaining an appropriate level of security of complex and legacy industrial systems to face attacks from hackers, who are constantly and rapidly improving their techniques and skills. Further, the Company is subject to data privacy laws in many jurisdictions, a violation of which (whether accidentally, or through a deliberate internal or external act) could result in legal, reputational, commercial, financial or other consequences for the Company.

Finally, the Company is exposed to reputational damage and destabilisation from the growing volume of false and malicious information injected into the media and social networks.

The Company continues to make significant efforts to prevent such risks from materialising. Targeted investments will reduce but not eradicate likelihood and impact through strengthening the business' cyber protection and resilience.

The materialisation of one or several of such risks could lead to severe damage, including but not limited to significant financial loss, need for additional investment, contractual or reputational performance degradation, loss of intellectual property, loss of business data and information, operational business degradation or disruptions, and product or services malfunctions. Loss of personal data may result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities including significant fines and penalties.

- Physical security, hybrid threats, regional conflict and other catastrophic events

Regional conflicts, terrorist attacks, public health crises (such as the global COVID-19 pandemic), and rising military and civil tensions have demonstrated that such events may negatively affect public perception of air travel, which may in turn reduce demand for air travel and commercial aircraft. The outbreak of wars, riots or political unrest or uncertainties including those resulting in economic effects such as recession, unemployment or an acute increase of cost of living may also negatively affect the public's desire to travel by air. Furthermore, major aircraft accidents may have a negative effect on the public's or regulators' perception of the safety of a given class of aircraft, a given airline, a form of design of aircraft or of air traffic management. Flight activity ramp-up requires particular focus on safety aspects such as removing aircraft from storage and pilot training. As a result of such factors, the aeronautic industry may be confronted from time to time with events leading to sudden, short-term or prolonged reduced demand for air transport, and may be compelled to take additional costly security and safety measures. The Company may, therefore, suffer from a decline in demand for all or certain types of its aircraft or other products, and the Company's customers may postpone delivery or cancel orders.

In addition to affecting demand for its products, catastrophic events on a wider scale or events targeting the Company in particular could disrupt the Company's internal operations, supply chain or its ability to deliver products and services. Disruptions may take the form of direct disruptions to the supply chain (including transportation networks), threats to infrastructure and public services, personnel and physical security, and may arise through terrorism or other deliberate malicious acts, regional conflict and civil unrest, natural disasters or incidents of another nature. In addition to purely physical incidents, "hybrid" incidents (i.e. combining cyber and physical) may occur, such as for example coordinated disruptions of air traffic utilising drones. The effects of these events may be amplified if they happen on single points of failure (SPOFs), therefore dedicated identification and mitigation measures are maintained in this regard. Any resulting impact on the Company's production, services or information systems could have a significant adverse effect on the Company's operations, financial condition and results of operations as well as on its reputation and on its products and services.

- Dependence on key suppliers and subcontractors

The Company is dependent on the performance of numerous suppliers and subcontractors who provide the raw materials, parts, assemblies, systems, equipment and services required for the Company to manufacture and deliver its products. These suppliers and subcontractors' financial health and ability to meet their contractual obligations may be negatively impacted by a variety of commercial factors, including the availability and cost of financing, the cost and availability of energy and raw materials (including steel and titanium and other key inputs), the ability to attract, train and retain a suitably skilled workforce, the ability to acquire certain non-commodity materials and components (such as semiconductors and electronic components) in the required quantity and time frame and at a viable cost, disruptions to transport and logistics networks and cyber security threats. Further, macroeconomic or local economic factors (including economic recessions and inflation), geopolitical conflicts causing economic or logistical disruptions, changes or tightening of export controls and other trade regulations, sanctions and embargoes, and other legal or regulatory issues (including environmental regulations) may negatively impact suppliers' and subcontractors' viability and ability to meet their contractual obligations. Many of the aforementioned factors continue to be exacerbated by the lingering effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. For additional information on risks that may impact our suppliers and contractors, and their ability to deliver, please also refer to: "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - Global economic conditions", "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - The war in Ukraine and armed conflicts", "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - COVID-19 or other pandemic risks" and "4.6.3 - Legal and regulatory risks (in relation to international trade, tariffs, and sanctions).

In the context described above, changes to the Company's production or development schedules may impact suppliers and customers such that they initiate contractual claims for financial compensation or they do not fulfil their on time and on quality delivery commitments. This may have a negative effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

As the Company's global sourcing footprint extends, some suppliers (or their sub-tier suppliers) may have production facilities located in countries that are exposed to socio-political unrest, natural disasters or sanctions imposed by governmental authorities, which could interrupt deliveries. This may have a negative effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company.

The Company cannot fully protect itself from non-performance of a supplier, including in case of external factors beyond its control, which could disrupt production and in turn may have a negative effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. Nevertheless, the Company is striving to improve its supply chain resilience and has implemented a robust governance to prevent, anticipate and monitor supply chain disruption risks and efficient management of issues.

- Industrial system adaptation

The Company is currently engaged in adapting its industrial setup as it progresses towards its targeted commercial aircraft production rates. In view of the complex environment in which it operates, the Company faces challenges as it ramps up to reach its targeted rates. The Company monitors the ramp-up capabilities of the value chain (including the supply chain) for all commercial aircraft programmes. Issues arising across the value chain (including the supply chain), whether relating to raw materials, subcontracted work packages, fixtures (such as cabin equipment, buyer-furnished or otherwise), or other elements, could threaten the success of the ramp-up effort. Likewise, factors within the Company, such as human resources (right-sizing headcount and acquiring or developing the specific skills and competencies required to support the Company's ramp-up, and training and reskilling the existing workforce), resource allocation and adaptation to the complex and evolving operating environment present challenges for the Company in executing the ramp-up. While the Company is attempting to mitigate potential downside outcomes in part by building up levels of resilience to production disruptions and delays (such as by increasing inventories or certain key inputs), achieving the targeted production ramp-up depends not only on the Company effectively executing its plans, but also depends on external factors beyond the Company's control. Failing to reach the targeted production ramp-up may have a negative effect on the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. For more details on specific programme risks, see "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Programme-Specific Risks" below.

- Technologically advanced products and services

The Company offers its customers products and services that are technologically advanced, so the design and manufacturing and the components and materials utilised can be complex and may require substantial integration and coordination along the supply chain. In addition, most of the Company's products must function under demanding operating conditions. Throughout the lifecycle of its products, the Company performs checks and inspections, which may result in modifications, retrofits or other corrective actions, each of which may have an adverse effect on production, operations, in-service performance and may result in financial repercussions for the Company. There can be no assurance that the Company's products or services will be successfully developed, manufactured or operated or that they will perform as intended. Certain of the Company's contracts require it to (i) forfeit part of its expected profit, (ii) receive reduced payments, (iii) provide a replacement launch or other products or services, (iv) provide cancellation rights, or (v) reduce the price of subsequent sales to the same customer if its products fail to be delivered on time or to perform adequately. No assurances can be given that performance penalties or contract cancellations will not be imposed should the Company fail to meet delivery schedules or other measures of contract performance, in particular with respect to newer programmes and developments or those which are subject to more extensive updates throughout their life. For more details on programme-specific risks, see "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Programme-Specific Risks" below.

In addition to the risk of contract cancellations, the Company may also incur significant costs or suffer loss of revenues in connection with any remedial actions required to correct performance issues detected in its products or services. Moreover, to the extent that a performance issue is considered to have a possible impact on safety, regulators could suspend authorisation of the affected product or service.

Any significant problems with the development, manufacturing, operation, performance or safety of the Company's products and services could have a significant adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations as well as on the reputation of the Company and its products and services.

- Dependence on public spending and on certain markets

In any single market, public spending (including defence and security spending) depends on a complex mix of political and geopolitical considerations and budgetary priorities, and may therefore be subject to significant fluctuations from year to year and country to country. Any termination or reduction of future funding, or cancellations or delays impacting existing contracts may have a negative effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. In instances where several countries undertake to enter together into defence or other procurement contracts, economic, political or budgetary constraints in any one of these countries may have a negative effect with respect to the execution of, or the performance and payment under such contracts.

The Company has a geographically diverse backlog. Adverse economic and political conditions, as well as downturns in broad economic trends in certain countries or regions, may have a negative effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations, not only with respect to those regions but also globally, due to complex economic interdependencies. See also "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - Global economic conditions" of this Board Report for more information on this matter.

- Availability of government and other sources of financing

Historically, the Company and its principal competitors have each received various types of government financing with respect to product research and development. However, no assurances can be given that government financing will continue to be made available in the future. Moreover, the availability of other outside sources of financing will depend on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the Company's credit ratings, as well as the possibility that lenders or investors could develop a negative perception of the Company's long- or short-term financial prospects if it incurred large losses or if the level of its business activity decreased due to an economic downturn. The Company may, therefore, not be able to successfully obtain additional outside financing on appropriate terms, or at all, which may limit the Company's future ability to make capital expenditures, fully carry out its research and development efforts and fund operations. For additional information on this matter, please refer to also "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - Global economic conditions" and "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - Liquidity", "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Major research and development programmes".

- Competition and market access

The markets in which the Company operates are highly competitive. With regard to the Company's commercial aircraft business for aircraft with more than 150 seats, the Company today operates in a competitive duopoly. In China, however, a local competitor's large aircraft (single aisle) received its type certificate in September 2022 from the Chinese authorities, with its first aircraft having gone into commercial operation during 2023 serving the Chinese domestic market. The Company therefore also faces competition from a third player, in China only, as the Chinese certification has not yet been recognised by regulators outside of China. The design, development and production of commercial aircraft involves high barriers to entry, including certification requirements, large investment needs, skilled competencies, access to technology and long development cycles. Although the two main market participants for aircraft with more than 150 seats have secured significant order backlogs, market competition could further increase (through the further entry of new competitors or the launch of new products or services), which could have a negative impact on the Company's revenues, future financial condition and results of operations.

More broadly, new players are operating or seeking to operate in the Company's existing markets, which may impact the competitive structure and profitability of these markets. In addition, enterprises with different business models and alternative technologies could substitute the Company's services and some of its products or component parts thereof. With respect to certain markets or products, competitors may have more extensive or more specialised engineering, manufacturing, support and marketing capabilities, and these competitors may develop the capability to manufacture products or provide services similar to those of the Company, in direct competition with the Company, which could have a negative impact on the Company's revenues, future financial condition and results of operations. There can be no assurance that the Company will maintain its position in the market or compete successfully in the future, or that competition with respect to its products or services will not result in reduced revenues, market share or profit.

In addition, the contracts for many aerospace and defence products are awarded, implicitly or explicitly, on the basis of home country preference or geopolitical considerations. Although the Company is a multinational company (which helps to broaden its "home" market), it may remain at a competitive disadvantage in certain countries, especially outside of Europe, relative to local competitors with respect to certain products. The strategic importance and political sensitivity of the aerospace and defence industries means that political considerations will play a role in the choice of many products and services for the foreseeable future. Further, the contracts for many aerospace and defence products and services are from time to time associated with offset or localised obligations. The Company may face difficulties to meet such obligations (especially with respect to engaging local country assets) while and at the same time optimising its industrial base and supply chain. Please also refer to "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on public spending and on certain markets".

- Major research and development programmes

The business environment of many of the Company's principal operating business segments is characterised by extensive research and development costs requiring significant up-front investments with a high level of complexity. For the year 2023, research and development expenses were € 3.3 billion (compared to € 3.1 billion for 2022 and € 2.7 billion for 2021).

Due to the technologically advanced and complex nature of the Company's products and the long period (including ramp up time) it takes to produce them, the business plans underlying such investments often entail a long payback period to recoup these investments and assume a certain level of return over this period in order to justify the initial investment. There can be no assurance that the commercial, technical and market assumptions underlying such business plans will be met, and consequently that the payback period or returns contemplated therein will be achieved.

Successful development of new programmes also depends on the Company's ability to attract and retain engineers and other professionals with the technical skills and experience required to meet its specific needs. Demand for such employees may, depending on the current labour market, often exceed supply, resulting in intense competition for qualified professionals. The Company's global attrition rate in 2023 was 4.1% overall (including subsidiaries) (compared to 5.0% in 2022 and 7.4% overall in 2021). There can be no assurance that the Company will attract and retain the personnel it requires to conduct its operations successfully and in particular to attract and retain engineers and other professionals with the technical skills and experience required for its research and development programmes. Failure to attract and retain such personnel or an increase in the Company's employee turnover rate could negatively affect the Company's ability to successfully execute its research and development programmes, and more generally could negatively affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

The Company's sustainability ambitions for its future generations of aerospace products face significant technological, skills and industrial challenges. These ambitions require cross industry and cross government collaboration to address the technological risks that need to be overcome. For more detailed information see "4.6.4 - Environment, human rights, health & safety risks - Climate-related risks" below.

The Company continues seeking to further its development in sustainable technologies. This commitment directs a significant proportion of its longer-term technology research efforts for future products and services, and is based on solving complex problems backed by exploring multiple technology pathways. Realisation of this ambitious programme is achieved with the help of national research funding through frameworks such as CORAC (France), LUFO (Germany), ATI (UK), CDTI (Spain) and Horizon Europe, which enable the Company and the wider aviation ecosystem to mature and develop required key competencies and technologies. The loss or absence of such funding could negatively affect the Company's ability to successfully execute its research and development programmes and could negatively affect its future prospects. For further details, please refer to section "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Availability of government and other sources of financing".

No assurances can be given that the Company will achieve the anticipated level of returns from any of its research and development programmes and other development projects, which may negatively affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations and competitiveness.

- Acquisitions, divestments, joint ventures and strategic alliances

As part of its business strategy, the Company may acquire or divest businesses and/or form joint ventures or strategic alliances. Executing acquisitions and divestments can be difficult and costly due to the complexities inherent in integrating or carving out businesses, technologies or products and the related operations and human resources. There can be no assurance that any of the businesses that the Company may acquire or divest will be integrated or carved out successfully and in the planned time frame or that they will perform as planned and deliver the expected synergies or cost savings once integrated or separated. In addition, regulatory or administrative requirements, opposition by social partners or other stakeholders, or other contractual or financial market conditions can prevent transactions from being finalised. Each acquisition, divestment, joint venture and strategic alliance is highly specific in its nature, purpose, risks and opportunities. The Company identifies risks through a detailed and systematic due diligence process and addresses identified risks through price mitigation and/or appropriate and specific contractual mechanisms (such as indemnification provisions), in each case reflecting extensive negotiations with the sellers/buyers and/or partners. The Company's business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially affected if any of these transactions are not successfully completed or do not produce the expected benefits.

- Public-private partnerships and private finance initiatives

Governmental customers may request proposals and grant contracts under schemes known as public-private partnerships ("PPPs"). PPPs differ substantially from traditional defence equipment sales, as they often incorporate elements such as:

―	the provision of extensive operational services over the life of the equipment;
―	continued ownership and financing of the equipment by a party other than the customer (such as the equipment provider);
―	mandatory compliance with specific customer requirements pertaining to public accounting or government procurement regulations; and
―	provisions potentially allowing for the service provider to seek additional customers for unused capacity.

The Company is party to PPP and private finance initiatives ("PFI") contracts: for example two UK Ministry of Defence projects, Skynet 5 and related telecommunications services, and the AirTanker ("FSTA"). One of the complexities presented by PFIs lies in the allocation of risks and the timing thereof among different parties over the lifetime of the project.

There can be no assurance regarding the extent to which the Company will efficiently and effectively (i) compete for future PFI or PPP programmes, (ii) administer the services contemplated under such contracts, (iii) finance the acquisition of the equipment and the ongoing provision of services related thereto, or (iv) access the markets for the commercialisation of excess capacity. The Company may also encounter unexpected political, budgetary, regulatory or competitive risks over the duration of PPP and PFI programmes, which tend to be of long duration. For further details, please refer to section "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Availability of government and other sources of financing".

- Programme-specific risks

In addition to the risk factors mentioned above, the Company also faces programme-specific risks that could have a material impact on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

The Company faces certain main challenges across its commercial programmes, including:

―	commercial adaptation to achieve planned production rate increases while maintaining high safety and quality standards, including focus on regulatory obligations such as our Production Organisations Approval;
―	monitor and support the supply chain with a specific focus on certain key suppliers, including engine manufacturers (with respect to the availability and maturity of both production and in-service engines, including the effect of required updates and maintenance cycles) and producers of key elements such as wings, aeroframe components, and other production elements for which sufficient alternative suppliers are not available; and
―	protect priority projects and deliver developments as per plan in an environment of increased certification scrutiny and greater complexity, including A321XLR, A220, ACJ TwoTwenty, A350 Freighter, A350-1000 Sunrise project, and Digital (DDMS and Skywise).

A320 Family programme. In view of demand for the A320 Family the Company has announced a gradual increase in production for the upcoming years, with a monthly production rate of 75 A320 Family aircraft being targeted in 2026. Reaching this production rate will depend in part on the success of our industrial adaptation and the performance of our suppliers. For additional information, see "4.6.2 -Business and operations-related risks - Industrial system adaptation" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on key suppliers and subcontractors". The Company proactively and constantly monitors the manufacturing backlog (including the internal and external supply chain (including engines)), so as to ensure readiness for further rate adaptations in accordance with demand evolution, to minimise inventory levels, and to secure aircraft storage capacity.

In connection with the A320 Family programme, the Company faces the following additional key specific challenges: keeping A321XLR development on-track (including A321XLR certification with primary airworthiness authorities), and adapting and upgrading our industrial system and capability to meet market demands (including adapting to the evolving product mix within the family, where the Company currently anticipates a significant increase in A321 production). Market demand for A320 Family aircraft and production and supply chain capabilities will continue to evolve in the next few years, which the Company will continue to closely monitor, with high-risk areas within the supply chain (including engine maturity and availability in service, and other key elements cited above in the first section of this risk factor) being subject to particular scrutiny.

A350 programme. In view of market demand, the Company is targeting a monthly production rate of 10 A350 Family aircraft in 2026. Reaching this production rate will depend in part on the success of our industrial adaptation and the performance of our suppliers. For additional information, see "4.6.2 -Business and operations-related risks - Industrial system adaptation" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on key suppliers and subcontractors". The Company proactively and constantly monitors the manufacturing backlog (including the internal and external supply chain (including engines)), so as to ensure readiness for further rate adaptations in accordance with demand evolution, to minimise inventory levels, and to secure aircraft storage capacity.

In connection with the A350 programme, the Company faces the following additional key specific challenges: matching production rates to market demand while supporting the supply chain and managing lead-times from corresponding suppliers, reducing recurring costs to improve competitiveness in view of the strong competition in the widebody market, and delivering on major programme developments (such as the A350 Freighter development and A350-1000 Sunrise project). The Company will continue to closely monitor these challenges, with high-risk areas in the supply chain (including engines and other key elements) and competitiveness topics being subject to particular focus.

A330 programme. In view of market demand, the Company is targeting a monthly production rate of 4 A330 Family aircraft in 2024. Reaching this production rate will depend in part on the success of our industrial adaptation and the performance of our suppliers. For additional information see "4.6.2 -Business and operations-related risks - Industrial system adaptation" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on key suppliers and subcontractors". The Company proactively and constantly monitors the manufacturing backlog (including the internal and external supply chain (including engines)), so as to ensure readiness for further rate adaptations in accordance with demand evolution, to minimise inventory levels, and to secure aircraft storage capacity.

In connection with the A330 programme, the key specific challenges facing the Company are maintaining product competitiveness in the widebody market segment, and monitoring (and where necessary supporting) the supply chain. The ongoing industrial and product improvements of the programme progressed well during 2023, however the Company will continue to place particular focus on high-risk areas in the supply chain (including engines and other key elements) and competitiveness topics.

A220 programme. In view of market demand, the Company is targeting a monthly production rate of 14 A220 Family aircraft in 2026. Reaching this production rate will depend in part on the success of our industrial adaptation and the performance of our suppliers. For additional information, see "4.6.2 -Business and operations-related risks - Industrial system adaptation" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on key suppliers and subcontractors". The Company proactively and constantly monitors the manufacturing backlog (including the internal and external supply chain (including engines)), so as to ensure readiness for further rate adaptations in accordance with demand evolution, to minimise inventory levels, and to secure aircraft storage capacity.

In connection with the A220 programme, the key specific challenges the Company faces are to secure the planned cost reduction trajectory (focusing particularly on recurring costs), and to maintain a book-to-bill ratio above one, in order to fill current open slots. The Company will continue to place particular focus on high-risk areas in the supply chain, including engine maturity and availability in service, as well as the challenging and competitive environment in which it must attract, train and retain a skilled workforce.

A380 programme. In connection with the A380 programme, the Company faces the following main challenges: secure ageing fleet in-service support for the next decades and long-term competitiveness.

Medium helicopters range (H145, H160, H175). These programmes face industrial and production ramp-up challenges.

NH90 programme. Risk of termination of Norway's contract for 14 NH90 helicopters (13 of which have already been delivered) following receipt of notice of termination dated 9 June 2022. Parties are engaged in a mediation process with a target to reach an amicable settlement. For further information, please refer to the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 12. Revenue and Gross Margin".

Defence and Space programmes -generally. Defence projects and many major satellite, space and other projects are dependent on public spending and government financing, and due to their complexity, they are particularly subject to development risk. For additional information, see "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Dependence on public spending and on certain markets", "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Availability of government and other sources of financing" and "4.6.2 - Business and operations-related risks - Technologically advanced products and services".

A400M programme. Whilst the Company is still in final negotiation to sign the contract amendment that leads to a new baseline for the programme, risks remain on the qualification of technical capabilities and associated costs, on aircraft operational reliability, on cost reductions and on securing overall volume as per the revised baseline. For further information, please refer to the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 12. Revenue and Gross Margin".

Eurodrone. Due to the complex nature of this programme, its design and development is particularly challenging, and many hurdles remain to its successful progress.

Border security. In connection with a legacy border security project, the Company faces the following main challenges: meeting the schedule and cost objectives taking into account the complexity of the local infrastructures to be delivered and the integration of commercial-off-the-shelf products (radars, cameras and other sensors) interfaced into complex system networks; assuring efficient project and staffing; managing the rollout including subcontractors and customers. Negotiations on change requests in this respect along with schedule re-alignments remain ongoing. The Company continues to engage with its customer to agree a way forward on this contract. The outcome of these negotiations could result in significant further financial impacts.

Launchers. In light of the delayed launch of Ariane 5's successor, Ariane 6, the Company faces a challenge related to Europe's lack of independent access to space in the short-term.

4.6.3 Legal, regulatory and governance risks

The Company faces various legal and regulatory risks, as described in this section and elsewhere in this Board Report. In addition, the Company operates in a complex geopolitical and economic environment in which it needs to respond to the interests of its various stakeholders while maintaining focus on its operational priorities. In certain contexts, the interests of individual stakeholders or groups of stakeholders may diverge from those of the Company. Reconciling such situations may demand the time and focus of the Company's management, potentially distracting management's attention from operational priorities and jeopardising the performance of the Company, which could have a negative effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

- Legal and regulatory proceedings

The Company is currently engaged in a number of active legal and regulatory proceedings. For further information, please refer to "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 38. Litigation and Claims".

The expiration in 2023 of the three-year deferral period under the agreements reached in 2020 with the UK Serious Fraud Office ("SFO"), France's Parquet National Financier ("PNF"), and the US Departments of State ("DoS") and Justice ("DoJ"), relating to their investigations into the Company - which resulted in a fine totalling € 3.6 billion plus costs to the French, UK, and US authorities - was followed by dismissal of the charges with prejudice by the respective authorities under each of their domestic laws. For further information about the investigation and related securities litigation, please refer to "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 38. Litigation and Claims" ("Investigation by the UK SFO, France's PNF, US Departments of State and Justice and Related Commercial Litigation" and "Securities Litigation").

The Company is regularly involved in civil and commercial disputes and litigation, and governmental or regulatory investigations, proceedings or inquiries, and expects to continue to spend time and incur expenses in connection therewith (regardless of their ultimate outcome), which may divert the efforts and attention of management from normal business operations. Although the Company is unable to predict the outcome of these types of proceedings, it is possible that they will result in the imposition of damages, fines or other remedies, which could have a material effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. An unfavourable outcome to any of these proceedings could also negatively impact the Company's stock price and reputation.

In addition, the Company is from time to time subject to government inquiries and investigations of its business and competitive environment due, among other things, to the heavily regulated nature of its industry. Such inquiries and investigations may cover matters relating to, among other topics, anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and regulations, export control laws and regulations, data privacy laws, securities law, international trade law (including tariffs and import duties), and competition law. An adverse decision in any such matter could have a material effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition to the risk of an unfavourable ruling against the Company, any such inquiry or investigation could negatively affect the Company's reputation and its ability to attract and retain customers and investors, which could have a negative effect on its business, results of operations and financial condition. For further details, please also refer to section "6.1.14 - Business Integrity".

- Anti-corruption laws and regulations

The Company is required to comply with applicable anti-bribery laws and regulations in jurisdictions around the world where it does business. To that end, an anti-corruption programme has been put in place that seeks to ensure adequate identification, assessment, monitoring and mitigation of corruption risks. Despite these efforts, ethical misconduct or non-compliance with applicable laws and regulations by the Company, its employees or any third party acting on its behalf could expose it to liability or have a negative impact on its reputation and business.

The Company may be subject to administrative, civil or criminal liabilities including significant fines and penalties, as well as suspension or debarment from government or non-government contracts for a period of time. The Company may also be required to modify its business practices and compliance programme and/or have a compliance monitor imposed on it. Any one or more of the foregoing could have a significant adverse effect on the Company's reputation and its business, results of operations and financial condition.

- Export controls laws and regulations

The ability to successfully obtain export licences is critical for the Company. Airbus relies on government export authorisations to deliver products and services to its customers worldwide, and also to receive parts, raw materials and services from its suppliers. Products the Company designs and manufactures for military use may be restricted or subject to licensing and export control requirements, notably by the UK, France, Germany and Spain, where the Company carries out its principal activities relating to military products and services, as well as by other countries where suppliers are based, including but not limited to the US. Commercial products also may be subject to dual-use licensing requirements and restrictions, particularly in certain markets, such as China. There can be no assurance that (i) the export controls to which the Company is subject will not become more restrictive, (ii) new generations of the Company's products will not also be subject to similar or more stringent controls or (iii) geopolitical factors or changing international circumstances will not make it impossible to obtain export licences for one or more clients or constrain the Company's ability to perform under previously signed contracts. Reduced access to export markets may have a significant adverse effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Operating worldwide, the Company must comply with sanctions laws and regulations implemented by transnational, national and regional authorities. Depending on geopolitical considerations, including national security interests and foreign policy, there is a risk that at any time new sanctions regimes may be set up or the scope of existing ones may be widened, which may have an immediate impact on the Company's activities. This has been well illustrated in the context of the war in Ukraine, where the imposition of international export control restrictions targeting the aviation and space sectors resulted in Airbus suspending deliveries, the provision of services and the supply of spare parts to customers in Russia. The Company continues to carefully monitor the evolution of the Ukraine-related export control restrictions and broader sanctions and will adapt to these developments as required. For additional information on this matter, please refer to "4.6.1 - Geopolitical, global economic and financial market risks - The war in Ukraine and armed conflicts".

The Company seeks to comply with all relevant laws and regulations. However, even unintentional violations or failure to comply could result in suspension of the Company's export privileges, or preclude the Company from bidding on certain government contracts (even in the absence of a formal suspension or debarment). Furthermore, the Company's ability to market new products and enter new markets may be dependent on obtaining government certifications and approvals in a timely manner, highlighting the importance of robust compliance and a strong, trust-based relationship with its regulatory authorities.

- Dependence on joint ventures and minority holdings

The Company generates a proportion of its results through various consortia, joint ventures, partnerships and other equity holdings. The Company recognises its share in the results of its equity holdings in the proportion of the stake held. In 2023, the Company's total share of result from these arrangements amounted to € 267 million (compared to € 134 million in 2022, € 40 million in 2021, € 39 million in 2020 and € 299 million in 2019). The Company's individually material joint ventures are ArianeGroup (50%), MBDA (37.5%) and ATR GIE (50%). For further information, please refer to the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements - Note 9. Investments Accounted for under the Equity Method" and "- Note 15. Share of Profit from Investments Accounted for under the Equity Method and Other Income from Investments".

The formation of joint ventures, consortia, partnerships or equity participations and other cooperative ventures with other market players is an important element of the Company's strategy, and the proportion of sales generated from such arrangements could rise in future years. This strategy may from time-to-time lead to changes in the organisational structure or realignment in the control of the Company's existing consortia, joint ventures, partnerships and other equity holdings.

The Company exercises varying and evolving degrees of control in the consortia, joint ventures and equity holdings in which it participates. While the Company seeks to participate only in ventures in which its interests are aligned with those of its partners, the risk of disagreement or deadlock is inherent in a jointly controlled entity, particularly in those entities that require the unanimous consent of all members with regard to major decisions and specify limited exit rights. The other parties in these entities may also be competitors of the Company, and thus may have interests that differ from those of the Company.

- Product liability and warranty claims

The Company designs, develops and produces a number of high-profile products of large individual value, particularly civil and military aircraft and space equipment. The Company is subject to the risk of product liability and warranty claims in the event that any of its products fails to perform as designed. While the Company believes that its insurance programmes are adequate to protect it from such liabilities, no assurance can be given that claims will not arise in the future or that such insurance coverage will be adequate in every instance or circumstance. Some types of claimed damages, such as punitive, exemplary or moral damages may not be insured or insurable.

The Company follows a policy of seeking to transfer the insurable risk of the Company to external insurance markets at reasonable rates, on customised and sufficient terms and limits, as provided by the international insurance markets. The insurance industry remains unpredictable. There may be future demands to change scope of coverage, premiums and deductible amounts. No assurance can be given that the Company will be able to maintain its current levels of coverage nor that the insurance coverages in place are adequate to cover all significant risk exposure of the Company.

Any problems in this respect may also have a significant adverse effect on the reputation of the Company and lead to a decline in demand for its products and services. Any reputational damage faced by the Company may be exacerbated due to the Company's high profile within its industry.

The Company cannot predict at this time the potential impact of any product liability or warranty claims, as the impact will depend on the nature and size of any such claim.

- Intellectual property

The Company continuously seeks to develop and deliver new products to meet customers' evolving needs, while also improving its existing product lines. Technological innovation has been at the core of the Company's strategy since its creation. The Company's innovations often provide distinct competitive advantages, with many becoming standard in the aircraft industry. In addition, the Company designs, develops and produces a number of high-profile products of large individual value, particularly civil and military aircraft and space equipment. Therefore, intellectual property ("IP") is one of the Company's most valuable assets and the protection of IP is critical to its business.

The Company relies upon patents, copyright, trademark, confidentiality and trade secret laws, and agreements with its employees, customers, suppliers and other parties, to establish and maintain its IP rights in its products, services and operations. In a typical year, the Company files around 800 new priority-establishing patent applications and files globally around 1,600 national patent applications in global markets where it seeks to protect its technology assets. The Company has received patents for around 10,500 individual technologies with nearly 4,000 patents pending. This level of protection is benchmarked against peer and competitor companies and is considered sufficient to protect core, proprietary differentiating technology which has been developed by the Company. Despite its efforts to protect its IP rights, there is a risk that any of the Company's direct or indirect IP rights could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. Further, the laws of certain countries do not protect the Company's proprietary rights to the same extent as the laws in Europe and the US. Therefore, in certain jurisdictions the Company may be unable to protect its proprietary technology adequately against unauthorised third-party copying or use, which could adversely affect its competitive position. The Company may also face lack of certainty with respect to IP rights for existing or new research and development programmes and established or potential partnerships with private or public organisations, academic institutions and research councils, charities and government departments, where the relevant IP frameworks or user-rights/ownership governing those relationships is dependent on the UK's former status as a member state of the European Union.

In the event the Company is unable to adequately procure and protect critical IP, it could negatively impact the Company's implementation of its business strategy, and could negatively affect the Company's future prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The Company has been accused of infringement on occasion and may have additional claims asserted against it in the future. These claims could harm its reputation, result in financial penalties or prevent it from offering certain products or services which may be subject to such third-party IP rights. Any claims or litigation in this area, whether the Company ultimately wins or loses, could be time-consuming and costly, could harm the Company's reputation or could require it to enter into licensing arrangements (and the Company might not be able to enter into such licensing arrangements on acceptable terms). If a claim of infringement were successful against it, an injunction might be ordered against the Company, causing further losses. There are currently no significant claims of IP infringement pending against the Company. Minor claims and pre-dispute matters commonly settle outside of formal legal proceedings or during initial stages of such proceedings.

4.6.4 Environment, human rights, health & safety risks

- Climate-related risks

Climate change may have a major impact on both the Company's industrial operations and its upstream and downstream value chain, including directly on aircraft operations and on the wider air transport ecosystem, along with a strong influence on regulations and on stakeholders expectations. Accordingly, climate-related risks could materially affect the Company's business and competitiveness, its customers and other elements of the aviation industry.

The Company uses the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") to categorise, manage and report on its climate-related risks. Accordingly, the Company has strengthened its ERM risk identification process for climate-related risks by incorporating climate scenario analysis, and uses the following TCFD risks categories for managing and reporting:

Transition risks

―	Technology
―	Market
―	Policy and legal
―	Reputation

Physical risks

―	Acute
―	Chronic

The scope of the climate-risk identification exercise comprises the entire Company - including its Divisions - and the upstream and downstream value chain. Following TCFD recommendations and in pursuit of continuous improvement, during 2023 the Company has updated its climate change scenario analysis. It uses a range of different temperature scenarios (1.5°C, well-below 2°C and >3°C) to represent different climate realities based upon the global scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ("IPCC" - Assessment Report 6 ("AR6")) and the International Energy Agency ("IEA").

The scenario analysis is used to identify financial and operational risks and opportunities related to climate change that may begin to impact the Company in the short-term ("ST", around 2025), medium-term ("MT", around 2035) and long-term ("LT", around 2050) so that the Company can work to increase the resilience of its assets and operations in order to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

The climate scenarios used in the updated analysis in 2023 are briefly described below:

1.5°C	Aggressive mitigation - Limiting warming to 1.5°C - Based on IPCC Assessment Report 6 (AR6) Scenario Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)1-1.9 / Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) by the International Energy Agency (IEA) which reflects the ambition of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement)
	This is a very ambitious scenario that limits global warming to 1.5 °C by the end of the century. In this scenario the global energy sector achieves net-zero CO ₂ emissions by 2050 and the world reaches the objective of the Paris Agreement. Developed countries (e.g., including those within the European Union) accelerate in decarbonisation. Societies adopt practices to enable the required levels of reduction of emissions, including increasing investment in and development of technologies that could reduce emissions of the transport sector in developed countries and limit emissions growth in developing countries. Policies to decarbonise are introduced immediately (2020s), with these policies diverging across sectors and regions and differing in both the timing of their deployment and their reach.
	Mitigation strategies implemented worldwide and across sectors include: (i) transitioning from fossil-based energy to very low or zero-carbon sources including hydrogen and high density biofuels for aviation; (ii) carbon capture utilisation and storage is used in remaining fossil-fuels facilities; (iii) improvements in energy efficiency are implemented (however additional mitigation technologies for aviation are required); (iv) both nature- and technology-based Carbon Dioxide Removals ("CDR") are deployed to the levels required to neutralise global residual GHG emissions; and (iv) countries implement measures towards restricting demand for transport services while supporting the shift to more energy efficient and low carbon intensive products and transport modes.
	Severe weather events are more frequent, but the world has avoided the worst consequences of climate change.
WB 2°C	Strong mitigation - Warming limited to well-below ("WB") 2°C - Based on IPCC Scenario AR6 SSP1-2.6 / Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS) Scenario by the International Energy Agency - Paris Agreement
	This scenario assumes a more gradual approach in the introduction of climate mitigation actions, limiting global warming to well-below 2°C by the end of the century. Net-zero emissions are achieved around or after 2070. In this scenario the same socio-economic trends presented in the scenario limiting 1.5°C are maintained but economic and social development progress is slower and the environment experiences further degradation.
>3°C	Disorderly mitigation - Warming exceeding 3°C - Based on IPCC Scenario AR6 SSP5-8.5
	This is the highest emissions scenario and worst-case scenario in temperature increase. This scenario assumes current levels of CO ₂ emissions and greenhouse gases will almost double by 2050. The world economy grows rapidly, but this growth is driven by fossil fuel exploitation and very high-intensive lifestyles. This scenario is characterised by high economic challenges and high social negative impacts and challenges for specific societies to mitigation as well as low socio-economic challenges to adaptation. The scenario particularly explores the limits to adaptation and the climate physical risks that may impact the Company's operations and its value chain. On the mitigation side, in this scenario the pursuit of CO ₂ removal and other climate engineering practices would be more likely given the high challenges to mitigation.

The results of the Company's climate scenario analysis has led to the identification of the following risks:

Climate-related risks:

―

Transition - Technology: Emergence of disruptive technologies from competition and low availability of renewable and low-carbon energy

Delivering on existing commitments and potential future requirements to mitigate climate impacts will require significant investments in new technologies for the commercial aircraft sector, making the delivery of low-emission technologies a significant marker of future competitiveness. A competitor or new market participant could have access to technological developments unavailable to the Company that offer significantly lower emissions at a faster pace than the Company and its partners, resulting in a loss of market share and competitiveness with resulting reduced revenue. The imperative for the Company to develop new technologies faster than other actors in the market will require substantial research and technology (R&T) and research and development investments. Coupled with the need to sustain high investments to spur technological innovation, the Company has identified risks linked to the availability of renewable and low-carbon energy. First, there is the risk of low volumes in absolute terms, due to insufficient investments in renewable or low-carbon energy (including through the sustainable transformation of available biomass). Second, the risk that even if total volumes are approaching sufficiency in absolute terms, the aviation sector is unable to, access sufficient volumes, leading to a risk of a slower than expected substitution of fossil fuel energy and low uptake of the new solutions and products to be developed by the Company, and resulting in lower or longer returns on invested R&D.

―

Transition - Market: Impact of market measures and their development on demand for the Company's products

Accommodating new types of aircraft that respond to the aviation sector's decarbonisation objectives requires an ecosystem that is ready. For instance, the development of future products based on the ZEROe concepts will require significant investments in both products and supporting infrastructure, which could directly impact the operating costs of such a product. Consequently, the absence of measures to stimulate robust hydrogen, synthetic fuels and biofuels supply infrastructure and adapted procedures to ensure efficiency and safety of operations could mean that the ecosystem will be unable to accommodate the Company's future products, notably resulting in significant development costs incurred and a risk of compromising the investments made if customers are unable or unwilling to purchase products that cannot be widely operated within the available infrastructure and procedures. Moreover, the competitiveness of this next generation product will also strongly depend, among other factors, on the evolution of the price of CO ₂ emissions. A high price on CO ₂ may impact the demand for aircraft relative to competitors' portfolios and could result in the loss of market share for the Company relative to its competitors. The Company's business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially affected if the Company does not, at each step of development of its future products, account for market expectations while ensuring its products stay affordable for customers and competitive with respect to competitors' portfolios.

―	Transition - Policy and legal: Climate-related regulations and restrictions - divergence in regulatory framework Aviation and aerospace are complex industries, with long product development cycles and where change takes a long time to be implemented. A rapid evolution of climate related policies (such as the EU zero-pollution communications) and regulatory frameworks (CO ₂ standards, sustainable finance, emissions trading systems, aircraft operation restrictions, among others) could generate fast-changing requirements and could obstruct new product development pathways. In particular for aviation, as it is a global industry, policies and regulations implemented at national or regional rather than international level, or these evolving at a different speed depending on the region, could result in a negative impact on the competitive conditions for manufacturers and aircraft operators. This could result in a loss of competitiveness for the Company and reduced demand for its products.
―	Transition - Reputation: Change in behaviours, perceptions and societal expectations Reputational risks could be divided into several categories. Firstly, there is a risk that negative perceptions about the Company's environmental performance could be used as key decision-making criteria for consumers, investors, or even new talents. Secondly, there is a risk that the Company's reputation could be damaged by growing societal concerns about the climate change impact of aviation or by the lack of transparency on progress made to address climate-related issues. As an example, the Company was the first manufacturer to disclose its ambition to bring a hydrogen-powered aircraft to the market. If the ambition is perceived as unattainable or if the Company is not able to deliver on its ambition, this could result in reputational damage leading to less investment, loss of revenues and reduced attractiveness. A similar situation could occur if the Company's environmental performance is not on par with its expressed ambition.
―	Physical - Acute: Extreme weather events may impact the Company's products and its operations The foreseen consequences of climate change include more frequent extreme weather events, such as drought, dust storms, extreme temperatures, extreme winds, flood, hail storms, landslides, hurricanes, tornadoes, cyclones and wildfires. These could negatively impact the Company's products and its operations (including but not limited to route delays and safe aircraft operations), land assets and infrastructure as well as employees' safety (and people's safety generally). The above consequences and impacts may result in production or other operational disruptions leading to lost revenues, reduced profits, and losses. This could result in the need for additional modifications to the Company's products in order to meet more stringent safety needs, as well as requiring changes to industrial operations and procurement strategy, leading to increased operational and production costs and the consequential costs of adapting the Company's insurance coverage.
―	Physical - Chronic: Consequences of long-term changing weather patterns that may cause sea level rise, water scarcity, chronic heat waves, chronic cold, increased industrial asset, infrastructure and operations costs, and reduced labour productivity and employee health The foreseen consequences of climate change include long-term shifts in climate patterns (e.g., change in precipitation patterns, ice/permafrost melt, ocean acidification, sustained higher temperatures, sea level rise, water stress or chronic heat waves). Such changes may cause an accelerated degradation of the Company's industrial infrastructure and assets (buildings, tools, hardware), may reduce the availability of operational resources and may interrupt logistics flows, therefore impacting the Company's manufacturing activities. In addition, the change in environmental conditions could also negatively impact the performance of products in operation and negatively impact the health and safety of the Company's employees. This may result in the need for additional modifications to the Company's products, as well as to industrial operations and procurement strategy, leading to increased costs and the adaptation of the Company's insurance coverage.

Based on a qualitative analysis, the Company has estimated the probability of risk or opportunity materialisation. It has also performed a preliminary internal assessment, using data from the Company's ERM system, as to which climate-related risks may involve the most significant financial impacts in the future. The results (as of the publication date of this document) are displayed in the following table.

- Regulated chemicals

Ongoing evolution of the chemicals' regulatory framework may lead to short and long-term potential bans and restrictions, and to the extent alternative solutions are unavailable, could result in business disruption across the Company's value chain.

Laws and regulations designed to protect human health and the environment are in force across the jurisdictions in which the Company operates, and are continually evolving to address topics (such as permitted composition, traceability, disposal and the minimisation or elimination of various substances). As the Company pursues new technologies and innovation, certain regulated chemicals may become more important to the Company in the future, thereby increasing the Company's risk of disruption in this area. Currently, the Company is subject to the risk of chemicals obsolescence (due to changes in law or regulation), which could result in disruptions to the supply chain or the Company's operations if suitable replacements are not available in a timely manner.

In order to reduce the use of "targeted" (i.e. more regulated) substances and mitigate the risk of disruption in its operations and supply chain, the Company's policy is to pursue the development of alternative technologies that use substances of less concern, and substitution of these when suitable alternatives meeting stringent certification and airworthiness criteria are available for deployment. Complementary to this effort towards substitution, digital solutions are being developed to improve traceability of regulated substances in the Company's products, from the early design steps down to the end of life.

- Regulatory risks

The Company's costs associated with environmental, human rights, health and safety challenges may increase due to both increased costs of compliance with regulations relating to those areas, as well as reputational and litigation risks.

Given the scope of its activities and the industries in which it operates, the Company is subject to stringent environmental, human rights, health and safety laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions around the world. The Company therefore incurs, and expects to continue to incur, significant operating costs and capital expenditures to comply with increasingly complex laws and regulations in this area, particularly those covering the protection of the natural environment, as well as those relating to occupational health and safety and human rights. Moreover, new laws and regulations, the imposition of tougher licensing requirements or stricter enforcement of or new interpretations of existing laws and regulations may cause the Company to incur increased operating costs and capital expenditures in the future, which could have a negative effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

Health and safety expenditures include investments in the identification and the prevention, elimination or control of physical and psychological risks to people arising from work, including chemical, mechanical and physical agents, in light of applicable regulations. Risks that could arise from work activities include the possibility of injury, physical and mental ill-health, damage to equipment, business interruption and regulatory action. Any reputational risk and claims against the Company that may result will also need to be managed and may lead to additional health and safety expenditure being required.

Environmental protection expenditures include costs to prevent, control, eliminate or reduce emissions to the environment, waste management, obligations relating to the content of the Company's products, and reporting and warning obligations. Current trends indicate that regulatory pressure to reduce the environmental footprint of industry is steadily growing (with an emphasis on circular economy and resources efficiency, energy transition and climate change engagement, air and water quality improvement), and the Company's ongoing efforts to comply with its regulatory obligations will result in additional costs to the Company.

If the Company fails to comply with environmental, human rights, health and safety laws and regulations (even if caused by factors beyond its control), such failure may result in civil or criminal penalties and fines. Regulatory authorities may require the Company to conduct investigations and undertake remedial activities, curtail operations or close installations or facilities temporarily to prevent imminent risks. In the event of an industrial accident or other serious incident, employees, customers and other third parties may file claims for ill-health, personal injury, or damage to property or the environment (including natural resources). Further, liability under some environmental, human rights, health and safety laws can be imposed retrospectively, on a joint and several basis (i.e. each entity fully liable for the entire claim), and in relation to contaminated sites, without any finding of non-compliance or fault. These potential liabilities may not always be covered by insurance, or may be only partially covered. The obligation to compensate for such damages could have a negative effect on the Company's business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the various products manufactured and sold by the Company must comply with relevant health, safety and environmental laws (for example those designed to protect customers and downstream workers or communities, and laws relating to chemical substances and preparations) in the jurisdictions in which they are operated. Although the Company seeks to ensure that its products meet the highest quality standards, increasingly stringent and complex laws and regulations, new scientific discoveries, delivery of defective products or the obligation to notify or provide regulatory authorities or others with required information (such as under the European Union Regulation known as "REACH", which addresses the production and use of chemical substances) may force the Company to adapt, redesign, redevelop, recertify and/or eliminate its products from the market, thereby incurring significant additional costs. See for instance "4.6.4 - Environment, human rights, health & safety risks - Regulated chemicals". Authorities may seize defective products, and the Company may incur administrative, civil or criminal liability (also see "4.6.3 - Legal, regulatory and governance risks - Product liability and warranty claims"). Any issues in respect of health, safety and environmental laws may also have a significant adverse effect on the reputation of the Company and lead to a decline in demand for its products and services.

Regardless of compliance with applicable laws and regulations, the Company's reputation and demand for its products and services may be affected by public perception of the environmental and societal impacts of the Company's products in operation (such as the emission of greenhouse gases or noise) and of the impacts of the Company and its supply chain and industrial operations on local communities, on the environment and on air and water quality. For more details, see "4.6.4 Environment, human rights, health & safety risks - Climate-related risks".

The Company cannot predict at this time the potential impact on it that could result from environmental, human rights, health and safety matters, and it may be adversely affected by them in the manner described above or in manners that are not currently foreseen. For further information on sustainability-related risks, see "6.1 - Non-Financial Information".

5. Financial statements

The Airbus SE IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with International Reporting Standards ("IFRS").

5.1 IFRS consolidated financial statements

Please refer to the "Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements" and the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements" for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022.

IFRS Consolidated Income Statement

Please refer to the "Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Income Statement" for the years ended 31 December 2023 and 2022.

Revenues

Revenues increased 11 percent year-on-year to € 65.4 billion (2022: € 58.8 billion). A total of 735 commercial aircraft were delivered (2022: 661 ⁽¹⁾ aircraft), comprising 68 A220s, 571 A320 Family, 32 A330s and 64 A350s. Revenues generated by Airbus' commercial aircraft activities increased 15 percent, mainly reflecting the higher number of deliveries. Airbus Helicopters' deliveries were stable at 346 units (2022: 344 units) with revenues rising 4 percent, reflecting the overall performance across programmes and services. Revenues at Airbus Defence and Space increased 2 percent, mainly driven by Military Air Systems and Connected Intelligence, offset by some updated Estimates at Completion of certain Space programmes. A total of 8 A400M military airlifters were delivered (2022: 10 aircraft).

¹⁾ After a reduction of two aircraft previously recorded as sold in December 2021 for which a transfer was not possible due to international sanctions against Russia.

EBIT and Financial Result

EBIT Adjusted - an alternative performance measure and key indicator capturing the underlying business margin by excluding material charges or profits caused by movements in provisions related to programmes, restructuring or foreign exchange impacts as well as capital gains/losses from the disposal and acquisition of businesses - was € 5,838 million (2022: € 5,627 million).

EBIT Adjusted related to Airbus' commercial aircraft activities increased to € 4,818 million (2022: € 4,600 million), reflecting the higher deliveries and a more favourable hedge rate, partially offset by investments for preparing the future. FY 2022 included the non-recurring positive impacts from retirement obligations and compliance-related topics partly offset by the impact resulting from international sanctions against Russia, while in H1 2023 provisions were released for € 0.1 billion from compliance-related topics.

The A220 ramp-up continues towards a monthly production rate of 14 aircraft in 2026, with a focus on the programme's industrial maturity and financial performance. On the A320 Family programme, production is progressing well towards the previously announced rate of 75 aircraft per month in 2026. In 2023, construction of the second A320 Final Assembly capacities in Tianjin (China) and Mobile (US) commenced and the new A320 Family Final Assembly Line in Toulouse delivered its first aircraft in December. The first customer A321XLR entered into the Final Assembly Line in December, with entry-into-service for the aircraft type expected to take place in Q3 2024.

On widebody aircraft, the Company continues towards a monthly rate of 4 aircraft for the A330 in 2024 and rate 10 in 2026 for the A350.

Airbus Helicopters' EBIT Adjusted increased to € 735 million (2022: € 639 million), reflecting the strong performance across programmes and services. FY 2022 also included net positive non-recurring elements.

EBIT Adjusted at Airbus Defence and Space decreased to € 229 million (2022: € 384 million). The decrease reflects € 0.6 billion charges resulting from the update of Estimates at Completion of certain Space programmes, partially mitigated by the performance of the rest of the business. FY 2022 included some non-recurring elements, notably from the loss of two Pleiades Neo satellites.

On the A400M programme, development activities continue towards achieving the revised capability roadmap. Retrofit activities are progressing in close alignment with the customer. In 2023, an additional update of the contract estimate at completion has been performed and a net charge of € 41 million recorded. Risks remain on the qualification of technical capabilities and associated costs, on aircraft operational reliability, on cost reductions and on securing overall volume as per the revised baseline.

EBIT (reported) amounted to € 4,603 million (2022: € 5,325 million), including net Adjustments of € -1,235 million.

These Adjustments comprised:

―	€ -1,030 million related to the dollar working capital mismatch and balance sheet revaluation, of which € -224 million were in Q4. This mainly reflects the phasing impact arising from the difference between transaction date and delivery date;
―	€ -89 million related to the Aerostructures transformation, of which € -32 million were in Q4;
―	€ -41 million related to the A400M programme, of which € -41 million were in Q4;
―	€ -75 million of other costs including compliance, of which € -19 million were in Q4.

The financial result was € 166 million (2022: € -250 million). It mainly reflects a positive impact from the revaluation of certain equity investments. Net income was € 3,789 million (2022: € 4,247 million) with reported earnings per share of€ 4.80 (2022: € 5.40).

Revenue and EBIT (reported) by Business Segment

	Revenues			EBIT (reported)
(In € million)	2023	2022	Change	2023	2022	Change
Airbus	47,763	41,428	+15%	3,610	4,800	-25%
Airbus Helicopters	7,337	7,048	+4%	717	639	+12%
Airbus Defence and Space	11,495	11,259	+2%	220	(118)	-
Eliminations	(1,149)	(972)	-	56	4	-
Total	65,446	58,763	+11%	4,603	5,325	-14%

IFRS Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

Please refer to the "Airbus SE - IFRS Consolidated Statement of Financial Position" at 31 December 2023 and 2022.

Intangible Assets and Property, Plant and Equipment

Intangible assets increased by € +161 million to € 16,929 million (2022: € 16,768 million). Intangible assets mainly relate to goodwill of € 13,141 million (2022: € 13,165 million). Based on management's best estimate, there is no impact on the useful life of capitalised development costs resulting from the Company's journey towards sustainable aerospace.

The annual impairment tests performed in 2023 led to no impairment charge.

Property, plant and equipment increased by € +696 million to € 17,201 million (2022: € 16,505 million). Property, plant and equipment include right-of-use assets for an amount of € 1,641 million as of 31 December 2023 (2022: € 1,746 million).

Investments Accounted for under the Equity Method

Investments accounted for under the equity method increased by € +161 million to € 2,228 million (2022: € 2,067 million). They mainly include the equity investments in ArianeGroup, MBDA and ATR GIE.

Other Investments and Other Long-Term Financial Assets

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Other investments	2,798	2,641
Other long-term financial assets	1,921	1,549
Total non-current other investments and other long-term financial assets	4,719	4,190
Current portion of other long-term financial assets	795	665
Total	5,514	4,855

Other investments mainly comprise the Company's participations and include the remaining investment in Dassault Aviation (9.90%, 2022: 9.90%) amounting to € 1,483 million at 31 December 2023 (2022: € 1,309 million).

Other long-term financial assets and the current portion of other long-term financial assets include other loans in the amount of € 2,601 million as of 31 December 2023 (2022: € 2,129 million), and the sales financing activities in the form of finance lease receivables and loans from aircraft financing. The increase is mainly reflecting additional loans in Airbus bank.

Inventories

Inventories of € 33,741 million (2022: € 32,202 million) increased by € +1,539 million. This is mostly driven by work in progress, raw materials and manufacturing supplies resulting in inventory build up to support the ramp-up, partially offset by less finished goods reflecting higher deliveries. Advance payments made to suppliers increased by € +956 million to € 6,001 million (2022: 5,045 million) largely due to payments made to suppliers to support Airbus' ramp-up and de-risk the supply chain.

Provisions

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Provisions for pensions	2,715	3,509
Other provisions	7,113	7,514
Total	9,828	11,023
thereof non-current portion	5,667	6,896
thereof current portion	4,161	4,127

As of 31 December 2023, provisions for pensions amount to € 2.7 billion (2022: € 3.5 billion). The decrease mainly reflects the improved performance on plan assets and additional funding put in place in 2023 partly offset by the decrease of the discount rates in Germany, France, Canada and the UK.

As of 31 December 2023, a non-current asset of € 0.4 billion (2022: € 0.6 billion) is accounted for to reflect the surplus in two pension funds in the UK, the Airbus Section of the participation in BAE Systems Pension Scheme and the Company UK Pension Scheme.

The French pension reform signed into law in April 2023 and accounted for as a plan amendment did not have any material impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other provisions decreased mainly due to the utilisation of provisions for onerous contracts related to the A400M and A220 programmes and the release and utilisation of compliance-related provisions. This is partly offset by additional provisions related to the updates of certain space programmes.

Other Financial Assets and Other Financial Liabilities

Other Financial Assets

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Positive fair values of derivative financial instruments	897	753
Others	25	28
Total non-current other financial assets	922	781
Receivables from related companies	1,252	1,104
Positive fair values of derivative financial instruments	330	1,141
Others	269	297
Total current other financial assets	1,851	2,542
Total	2,773	3,323

Other Financial Liabilities

	31 December
(In € million)	2023 2022
Liabilities for derivative financial instruments	2,859	6,163
European Governments' refundable advances	3,671	3,717
Others	185	23
Total non-current other financial liabilities	6,715	10,117
Liabilities for derivative financial instruments	1,891	3,450
European Governments' refundable advances	185	140
Liabilities to related companies	183	186
Others	310	297
Total current other financial liabilities	2,569	4,073
Total	9,284	14,190

The total net fair value of derivative financial instruments increased by € +4,196 million to € -3,523 million (2022: € -7,719 million) as a result of the reduction of the volume of financial instruments and the weakening of the US dollar.

In 2023, the European Governments' refundable advances remained stable at € 3,856 million (2022: € 3,857 million).

The allocation of European Governments' refundable advances between non-current and current presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements ended 31 December 2023 is based on the applicable contractual repayment dates.

Other Assets and Other Liabilities

Other Assets

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Cost to fulfil a contract	468	337
Prepaid expenses	129	149
Others ⁽¹⁾	1,257	1,386
Total non-current other assets	1,854	1,872
Value added tax claims	1,600	1,732
Cost to fulfil a contract	460	448
Prepaid expenses	174	161
Others ⁽¹⁾	463	509
Total current other assets	2,697	2,850
Total	4,551	4,722

⁽¹⁾ As of 31 December 2023, other assets include € 874 million of payments to be made to Airbus by suppliers after aircraft delivery (2022: € 673 million). They are recorded as a reduction of cost of goods sold at the time of aircraft delivery. These future payments are discounted to reflect specific contractual terms and repayment profile.
As of 31 December 2023, a non-current asset of€ 373 million (2022: € 642 million) is accounted for to reflect the surplus in two pension funds in the UK. The change of € -269 million is mainly explained by actuarial losses on pension obligations from financial assumptions of € -204 million and from experience adjustments of€ -75 million as well as the actuarial losses related to the performance of assets of€ -124 million. It is partly offset by the contributions to plan assets of€ 163 million.

Other Liabilities

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Others ⁽¹⁾	450	498
Total non-current other liabilities	450	498
Tax liabilities (excluding income tax)	740	1,082
Others ⁽¹⁾	2,767	2,721
Total current other liabilities	3,507	3,803
Total	3,957	4,301

⁽¹⁾ "Others" mainly comprises tax (excluding income tax) and personnel liabilities (e.g. Salaries, Social insurance contribution, Liabilities from personnel restructuring).

Total equity

The Company's shares are exclusively ordinary shares with a par value of € 1.00. The following table shows the development of the number of shares issued and fully paid:

(In number of shares)	2023	2022
Issued at 1 January	788,205,008	786,083,690
Issued for ESOP	2,254,426	2,121,318
Issued at 31 December	790,459,434	788,205,008
Treasury shares	(3,037,467)	(647,500)
Outstanding at 31 December	787,421,967	787,557,508

Holders of ordinary shares are entitled to dividends and to one vote per share at general meetings of the Company.

Equity attributable to equity owners of the parent (including purchased treasury shares) amounts to € 17,695 million (2022: € 12,950 million) representing an increase of € +4,745 million. This is mainly due to the net income for the period of € +3,789 million and the mark to market revaluation of the hedge portfolio of € 2,390 million partly offset a dividend payment of€ -1,421 million (1.80 € per share).

The non-controlling interests ("NCI") from non-wholly owned subsidiaries increased to € 35 million as of 31 December 2023 (2022: € 32 million). These NCI do not have a material interest in the Company's activities and cash flows.

Net Cash

The net cash is comprised of the following elements:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Cash and cash equivalents	16,469	15,823
Current securities	1,301	1,762
Non-current securities	7,508	6,013
Gross cash position	25,278	23,598
Short-term financing liabilities	(3,389)	(2,142)
Long-term financing liabilities	(10,202)	(10,631)
Interest rate contracts ⁽¹⁾	(961)	(1,394)
Total	10,726	9,431

⁽¹⁾ The Company has decided to refine the net cash definition to include interest rate contracts related to fair value hedges, which is also reflected in the 2022 balance.

The net cash position on 31 December 2023 amounted to € 10,726 million (2022: € 9,431 million), with a gross cash position of€ 25,278 million (2022: € 23,598 million).

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are composed of the following elements:

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Bank account and petty cash	3,050	3,687
Short-term securities (at fair value through profit or loss)	12,409	11,135
Short-term securities (at fair value through OCI)	1,010	1,001
Total cash and cash equivalents	16,469	15,823

Only securities with a maturity of three months or less from the date of the acquisition, that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and which are subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value, are recognised in cash equivalents.

Cash and cash equivalents have increased by € +0.7 billion from € 15.8 billion at 31 December 2022 to € 16.5 billion at 31 December 2023. They include payments received in advance from certain customers and payments made to suppliers in anticipation.

Securities

The Company's securities portfolio amounts to € 8,809 million and € 7,775 million as of 31 December 2023 and 2022, respectively. The security portfolio contains a non-current portion of€ 7,508 million (2022: € 6,013 million), and a current portion of € 1,301 million (2022: € 1,762 million).

Financing liabilities

	31 December
(In € million)	2023	2022
Bonds and commercial papers	8,250	8,681
Liabilities to financial institutions	323	383
Loans	233	75
Lease liabilities	1,396	1,492
Total long-term financing liabilities	10,202	10,631
Bonds and commercial papers	817	0
Liabilities to financial institutions	1	27
Loans	81	83
Lease liabilities	221	242
Others ⁽¹⁾	2,269	1,790
Total short-term financing liabilities	3,389	2,142
Total	13,591	12,773

⁽¹⁾ Included in "others" are financing liabilities to joint ventures.

Long-term financing liabilities, mainly comprising of bonds and lease liabilities, decreased by € -429 million to € 10,202 million (2022: € 10,631 million), mainly due to bonds reclass to short-term liabilities (EMTN 10 years) partly offset by the increase in the value of bonds.

Short-term financing liabilities increased by € +1,247 million to € 3,389 million (2022: € 2,142 million) mainly due to the EMTN 10 years reclass in long-term financing liabilities and financing liabilities to joint ventures.

Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow before M&A and customer financing - an alternative performance measure and indicator that may be used occasionally by the Company in its financial guidance, especially when there is higher uncertainty around customer financing activities - was € 4,386 million (2022: € 4,680 million), mainly reflecting the level of commercial aircraft deliveries as well as the strong performance in all businesses. Free cash flow - an alternative performance measure and key indicator which allows the Company to measure the amount of cash flow generated from operations after cash used in investing activities - of € 3,885 million (2022: € 4,324 million) included € -65 million for M&A activities and € -436 million of customer financing, mostly related to the planned execution of certain contractual obligations. The gross cash position stood at € 25.3 billion at the end of 2023 (year-end 2022: € 23.6 billion), with a net cash position of€ 10.7 billion (year-end 2022: € 9.4 billion).

Order Intake and Order Book

Gross commercial aircraft orders totalled 2,319 (2022: 1,078 aircraft) with net orders of 2,094 aircraft after cancellations (2022: 820 aircraft). The order backlog amounted to 8,598 commercial aircraft at the end of 2023. Airbus Helicopters registered 393 net orders (2022: 362 units), which were well spread across programmes and corresponds to a book-to-bill ratio above 1 both in units and value. Airbus Defence and Space's order intake by value increased 15 percent to € 15.7 billion (2022: € 13.7 billion), corresponding to a book-to-bill of around 1.4 by value. Fourth quarter orders included 16 C295 aircraft for Spain.

Order intake by value increased to € 186.5 billion (2022: € 82.5 billion) with the order book valued at € 554 billion at the end of 2023 (year-end 2022: € 449 billion). The increase in the backlog value mainly reflects the Company-wide book-to-bill of well above 1, partly offset by the weakening of the US dollar.

Order Intake and Order Book by Business Segment

	Order Intake (net)			Order Book
	2023	2022	Change	2023	2022	Change
Airbus (in units)	2,094	820	+155%	8,598	7,239	+19%
Airbus (in € million)	162,571	59,727	+172%	490,812	390,456	+26%
Airbus Helicopters (in units)	393	362	+9%	804	757	+6%
Airbus Helicopters (in € million)	8,597	9,338	-8%	21,525	20,774	+4%
Airbus Defence and Space (in € million)	15,701	13,660	+15%	42,195	38,426	+10%

5.2 Information on Airbus SE auditors

	Date of first appointment	Expiration of current term of office ⁽¹⁾
Ernst & Young Accountants LLP Boompjes 258 3011 XZ Rotterdam Postbus 488 3000 AL Rotterdam The Netherlands Represented by N.M. Pul	28 April 2016	10 April 2024

⁽¹⁾ (1) A resolution will be submitted to the Annual General Meeting of Shareholders in 2024, in order to appoint Ernst & Young Accountants LLP as the Company's auditors for the 2024 financial year.

Ernst & Young Accountants LLP has a licence from the AFM to perform statutory audits for Public Interest Entities and its representative is member of the NBA (Koninklijke Nederlandse Beroepsorganisatie van Accountants - the Royal Netherlands Institute of Chartered Accountants). The NBA is the professional body for accountants in the Netherlands.

6. Non-financial information and other corporate activities

6.1 Non-financial Information

6.1.1 The Company's approach to sustainability

I. Purpose

The Company's purpose is to "pioneer sustainable aerospace for a safe and united world". The Company designs, manufactures and delivers aerospace products, services and solutions to customers on a worldwide scale helping to create value and drive growth. The Company is aware of its responsibility to society and future generations, and contributes to a number of UN Sustainable Development Goals ("SDGs") through its core business and how it operates.

The Company enables prosperity. Its products help to unite cultures, connect economies, and enable global cooperation and partnership. The Company brings together people and organisations across the globe, physically with its commercial aircraft and helicopters, and virtually with its satellites and connectivity solutions. It mobilises the collective positive impact of its workforce, products and services to tackle societal challenges in partnership with local communities. In addition, the Company works in cooperation with others to maximise its positive impact, playing an active advocacy role, educating the aerospace industry and partnering with other businesses and public sector organisations to develop technology and solutions for the industry to contribute to the transition towards a responsible economy. It is committed to being an economically resilient business that has the financial strength to invest in the future.

The Company is committed to valuing people. Its business is built on a foundation of integrity, safety and quality, applying high standards from design to operation. A key aspect of integrity is respect for human rights. The Company embeds and advances respect for human rights within its business, operations and supply chain. The Company's technology allows its customers to support the protection of lives during conflict and the management of crises to reduce the risk of escalation. The Company's products help to protect citizens, defend sovereignty and advance global security, mindful that there can be no sustainability without security.

The Company strives to respect the planet. It aspires to lead the decarbonisation journey in aerospace. The Company pioneers advanced and disruptive technologies while continuously improving the fuel efficiency of its products. From exploring new aircraft and propulsion technologies and alternatives to fossil fuels such as Sustainable Aviation Fuels ("SAF"), to testing new prototype aircraft concepts powered by hydrogen, the Company is committed to reducing the environmental impact of its products. It is also committed to improving its environmental performance and, for example, to actively reducing emissions through its value chain, cutting on-site waste and increasing the recycling capability of aircraft at the end of their service life. The Company's products and services, such as its Earth-observation technologies, allow it to play its part in addressing climate change, providing insights to help make the planet more resilient.

GENERAL	GRI	SDGs	Others
	2-1 General Disclosures	4,5,8,9, 12, 13, 16, 17	Vigilance Plan
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC Executive Committee supported by topic-focused committees
Commitments to external frameworks	UN Global Compact, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct, UN Sustainable Development Goals
Add. resources ┐ : this symbol indicates a link to an external website	Sustainability on Airbus.com, Airbus Tax Strategy, Shaping the future of aerospace on Airbus.com, airbus scale, earth monitoring and understanding (e.g. climate change monitoring), 2023 ASD Facts Sheet┐, ATAG Benefits Beyond Borders fact sheet┐

II. Indirect contributions

The Company's contribution to a more prosperous and sustainable society goes beyond what it offers directly through its products and services. For example, as an important player in the aviation industry, the Company contributes significantly to SDG 8 - "Decent Work and Economic Growth" - as highlighted through the 2020 Benefits Beyond Borders - global fact sheet, available on the Air Transport Action Group website (latest available figures, reflecting pre-COVID 19 situation):

Economic benefits	87.7 million	$3.5 trillion
	Jobs supported by aviation worldwide	Global contribution to GDP, 2018
		(4.1 % of world economic activity)
	→ 11.3 million direct jobs in the industry:	4.3x
	■ 648,000 at airport operators	Aviation jobs are, on average, 4.3 times more productive than other jobs
	■ 5.5 million in other on-airport jobs
	■ 3.6 million at airlines
	■ 1.3 million in civil aerospace
	■ 237,000 at air navigation service providers
	→ 18.1 million jobs supported through the aviation industry supply chain
	→ 13.5 million jobs through induced benefits of industry and employee spending
	→ 44.8 million jobs supported in the tourism industry
		35%
		Worldwide trade by value carried by air transport, 2018 ($6.5 trillion).
		By volume: 0.5%
		17th
		If aviation were a country, it would rank 17th in size by GDP

As a major European defence manufacturer, the Company also has significant economic impact across Europe. According to the AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe, the industry supports over 921,000 jobs across the continent, all contributing to Europe's economic prosperity with €260 billion in annual revenue in 2022.

While the Company contributes to the global economy as a whole, it also contributes to the economic development of the communities where it operates. Full aerospace ecosystems - bringing together academia, research centres and corporations, all with high value-added jobs - often develop around the Company's sites such as those in Toulouse, Hamburg or Bristol. This development is accelerated thanks to the Company's innovation ecosystem such as Airbus Scale: an innovation unit that combines corporate innovation, start-up engagement and company-building activities. Airbus Scale identifies and promotes internal corporate innovation opportunities that can be developed into solutions for the external world, bringing them to market and attracting external investments that could result in spin-offs. This generates value not only for the Company but also for the local communities where these new companies will set up and operate.

III. Sustainability commitments

Furthermore, the Company understands that contributing to a sustainable society is achieved not just through what it does but also how it does it, striving to minimise negative impacts and maximise the positive ones. In order to give direction and focus, in 2020 the Company updated its sustainability strategic framework around the four sustainability priority commitments listed below that also include its value chain in various areas. These commitments are still in place today and are in close connection with the UN SDGs, contributing more specifically to eight of them.

#1 Lead the journey towards clean aerospace	Climate change Pollution Materials and circularity Water Biodiversity	9, 12, 13, 17	6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6
#2 Build our business on the foundation of safety and quality	Product safety Cyber security Health and safety	8, 12	6.1.7 6.1.8 6.1.9
#3 Respect human rights and foster inclusion	Human rights Inclusion and diversity Social dialogue People	4, 5, 8, 16	6.1.10 6.1.11 6.1.12 6.1.13
#4 Exemplify business integrity	Business integrity	16	6.1.14
The Company's four commitments	Related topics (see hereafter)	SDGs	Section

Across each commitment the Company has set key performance indicators ("KPIs") and targets enabling the Company to monitor progress towards these ambitions. These can be found in "6.1.17 - ESG data board", which gathers all reported sustainability metrics. They can also be found in the related sections of this chapter, which is structured around each of the four commitments, completed by two sections which cut across all four commitments, "6.1.15 - Responsible supply chain" and "6.1.16 - Community impact". In addition, EU taxonomy regulatory information is disclosed in section 6.1.19.

Several sources were essential in deciding on the four commitments, including the 2019 materiality assessment which is regularly updated, a benchmark exercise, an analysis of market and regulatory trends, an evaluation of ESG risks in the Company's risk report, a human rights gap analysis and the consideration of the Company's values.

IV. Materiality matrix

The Company updated its materiality assessment in 2022 and used stakeholders ́ inputs to support the ranking of which ESG issues are most material (and would consequently be addressed in the sustainability strategy). The range of ESG topics assessed was defined based on relevant industry and regulatory references, as well as on internal expertise. The results of this 2022 update were captured in a materiality matrix (refer to materiality matrix chart below), which is fundamental in confirming the relevance of the Company's four commitments. It is a three-dimensional matrix:

―	Importance to stakeholders (vertical axis): The Company asked its 12 most important stakeholder groups (see "Stakeholder engagement section below) about their view on how important it is for the Company to address a given topic. Scoring was established by capturing the voice of key stakeholders - including employees, customers, suppliers, investors, social partners - via a survey sent to selected representatives in each category and targeting individuals who are familiar with sustainability matters. Other information was obtained with the support of artificial intelligence (based on analysis of reports, legislation and media sources), capturing the importance of the respective topics in stakeholders' communication. Most information was collected using the Datamaran tool. During the feedback consolidation phase, a greater weight was assigned to critical stakeholders.
―	Potential impact on rightsholders or ecosystems (horizontal axis): the Company evaluated the potential impact of its activities on people and environment - e.g. employees, end users, and local communities. Scoring was established taking into account the scale, scope, remediability and likelihood of risks associated with the topic. This assessment was based on interviews with internal experts in each domain.
―	Impact on the Company or financial materiality (bubble size): The assessment of the potential impact of ESG-related topics on the Company's financial performance took into consideration the degree of risk associated with identified ESG topics. Scoring was derived from the Company's enterprise risk management ("ERM") system and complemented by interviews with representatives from the Company's top management.

The materiality assessment is updated continuously, based on feedback captured from stakeholders in day-to-day business, the outcome of the Company's due diligence - including the analysis of related performance indicators - and the Company's evolving understanding of topics' impacts. In addition, the Company periodically - indicatively every three years - launches an in-depth review where each topic materiality is fully reassessed. The Company started such an exercise in 2023, which is expected to result in an updated materiality matrix in 2024.

V. Stakeholder engagement

The Company is committed to engage in constant meaningful dialogue with its stakeholders, striving for openness, transparency and inclusiveness. Key stakeholder groups, in line with the International Aerospace Environmental Group proposal for the sector include, amongst others, employees, customers, suppliers, industrial partners (including energy providers), social partners, investors, Non Governmental Organisations, authorities / governments / policy makers, industry associations, MRO (maintenance, repair and overhaul) providers, air navigation service providers (ANSPs), airports, and the community at large. The Company endeavours to take the interests of relevant stakeholders - including in connection with the sustainability aspects of the Company's strategy - into account, whereby the Company aspires to treat its stakeholders with respect and dignity and welcomes their perspectives.

In its communications, the Company seeks to use clear and concise language and works to provide stakeholders with sufficient information regarding relevant topics, in a timely manner. The Company attempts to improve its stakeholder engagement processes continuously, including by regularly reviewing and, if necessary, updating the various principles it observes, to ensure that the dialogue remains relevant and effective. If a relevant stakeholder requests dialogue, the Company tries to facilitate this request, unless it does not believe that this would be in the best interest of the Company and its business, in which case the Company may reject such request. In case stakeholder dialogue is already taking place, the Company may terminate such stakeholder dialogue if the Company believes that continuing such dialogue would not be in the best interest of the Company and its business.

The Company's dialogue with its stakeholders, in line with the above-mentioned principles, helps the Company to progress its sustainability ambition. In addition, it has formalised a number of opportunities to exchange more widely with its stakeholders. For instance, beyond materiality assessment, the Company meets at least twice a year with social partners to review sustainability topics (see "6.1.12 - Social dialogue"). It has also established the Airbus Supplier Sustainability Council in 2022 (see "6.1.15 - Responsible supply chain''). It organises other events where sustainability topics are addressed, such as the Capital Market Day and the Airbus Summit, both last held in 2022. Additionally, it participated in numerous events such as air shows or conferences, which fostered dialogue on sustainability matters with a large number of external stakeholders including investors, customers, media, NGOs, institutions, policy makers, and other industry or value chain partners.

VI. Governance

On 1 January 2024, the Company further strengthened sustainability with the creation of a Chief Sustainability Officer (CSO) position. Hence, Julie Kitcher has been appointed CSO and Communications and remains a member of the Executive Committee. In her new role, she continues to assume the governance bodies responsibilities previously taken on as EVP Communications & Corporate Affairs.

Conscious of the strategic importance of sustainability, the Company has defined governance at the highest level. Oversight has been established at the Board of Directors level with the Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee ("ECSC"). For further information about the ECSC, see "4.1 - Corporate Governance - Management and Control". The ECSC is responsible for assisting the Board of Directors to oversee the Company's:

―	Culture and commitment to ethical business, integrity and sustainability;
―	Ethics and Compliance programme, organisation and framework for the effective governance of ethics and compliance, including all associated internal policies, procedures and controls; and
―	Sustainability strategy and effective governance to ensure that sustainability-related topics are taken into account in the Company's strategy and objectives.

Under the Board Rules, the Board of Directors delegates the day-to-day management of the Company to the CEO, who, supported by the Executive Committee, makes decisions with respect to the management of the Company, including sustainability. Alignment between the Board of Directors and the Company leadership team is also supported by the regular attendance of the CSO and Communications, an Executive Committee member, to the ECSC. The Executive Committee has the responsibility to provide top level expectations and direction, while overseeing and validating the sustainability strategy. This entails validating sustainability targets, including those integrated into the Top Company Objectives.

The Executive Committee is supported by several committees or boards linked to the Company's four sustainability commitments:

―	The Sustainability Strategy Committee, which reviews sustainability performance and progress twice a year, aims to ensure alignment across all sustainability topics. It is co-chaired by the CSO and Communications and the Head of Strategy and Public Affairs.
―	The Environment Committee, the Inclusion & Diversity Advisory Board, the Product Safety Board as well as the Occupational Health and Safety Governance Board (created in 2022; see "6.1.9 - Health and Safety"), all chaired by Executive Committee members.
―	The Steering Committees of the Human Rights and Sustainable Supply Chain Roadmaps, both sponsored by Executive Committee members.

Other sustainability topics such as business integrity are brought directly to the attention of the Executive Committee. Where relevant, additional elements of governance linked to specific topics are explained in the governance sections of this report.

Organisation and policy framework. The Sustainability & Environment organisation put in place in January 2020 at corporate level has continued to develop and expand. Its mission continues to focus on:

―	Setting the ambition level regarding the Company's environmental and social commitments;
―	Identifying the levers to achieve this ambition;
―	Identifying means of enabling the business to deliver this ambition across the full value chain;
―	Engaging employees on sustainability;
―	Providing clarity on ambition and progress to internal and external stakeholders;
―	Coordinating with relevant functions the performance and reporting on progress with regards to the four commitments.

While the Sustainability & Environment team has a Company-wide role to provide direction and check regularly on advancements across all sustainability topics, there are for each of those topics (e.g. health and safety, inclusion and diversity, human rights, etc.), related functions, departments or "roadmaps" (multi-functional teams addressing cross-functional sustainability topics) driving their continuous improvement. These teams are for the most part supported by dedicated policies which are referred to in the Company's Code of Conduct - a single reference intended to guide daily behaviour and help employees resolve the most common ethical and compliance issues that they may encounter. The Code of Conduct applies to all Company's employees and directors, regardless of their job title, responsibilities, seniority, or location, within every subsidiary or joint venture where the Company has control.

Incentivisation and remuneration. The Company believes the integration of sustainability criteria into its reward mechanisms is an important enabler for accelerating its sustainability ambition. A sustainability criterion is integrated into the common collective component of the CEO's variable remuneration, accounting for 20%, see "4.4 - Remuneration Report". This principle also applies to the other members of the Executive Committee who do not serve on the Board of Directors, and to a large extent to executives and "Level IV" managers employed at the Company. Other criteria also apply to all employees as summarised below:

Variable remuneration component	Objective / KPI (s)	Weight (s)	Concerned employees
- Collective performance	Health and Safety FR1 Reduction of CO ₂ emission	10% 10%	"Level IV" Managers and Executives (around 4,950 employees)
- Success sharing	Health and Safety FR1	c. 5%	Around 125,000 employees
- Individual performance	Ethics & Compliance Functional sustainability objectives	Over 10% Individualised	All employees entitled to an individual bonus (around 50,000 employees)

VII. Airbus' way forward: vigilance plan

The Company is determined to conduct its business responsibly and with integrity. It is convinced that promoting responsible business conduct within its value chain is key to sustainable growth. The Company's vigilance plan includes measures to identify risks and help prevent severe sustainability-related impacts resulting from the Company's own operations and from its suppliers and other contractors (including subcontractors). As far as its own operations are concerned, the Company has adopted internal policies and management tools to help perform the monitoring, assessment, mitigation and reporting of risk and compliance allegations, which are embedded into the Company's culture and processes. For the Company's vigilance plan for its supply chain, see "6.1.15 - Responsible supply chain - IV. Supply chain vigilance plan", which shall be deemed to be incorporated by reference and form part of this plan.

Enterprise Risk Management and internal audit. With regards to risk management, sustainability risks and opportunities are fully embedded in the Company's ERM system. For further information on ERM, see "4.5 - Enterprise Risk Management System". For further information on the Company's risks, see "4.6 - Risk Factors". Internal audits are also performed regularly across the Company, including on sustainability topics. External audits are performed in line with certification requirements, as detailed in the related material topic sections.

Sustainability competencies and employee engagement. Raising awareness, developing competencies and engaging employees are essential to preventing and mitigating sustainability risks and maximising opportunities. On this matter, the Company offered employees more than 1,000 online and in-person training opportunities in 2023, ranging from ethics and compliance to export control, health and safety, product safety, cyber security, internal controls, inclusion and diversity, quality and customer centricity, sustainability awareness and more. Specific information on training is covered in the related material topic sections.

Affiliates. All of the Company's controlled affiliates are expected to deploy similar internal policies by applying the Company's directives. Through a company-wide single digital handbook, the controlled affiliates access the applicable rules, processes and procedures. Its enforcement is supported by the Directors' training programme which was delivered to 110 people in 2023 over 7 full-day digital sessions, as well as on-boarding sessions performed for newly appointed managing directors of controlled affiliates. The Single Digital Handbook assists those Company affiliates, their directors and officers as well as their respective Boards in effectively fulfilling their responsibilities, while assuring the Company's ongoing commitment to high standards of corporate governance. The Handbook is built on the basis of Company-related internal policies including, but not limited to: the Company's Code of Conduct, International Framework Agreement, Agreement on the European Works Council, Supplier Code of Conduct, Health & Safety Policy, Environmental Policy, the Company's Anti-Corruption Policy and related methods. An online self-assessment is completed on an annual basis by the controlled affiliates to self-assess their internal controls, including how they relate to the environment, health and safety, human resources, governance, finance, procurement and compliance requirements in order to identify any gaps and define remedial action plans as required. Controlled affiliates can update the self-assessment on a quarterly basis based on their progress. Internal verifications are carried out by the respective corporate functions to validate answers and, when gaps are identified, develop improvement measures with controlled affiliates to enhance their conformity level. In 2023, ~250 controlled affiliates were selected to perform such verifications. Fit checks are conducted every three years and more frequently when gaps are identified. The Company's controlled affiliates are also asked to regularly evaluate risks via the Company's ERM system, and to regularly monitor them as part of their risk assessment process.

Risk mapping	Priority risks in the scope of
	the Company	Suppliers
ENVIRONMENT
Climate change	☑	☑
HUMAN RIGHTS
Impacts related to products and services	☑
Impacts related to diverse and inclusive workplaces ^*	☑
Risk of forced labour		☑
Impacts related to sourcing of raw materials		☑
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Exposure to hazardous substances and materials ^*	☑
Working environment ^*	☑
In situ contractor health and safety management ^*	☑
Mental health and wellbeing	☑

^* Includes in situ contractors

Complementing the materiality assessment described further above, the Company reviewed in 2022 and confirmed in 2023 the list of its priority sustainability risks (as shown above) to help prioritise its actions. This process complements, and is fully integrated into, the Company's ERM process. It is based on contributions and inputs consolidated from a wide range of stakeholders and resources. This includes desktop research, interviews with key internal stakeholders and verification with internal and external stakeholders. The human rights risks identified were complemented and cross-analysed with product life cycle assessments - including sectoral inputs - and the Company's top health and safety risks. For more details on risks related to the environment, see "6.1.2 - Lead the journey towards clean aerospace - III. Risk management and IV. Transition Plan -- 1. Industrial Operations". For more details on risks related to human rights, see "6.1.10. - Human rights - III. Risk management and IV. Implementation / activities". For more details on risks related to health and safety, see "6.1.9 - Health and safety - III. Risk management and IV. Implementation / activities"..

Procedures for regularly assessing the situation of relevant subsidiaries, contractors and suppliers. The table below summarises procedures for regularly assessing the situation of relevant subsidiaries, contractors and suppliers. Specific relevant complementary information can be found in the respective topic sections.

	The Company				Suppliers
	ICSA (Self assessment)	Internal assessment / audit	External audits (e.g. ISO)	Management system	Self assessment	Company (or via 3rd party) assessment
Environment	☑	☑	☑ ISO 14001 ⁽¹⁾	☑	☑	☑
Health and Safety	☑	☑	☑ ISO 45001 ⁽²⁾	☑	☑	☑
Human Rights			☑		☑	☑

⁽¹⁾ 87% workforce currently covered, (2) ~25% workforce currently covered

Prevention and mitigation actions: The table below summarises the category of preventive measures per area.

	The Company
	Training	Whistleblowing system (see below)	Code of Conduct	Policies / directives
Environment	☑	☑	☑	☑
Health and Safety	☑	☑	☑	☑
Human Rights	☑	☑	☑	☑

	Suppliers
	Contractual terms and conditions	Whistleblowing system	Supplier Code of Conduct
Environment	☑	☑	☑
Health and Safety	☑	☑	☑
Human Rights	☑	☑	☑

Alert / grievance and whistleblowing mechanism. The Company recognises that the Code of Conduct cannot prevent every situation that may arise, and therefore encourages people -including employees, interns, temporary workers, candidates for employment, shareholders and third parties- to speak-up about concerns related to the Company. Concerns may be raised through various channels, including through OpenLine (available at https://www. airbusopenline.com). OpenLine enables people to submit an alert securely and confidentially. Employees may also report concerns to managers, HRBPs, Ethics & Compliance Representatives, Privacy Focal Points, or Export Control Points of Contact. OpenLine is anonymous where legally permissible. It covers all sustainability topics and is also available to external stakeholders including suppliers. The Company endeavours to ensure that the procedures to assess, investigate and manage allegations are well-aligned throughout the Company. For further information, see "6.1.14 - Business Integrity".

Monitoring system. The table below shows an overview of the monitoring system in place. More detailed descriptions, as well as performance measures and analysis, can be found in the respective topic sections. Moreover, effectiveness of actions is reviewed periodically in the respective topical governance bodies, as well as in the Sustainability Strategy Committee whose scope encompasses all four topics.

	KPIs	Responsible management body	Supervising committee	Controls
Environment > Operations > Use of Products	CO ₂ e Scope 1, 2, Water, Waste Delivered aircraft CO ₂ efficiency metric	S&E Organisation / Environmental Roadmap	Sustainability	ERM, internal audit
Health and Safety	Lost time injury frequency rate	Health and Safety Department	Strategy Committee	ERM, internal audit
Human Rights	Nb of social assessments % of findings closed within 18 months	S&E Department / Human Rights Roadmap		ERM, site social assessments and supply chain assessments
Supply Chain	Nb of identified high risk suppliers % action plan launched	Procurement / Sustainable Supply Chain Roadmap		ERM, external assessments, self assessments

Lead the journey towards clean aerospace

6.1.2 Climate change

I. Introduction

In line with the Company's purpose, "pioneering sustainable aerospace for a safe and united world", and its aim to lead the transition of the air transport sector towards the goal set by IATA, ATAG and ICAO to reach 'net zero carbon emissions by 2050', the Company's foremost ambition is to play a leading role in the decarbonisation of the aviation sector. This includes preparing technologies for the next generation of Single Aisle aircraft to be ready in the second half of the next decade, and bringing the first hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft to the market by the middle of the next decade. The Company also believes sustainable aviation fuel ("SAF") is one of the aerospace industry's key decarbonisation solutions that can be used in both in-service fleets and the flying fleets of tomorrow. In parallel, the Company is investing significant resources into examining and reducing the impact of its products in operation (together with many actors within the aviation sector). Consideration of greenhouse gas ("GHG") emissions throughout the value chain is a key focus for the Company's analysis of its contribution to climate change. The so-called "non-CO ₂"" effects of aircraft operations are also being studied in order to drmine their poetetential climate impact (see Transition plan - Product stewardship).

CLIMATE CHANGE	GRI	SASB			SDGs	Others
	302 Energy 305 Emissions	- Energy Management - Fuel Economy & Emissions in Use-Phase			9-12-13 17	TCFD Vigilance plan
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC Executive Committee / Environment Committee
Related corporate policies	Environmental Policy, Code of Conduct
Management system certifications / labels	EMS - Environmental Management System, ISO14001 - 87% of workforce covered SBTi-validated emission targets
KPIs	Target	2015 baseline	2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022	2023 vs. baseline
CO ₂ e Scope 1 & 2(1) (ktons)	2030: -63% in line with 1.5°C pathway, and neutralising yearly residual emissions	1,119	757	645	-14.8%	-42%
Energy from stationary sources(2) (GWh)	2030: -20%	3,103	2,584	2,534	-1.9%	-18.3%
CO ₂ e Scope 3 intensity Delivered aircraft efficiency intensity (gCO ₂ /km.pax)	2035: -46%	88.8	64.4	62.9	-2.4%	-29.2%
Supply chain CDP engagement	"Maintain at least 75% of sourcing volume of suppliers invited to CDP who have responded"		78%	80.1%	+2.1p.p
Other key metrics (More metrics available in the ESG Data Board)			2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
Scope 3 - Cat 11 - commercial aircraft - SAF as per IEA-SDS scenario (CO ₂ e ktons)			425,454	464,136	+9.1%
Scope 3 - Cat 11 - commercial aircraft - "no SAF" scenario (CO ₂ e ktons)			494,893	548,701	+10.9%
Scope 3 - Cat 11 - other products (incl. military aircraft, helicopters, satellites, CO ₂ e ktons)			10,993	8,646	-21.4%
Scope 3 - Cat 1 - Purchased goods and services (CO ₂e ktons)			10,325	N/A	N/A
CDP rating			A-	A-
Percentage of responding suppliers to the CDP rated A or B			66%	N/A
Remuneration	CO ₂ e performance included in CEO, Executives and "Level IV" managers variable remuneration. Targets (on TCO scope): 2024: 581 ktons CO ₂ e (-3% vs extended scope). 2023 performance: 593 ktons CO ₂ e or -15%.
KPI assumptions	Metrics: see "- 6.1.17 ESG data board"; targets: see "- IV. Transition plan". ⁽¹⁾ CO ₂ equivalent ("CO ₂ e"), Total Scope 1 + Scope 2 CO ₂ emissions "market-based" (location based net of REC); ⁽²⁾ purchased grid electricity and other purchased energies (gas and other stationary fuels)
Additional resources	Environmental Policy Statement, Sustainability on Airbus.com, Environment on Airbus.com, CDP Climate Change Questionnaire on Airbus.com and on CDP website┐, ATAG Waypoint 2050┐, IEA - Aviation report┐, IPCC AR6 report┐, SESAR initiative┐, CEDAR Chair "Chair for Eco-Design of Aircraft" together with ISAE-SUPAERO┐, ATM decarbonisation potential by Eurocontrol┐

Climate change is considered by the Company as a financially material topic and is one of the top Company risks (see risk factors and risk management section hereafter). Impact materiality was also confirmed through the comprehensive Scope 1, 2 and 3 screening completed as part of the Company submitting targets for validation of the Science-Based Target Initiative ("SBTi"), using the recommended Greenhouse Gas Protocol methodology.

While Scope 1 & 2 represent around 0.2% of total emissions each, Scope 3 category 11 - Use of sold products - has been identified as highly material for the Company, representing above 90% of total emissions. The second most material was Category 1 - Purchased goods and services, representing around 2.5% of total emissions (see figures in table below). For those categories, more precise methodological inventories have been developed (see "6.1.17 - ESG data board - Environmental performance").

CO ₂ emissions from commercial aircraft in operation appear to be the most material category. According to both the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), air transport represented over 2% of global man-made GHG emissions in 2022. While this makes the decarbonisation of aircraft operations the absolute priority, addressing emissions from upstream industrial operations, including the Company's own, is also seen as an important objective. In this context, the Company's roadmap to decarbonisation is intrinsically linked to the entire sector. While the Company has a role in developing and providing technical solutions, the concomitant development of adapted ecosystems will also be a key success factor, which the Company intends to facilitate and enable.

In addition, in order to better meet stakeholders' expectations and develop its own climate strategy, the Company adheres to the CDP, SBTi and Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") initiatives. In 2023, the Company's approach to disclosing and addressing its climate change impacts was rated A- by the CDP for the fourth consecutive year (early 2024 release). In addition, the Company has set its first near-term science-based targets to reduce emissions on all scopes, in line with a 1.5°C temperature pathway for its Scope 1 & 2 emissions, which were validated by SBTi in January 2023. The following sections gather information related to the four pillars of the TCFD framework, of which the Company has been a supporter since December 2020.

II. Governance

Environmental policy

The Airbus Environmental Policy is the top level definition of its guiding principles, vision, mission and associated initiatives relating to the environment. The policy applies company-wide, including to affiliates where the Company owns more than half of the voting rights or has the right to appoint the majority of the board directors . The policy also covers the Company's employees and contractors while at the Company's sites or at work under the responsibility of the Company. It takes a holistic approach to measuring and acting upon the Company's environmental performance by assessing the environmental impact of internal operations, as well as providing capabilities to the Company's customers to help reduce the impact of the products in operation. This also means introducing a lifecycle perspective aiming to help in mitigating the risks and impacts at all stages of the life-cycle: from the procurement of raw materials, through the design and manufacturing of products, to their in-service life until their retirement.

Organisation and responsibilities

Two main management structures are relevant for the governance of sustainability matters and climate change: the Board of Directors and the Executive Committee. As mentioned earlier, the Board of Directors is supported by the ECSC. In practical terms, the ECSC, as a committee of the Board of Directors, oversees strategic decision-making and the execution of the approved sustainability strategy, including areas such as innovation and environmental and climate action.

In 2023, the ECSC reviewed and provided guidance on a wide variety of climate-related topics, including climate disclosures, internal strategy related to SBTi Targets and SAF.

To support the Executive Committee in environmental matters, including climate-related matters, an Environment Committee ("EnC") was established in 2019. The EnC is composed of a member of the Executive Committee and senior executives company-wide responsible for environmental topics. It meets every two months to review progress and take decisions on all matters related to environmental strategy. The EnC's review of climate change related topics includes reviewing progress on meeting objectives to reduce GHG emissions, the decarbonisation strategy and climate-related risks.

Environmental operations are led by the Sustainability & Environment organisation (described earlier), whose role is to guide the business on environmental matters and to set the policy and deploy, drive and improve the Environmental Management System ("EMS") throughout the Company.

The Company's EMS is based on ISO 14001:2015. It was recertified in November 2022, and confirmed by certification surveillance audits in 2023. The Company's environmental strategy is implemented operationally by dedicated multi-functional teams at corporate and/or divisional level. These cover topics such as industrial and site impact, product operation, supply chain and chemical substances.

Disclosure of environmental indicators

The Company actively monitors its environmental data throughout the organisation in order to measure the environmental impact of its operations, track its performance and communicate information on environmental matters to internal and external stakeholders. Since 2010, environmental data published by the Company has been verified by external auditors. This data is included in the ESG data board at the end of this section.

Capturing emerging regulatory requirements, stakeholder's expectations and trends

In order to anticipate fast-evolving sustainability regulation, requirements and expectations that could impact its business, a "Sustainability Regulatory Intelligence" team monitors regulatory developments with a view to understanding, evaluating, and preparing for regulatory requirements that may apply to the Company's activities and products. This Sustainability Regulatory Intelligence team covers sustainability-related topics, including environment, human rights and sustainable finance.

Shadow carbon price

The Company has started to use an internal carbon price to support decision making of the Company's CapEx investment taking into account CO ₂ reduction impacts on operations for all Divisions. The price has been set at 150 €/tCO ₂ , signalling to project leaders the importance of CO ₂ footprint reduction and to support consistency of investment decision making with the Company's commitments to decarbonization. From November 2023, the use of the shadow carbon price was extended to current commercial aircraft programmes' product-related major incremental developments to further incentivise carbon efficiency improvements.

III. Risk management

Environmental risks and opportunities are managed following the Company's ERM system. A specific sustainability and environment ERM plan integrates additional requirements, defined within the ISO14001:2015 certified EMS, and provides a set of rules applicable company-wide, to ensure consistent management of environmental risks and opportunities.

Relevant criteria for the evaluation of environmental risks and opportunities include: financial impact, impact on environmental performance, and impact on EMS certification, as well as legal, supply chain and reputational aspects.

Risks and opportunities are reported quarterly to the Executive Committee of the Company and of its Divisions, including climate-related risks. Top risks are consolidated at Company level to be brought to the attention of the Board of Directors and reviewed semi-annually.

Climate-related risks and opportunities

Climate change may have a major impact on both the Company's industrial operations and its upstream and downstream value chain, including directly on aircraft operations and on the wider air transport ecosystem, along with a strong influence on regulations and on stakeholders expectations. Accordingly, climate-related risks could materially affect the Company's business and competitiveness, its customers and other elements of the aviation industry.

The Company uses the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD") to categorise, manage and report on its climate-related risks and opportunities. Accordingly, the Company has strengthened its ERM risk identification process for climate-related risks and opportunities by incorporating climate scenario analysis, and uses the following TCFD risks categories for managing and reporting: .

Transition risks

―	Technology
―	Market
―	Policy and legal
―	Reputation

Physical risks

―	Acute
―	Chronic

Opportunities

―	Market
―	Products and services
―	Energy sources

The scope of the climate-risk identification exercise comprises the entire Company - including its Divisions - and the upstream and downstream value chain.

Following TCFD recommendations and in pursuit of continuous improvement, during 2023 the Company has updated its climate change scenario analysis. It uses a range of different temperature scenarios (1.5°C, well-below 2°C and >3°C) to represent different climate realities based upon the global scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ("IPCC" - Assessment Report 6 ("AR6")) and the International Energy Agency ("IEA").

The scenario analysis is used to identify financial and operational risks and opportunities related to climate change that may begin to impact the Company in the short-term ("ST", around 2025), medium-term ("MT", around 2035) and long-term ("LT", around 2050) so that the Company can work to increase the resilience of its assets and operations in order to mitigate and adapt to climate change.

The climate scenarios used in the updated analysis in 2023 are briefly described below:

1.5°C	Aggressive mitigation - Limiting warming to 1.5°C - Based on IPCC Assessment Report 6 (AR6) Scenario Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP)1-1.9 / Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) by the International Energy Agency (IEA) which reflects the ambition of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Paris Agreement)
	This is a very ambitious scenario that limits global warming to 1.5 °C by the end of the century. In this scenario the global energy sector achieves net-zero CO ₂ emissions by 2050 and the world reaches the objective of the Paris Agreement. Developed countries (e.g., including those within the European Union) accelerate in decarbonisation. Societies adopt practices to enable the required levels of reduction of emissions, including increasing investment in and development of technologies that could reduce emissions of the transport sector in developed countries and limit emissions growth in developing countries. Policies to decarbonise are introduced immediately (2020s), with these policies diverging across sectors and regions and differing in both the timing of their deployment and their reach.
	Mitigation strategies implemented worldwide and across sectors include: (i) transitioning from fossil-based energy to very low or zero-carbon sources including hydrogen and high density biofuels for aviation; (ii) carbon capture utilisation and storage is used in remaining fossil-fuels facilities; (iii) improvements in energy efficiency are implemented (however additional mitigation technologies for aviation are required); (iv) both nature- and technology-based Carbon Dioxide Removals ("CDR") are deployed to the levels required to neutralise global residual GHG emissions; and (iv) countries implement measures towards restricting demand for transport services while supporting the shift to more energy efficient and low carbon intensive products and transport modes.
	Severe weather events are more frequent, but the world has avoided the worst consequences of climate change.
WB	Strong mitigation - Warming limited to well-below ("WB") 2°C - Based on IPCC Scenario AR6 SSP1-2.6 / Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS) Scenario by the International Energy Agency - Paris Agreement
2°C	This scenario assumes a more gradual approach in the introduction of climate mitigation actions, limiting global warming to well-below 2°C by the end of the century. Net-zero emissions are achieved around or after 2070. In this scenario the same socio-economic trends presented in the scenario limiting 1.5°C are maintained but economic and social development progress is slower and the environment experiences further degradation.
>3°C	Disorderly mitigation - Warming exceeding 3°C - Based on IPCC Scenario AR6 SSP5-8.5
	This is the highest emissions scenario and worst-case scenario in temperature increase. This scenario assumes current levels of CO ₂ emissions and greenhouse gases will almost double by 2050. The world economy grows rapidly, but this growth is driven by fossil fuel exploitation and very high-intensive lifestyles. This scenario is characterised by high economic challenges and high social negative impacts and challenges for specific societies to mitigation as well as low socio-economic challenges to adaptation. The scenario particularly explores the limits to adaptation and the climate physical risks that may impact the Company's operations and its value chain. On the mitigation side, in this scenario the pursuit of CO ₂ removal and other climate engineering practices would be more likely given the high challenges to mitigation.

The results of the Company's climate scenario analysis has led to the identification of the following risks and opportunities:

Climate-related risks:

―	Transition - Technology: Emergence of disruptive technologies from competition and low availability of renewable and low-carbon energy Delivering on existing commitments and potential future requirements to mitigate climate impacts will require significant investments in new technologies for the commercial aircraft sector, making the delivery of low-emission technologies a significant marker of future competitiveness. A competitor or new market participant could have access to technological developments unavailable to the Company that offer significantly lower emissions at a faster pace than the Company and its partners, resulting in a loss of market share and competitiveness with resulting reduced revenue. The imperative for the Company to develop new technologies faster than other actors in the market will require substantial research and technology (R&T) and research and development investments. Coupled with the need to sustain high investments to spur technological innovation, the Company has identified risks linked to the availability of renewable and low-carbon energy. First, there is the risk of low volumes in absolute terms, due to insufficient investments in renewable or low-carbon energy (including through the sustainable transformation of available biomass). Second, the risk that even if total volumes are approaching sufficiency in absolute terms, the aviation sector is unable to, access sufficient volumes, leading to a risk of a slower than expected substitution of fossil fuel energy and low uptake of the new solutions and products to be developed by the Company, and resulting in lower or longer returns on invested R&D.
―	Transition - Market: Impact of market measures and their development on demand for the Company's products Accommodating new types of aircraft that respond to the aviation sector's decarbonisation objectives requires an ecosystem that is ready. For instance, the development of future products based on the ZEROe concepts will require significant investments in both products and supporting infrastructure, which could directly impact the operating costs of such a product. Consequently, the absence of measures to stimulate robust hydrogen, synthetic fuels and biofuels supply infrastructure and adapted procedures to ensure efficiency and safety of operations could mean that the ecosystem will be unable to accommodate the Company's future products, notably resulting in significant development costs incurred and a risk of compromising the investments made if customers are unable or unwilling to purchase products that cannot be widely operated within the available infrastructure and procedures. Moreover, the competitiveness of this next generation product will also strongly depend, among other factors, on the evolution of the price of CO ₂ emissions. A high price on CO ₂ may impact the demand for aircraft relative to competitors' portfolios and could result in the loss of market share for the Company relative to its competitors. The Company's business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially affected if the Company does not, at each step of development of its future products, account for market expectations while ensuring its products stay affordable for customers and competitive with respect to competitors' portfolios.
―	Transition - Policy and legal: Climate-related regulations and restrictions - divergence in regulatory framework Aviation and aerospace are complex industries, with long product development cycles and where change takes a long time to be implemented. A rapid evolution of climate related policies (such as the EU zero-pollution communications) and regulatory frameworks (CO ₂ standards, sustainable finance, emissions trading systems, aircraft operation restrictions, among others) could generate fast-changing requirements and could obstruct new product development pathways. In particular for aviation, as it is a global industry, policies and regulations implemented at national or regional rather than international level, or these evolving at a different speed depending on the region, could result in a negative impact on the competitive conditions for manufacturers and aircraft operators. This could result in a loss of competitiveness for the Company and reduced demand for its products.
―	Transition - Reputation: Change in behaviours, perceptions and societal expectations Reputational risks could be divided into several categories. Firstly, there is a risk that negative perceptions about the Company's environmental performance could be used as key decision-making criteria for consumers, investors, or even new talents. Secondly, there is a risk that the Company's reputation could be damaged by growing societal concerns about the climate change impact of aviation or by the lack of transparency on progress made to address climate-related issues. As an example, the Company was the first manufacturer to disclose its ambition to bring a hydrogen-powered aircraft to the market. If the ambition is perceived as unattainable or if the Company is not able to deliver on its ambition, this could result in reputational damage leading to less investment, loss of revenues and reduced attractiveness. A similar situation could occur if the Company's environmental performance is not on par with its expressed ambition.
―	Physical - Acute: Extreme weather events may impact the Company's products and its operations The foreseen consequences of climate change include more frequent extreme weather events, such as drought, dust storms, extreme temperatures, extreme winds, flood, hail storms, landslides, hurricanes, tornadoes, cyclones and wildfires. These could negatively impact the Company's products and its operations (including but not limited to route delays and safe aircraft operations), land assets and infrastructure as well as employees' safety (and people's safety generally). The above consequences and impacts may result in production or other operational disruptions leading to lost revenues, reduced profits, and losses. This could result in the need for additional modifications to the Company's products in order to meet more stringent safety needs, as well as requiring changes to industrial operations and procurement strategy, leading to increased operational and production costs and the consequential costs of adapting the Company's insurance coverage.
―	Physical - Chronic: Consequences of long-term changing weather patterns that may cause sea level rise, water scarcity, chronic heat waves, chronic cold, increased industrial asset, infrastructure and operations costs, and reduced labour productivity and employee health The foreseen consequences of climate change include long-term shifts in climate patterns (e.g., change in precipitation patterns, ice/permafrost melt, ocean acidification, sustained higher temperatures, sea level rise, water stress or chronic heat waves). Such changes may cause an accelerated degradation of the Company's industrial infrastructure and assets (buildings, tools, hardware), may reduce the availability of operational resources and may interrupt logistics flows, therefore impacting the Company's manufacturing activities. In addition, the change in environmental conditions could also negatively impact the performance of products in operation and negatively impact the health and safety of the Company's employees. This may result in the need for additional modifications to the Company's products, as well as to industrial operations and procurement strategy, leading to increased costs and the adaptation of the Company's insurance coverage. Continuing the exercise performed in 2022 and the physical risks identified above, during 2023 the Company has launched a study case to have local detailed assessments of the exposure to climate change for certain sites identified the previous year as priority. This exercise will continue and extend during 2024 and will also include an assessment of the Company's supply chain. The focus is intended to be exploring the vulnerability to climate-hazards (heat and cold; wet and dry; wind; snow and ice; coastal and open ocean).

Climate-related opportunities:

―	Products and services - Demand for energy-efficient products: Demand for more energy-efficient products (driven by increased or high energy costs, carbon pricing and climate commitments) or products allowing the use of other energies could lead to accelerated airline fleet replacement and to new business lines.
―	Market - Market for Earth observation, atmospheric and weather data monitoring services: Increased need for Earth observation, atmospheric and weather data services (including but not limited to the following sectors: aviation, agriculture, finance and insurance) could increase market demand for certain products and services of the Company, and could also lead to the creation of new business opportunities.
―	Energy source - Energy diversification: As the Company enters the field of renewable and low-carbon energy (including carbon removal technologies, and including through partnerships and in collaboration with stakeholders) in order to position the Company in the energy value chain and contribute to the Paris Agreement objectives, the Company may also identify further business opportunities.

Based on a qualitative analysis, the Company has estimated the probability of risk or opportunity materialisation. It has also performed a preliminary internal assessment, using data from the Company's ERM system, as to which climate-related risks may involve the most significant financial impacts in the future. The results (as of the publication date of this document) are displayed in the following table.

The scope and the assessment of risks and opportunities covered through this approach are subject to widening and revision respectively, as the methodology and process further mature. Mitigation actions the Company has engaged, including to address these risks and opportunities are presented in the following "IV. Transition plan" section, also supported by SBTi-approved targets presented hereafter.

IV. Transition plan

Based on the International Energy Agency remaining global carbon budget and the share it allocates to air transport, air transport can grow at up to a certain level and meet the Paris Agreement objectives. This relies in part on technological developments to improve the efficiency of air transport, in which the Company and its suppliers have a role to play. This approach also echoes "net zero carbon emissions by 2050" ambitions from international sectoral bodies such as the Air Transport Action Group (ATAG), as well as the UN specialised civil aviation body, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). This is consistent with the Company's near-term target setting, covering all three scopes, and with its core product policy that focuses on developing and delivering aircraft capable of lower carbon emissions while engaging with the energy ecosystem (see section 2. Product stewardship). The cost of such a transformation of the sector is expected to be substantial. In particular, the carbon price (through taxation, emissions trading and crediting schemes) and the extra cost for SAF and/or higher investments are likely to materially impact business models of operators.

Based on identified risks and opportunities, the Company has established a transition plan covering its industrial operations, products and services, supply chain, and employees, including relevant targets, against which performance is monitored and reported. Regarding GHG emissions, this plan is based on a scientific approach and is consistent with the aviation sector's long-term aspirational decarbonisation goal of reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. Its success will depend on coordinated cooperation across the sector. The Company is engaging with various actors in the aviation sector (described hereafter) to contribute to the transition towards a low-carbon economy. The Company is working to embed just and inclusive transition principles in its decarbonisation plan. For example, social and human rights criteria are considered in SAF standards, or have been included in the Company's carbon offset strategy in order to safeguard communities that are in proximity to selected projects, or even create opportunities for them. It is also essential that the development of new technologies driving the sector's decarbonisation efforts takes into consideration any undesired environmental and social side effects, such as inappropriate land use impacting local communities, and human rights. The Company will strive to consider and avoid these impacts, and to engage accordingly with relevant stakeholders in constant dialogue.

The required transformation of the sector also implies the emergence of new technologies and associated ecosystems, with expected impacts on jobs and required skills. Preparing the workforce for such changes will be both a social duty and an important success factor. Consequently, the Company has updated its sustainability competencies strategy and is developing training, awareness, and engagement plans in a multifunctional team in order to drive culture change and support the workforce for the transformation. The Company is also working with non-profit organisations that are engaging global young talent around topics of climate change to build their capacity and prepare them for transition (see "6.1.16 Community Impact" and "4. Employee Engagement" hereafter).

1. Industrial operations

The Company has defined the following targets and ambitions for its own operations, against which it reports on progress. Targets have been set in absolute; this means that upcoming anticipated production ramp-up is expected to bring an additional layer of challenge towards reaching 2030 targets.

CO ₂ emissions:

―	reduce direct (scope 1) and indirect (scope 2) net GHG emissions by 63% by 2030 compared to 2015 across the whole Company reporting scope. This target is in line with a "1.5°C" pathway and was validated by SBTi in January 2023. As an additional voluntary commitment, the Company aims to compensate all residual emissions for scopes 1 & 2 from 2023 and gradually switch to using only carbon removals from 2030;
―	beyond the mid-term plan, the Company's ambition is to pursue reducing emissions aligned with a 1.5°C trajectory towards 2050. In order to do so, it is evaluating the future application of the SBTi Net-Zero standard and removing residual emissions as an additional voluntary commitment.
―	Interim yearly targets are set in line with the Company's 2030 roadmap. They refer to a material sub-perimeter of its operations representing 92% of total reported emissions in 2023, on which the Company can have a more direct control and influence (see below). This target was set in absolute value at 581kt CO ₂ e for 2024. This is a 3% decrease vs. a perimeter extended to another two sites, and including the impact of new freight transport services offered by the Company that operates a fleet of five Beluga aircraft.

For performance monitoring purposes, the Company refers to Scope 1 & 2 market-based proxy - "market-based (location-based net of REC)", i.e. location based with purchased guarantees of origin deducted. The Company is working towards improving data collection and market-based methodology implementation. Meanwhile, this metric is used by the Company to measure its progress towards its 2030 target, in order to be able to take into account the contribution of its electricity sourcing on its industrial decarbonisation target. This refining of methodology is expected to trigger restatements in the coming years.

Energy:

The Company revised its Scope 1 and 2 decarbonisation strategy that now includes local production of renewable electricity (onsite - mostly solar - or through direct power purchase agreements) as an additional lever the Company will invest in. While electricity stationary sources energy consumed has been so far quasi exclusively purchased from the grid (see related metrics "6.1.17 - ESG data board - Environmental performance), the benefits from its upcoming own or local "off-grid" production of renewable electricity can only be captured in the purchase of grid electricity and other energies metric. As a result, the Company has updated its energy target as follows:

―	reduce purchased grid electricity and other energies (gas and other stationary fuels) for stationary sources by 20% by 2030 compared to 2015 across the whole Company reporting scope.

In order to deliver its ambitions, the Company has developed a comprehensive action plan for both stationary (ground-fixed assets) and mobile sources (vehicles such as cars, trucks or aircraft). This takes into account both efficiency improvements and decarbonisation measures, complemented by an offset strategy for residual emissions.

This roadmap was further strengthened in 2023, and, together with proof points, can be synthesised as follows:

	Stationary sources	Mobile sources
	c.60% of CO ₂ e emissions in 2023 (Scope 1&2) (e.g. electricity, heating, cooling)	c.40% of CO ₂ e emissions in 2023 (Scope 1, e.g. vessels, "Beluga" air transport operations, flight test)
Energy efficiency measures	Substituting energy-intensive assets by energy-efficient ones and optimising energy consumptions. In order to meet the -20% energy purchased target by 2030, a portfolio of projects was identified, phased and implemented, including voltage management, low-energy lighting, improved building insulation, energy-efficient heating and cooling or optimised ventilation system, as well as enabling projects such as extending metering network, and enhancing energy monitoring solutions.	Switching to lower emission vehicles where possible and avoiding emissions through better planning of flights and logistics.
	》A number of actions were implemented in 2023, including for instance a CHP dispatch optimisation project in Hamburg, leading to estimated annual savings of 6,500 MWh / 3,600 tCO ₂ e emissions, or the deployment of several LED lighting projects in offices and industrial perimeter, like Broughton leading to estimated annual savings of 6,300 MWh /1,780 tCO ₂ e emissions.	》Since 2022, new Beluga jigs and tools have enabled each logistic flight to transport 2 A350 wings instead of one previously.
		》In October 2023, the Company commissioned shipowner Louis Dreyfus Armateurs to build, own and operate the entire fleet of chartered vessels that transport aircraft subassemblies between production facilities in Europe and the United States with three modern, lower-emission vessels, supported by wind-assisted propulsion. The new fleet, targeted to enter into service from 2026, is expected to reduce average annual transatlantic CO ₂ emissions from 68,000 to 33,000 tonnes by 2030.
Transition to renewable or low carbon energy sources	Ambition to secure at least 90% renewable or low-carbon electricity direct supply to all sites before 2030. This will be achieved with the implementation from 2023 through a combination of on-site solar electricity production (PV), locally sourced projects (physical power purchase agreements ("PPA")) and long term renewable supply contracts (sleeved PPAs), complemented by low carbon sources (eg. nuclear power).	Using lower carbon fuels (e.g. SAF). The share of SAF used in the Company's own operations will progressively increase to at least 30% by 2030. It concerns test flights, delivery flights, logistic flights (Belugas) and employees air shuttle flights between some European sites. The Company also started using low carbon fuels such as hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) for its maritime logistics. It has set interim targets.
	In addition, Renewable Energy Certificates / Guarantee of Origin ("GoO") are used as a temporary solution until PPAs- and PV-related projects are deployed and to compensate for residual emissions post 2030 (up to 10% in 2030).	The 2023 target of 10% for its commercial aircraft activities and its Helicopters Division was overachieved by 1p.p.; 2024 target has been set at 15% for its commercial aircraft activities and 20% in Airbus Helicopters Division.
	》In 2023, PPAs were contracted for instance in Spain -covering 40% of purchased electricity (~80 GWh) - and in China, well advanced in the UK and initiated in France and Germany.	》Since 2019, SAF has been used in the operation of the Company's Beluga transport aircraft for the purpose of internal logistics.
	》In 2023, GoOs covered more than 40% of purchased electricity and more than 10% of purchased natural gas.	》In 2023, in total, an estimated 20,124tons CO ₂ e were saved when compared to conventional kerosene.
Carbon offset strategy	The Company aims to remove 100% of its residual yearly emissions by 2030, which will represent around 400kt CO ₂ e in 2030. It started with compensating all remaining emissions from 2023, with a gradual phase-in of carbon removal solutions aiming to cover 100% of yearly residual emissions by 2030. Both nature-based and technology-based removals are considered and deployed following the conclusions of the IPCC (e.g. Special Report on 1.5C and Assessment Report 6). In order to secure long-term access to durable carbon removals, the Company also seeks to develop its own direct air capture technology, based on an existing in-house space technology. The Company intends to work in partnership with carbon sequestration companies to generate additional technology-based carbon removals.
	Since 2019, the Company has introduced a mechanism to fully compensate for its business travel emissions based on the concepts of additionality, real (permanent) reduction, prevention of double counting, prevention of overestimation and no additional harm. As a minimum, the carbon offsets purchased by the Company are certified by the Gold Standard or Verra or Verified Carbon Standard or Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards and the supplier needs to show proof of how each one of the mentioned criteria was met. In addition, understanding that these carbon offsetting programs may have gaps in their methodologies, additional proof is requested of how such gaps are managed by the provider. Moreover, societal aspects are considered, such as prevention of child labour, respect of human rights and relations with the communities surrounding the projects.
	The volume of offsets required in 2023 was around 725ktCO ₂ e procured through offset producer South Pole in the form of a cluster of compensation and removal projects: afforestation (VCS), landfill gas and waste gas (GS-VER), forest conservation (VCS-CCBS).
	The Company plans to secure 2024-2030 volumes well in advance, with progressive transition towards 100% removals, as well as a mix of nature- and technology-based solutions.
	》In 2022, to foster tech-based solutions development, the Company has partnered with 1PointFive, a US company, and has pre-purchased 100,000 tons of carbon removals per year over four years - or 400,000 tons in total - as part of an initial offtake. The partnership agreement sets out that the carbon captured in respect to the Company's agreement shall exclusively be geologically sequestered and not used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) or synthetic fuel production. A portion of these volumes will be allocated to the Company's scope 1 & 2 offset strategy. In 2023, a portion of those 400,000 tons has been allocated to airline customers (easyJet, Air Canada and Lufthansa), demonstrating the Company's commitment to help its customers on their decarbonisation roadmap.

Resilience of industrial operations in the context of climate change

To evaluate physical risks linked to climate change for industrial operations (see Risk management above), the Company is now conducting a more detailed assessment of the consequences on affected sites. The approach includes a preliminary vulnerability analysis with digital filtering to classify and prioritise risk areas, followed by field visits with the support of external experts. Four types of hazard areas are analysed related to temperature (frost and cold spells, extreme heat, cooling/heating requirements), the related windward (winter storm, cyclonic, hail/lightning/tornadoes), water (river flooding, coastal flooding, extreme precipitation, drought episodes) and land/ground movements (landslide). This analysis also considers the speed of onset of such risks, which should enable the Company to better prioritise related mitigation plans.

Tracking progress and performance

In 2023, scope 1 & 2 GHG emissions have decreased by around 15% (-15% on TCO scope), exceeding the target, primarily due to three factors: a reduction of gas usage by switching from gas to electricity on certain heating systems and the optimization of cogeneration in Germany, mild weather conditions during the year and the adjustment of the ramp-up.

TCO	Target 2023	2022	2023	YoY Change
CO ₂ e (ktons)	687	696	593	-14.8%

Verified by EY® & Associés. Limited assurance report issued by EY® & Associés is available on the Company's website.

The TCO scope is reviewed annually. It covered 92% of total emissions in 2023. Data were updated to reflect change in TCO scope accordingly.

Geographical scope: In 2023, 52 sites.

Scope of metrics: Scope 1 & 2 and notably excluding refrigerant leakage, electricity on site from CHP, emissions due to processes. Scope 2 is location based with purchased guarantees of origin deduced.

Additional performance metrics are disclosed in "- 6.1.17 ESG data board - Environmental performance".

2. Product stewardship

The Company has committed to a mid-term reduction target for its Scope 3 category 11 (use of sold products) for commercial aircraft products, covering over 90% of its total emissions.

―

CO ₂ e: reduce scope 3 (category 11 - use of sold product) for commercial aircraft by 46% in terms of CO ₂ per passenger-kilometre. This target, alongside the Company's scope 1 & 2 target, was validated by SBTi in January 2023. It was set based on the carbon budget allocated to aviation by the International Energy Agency in its Sustainable Development Scenario (SDS).

―

This is a physical intensity target, in line with the SBTi recommendations, and highlighting the importance of technology and aircraft carbon efficiency for the decarbonisation of the sector. The metric is based on the Company's corresponding scope 3 Use of Sold Product for commercial aircraft. In alignment with SBTi methodology, it now includes emissions from upstream fuel production and predicted average SAF usage over the aircraft life-time as per IEA SDS (ETP 2020) scenario. See "6.1.17 - ESG data board - Environmental performance" for detailed methodology.

The Company is committed to contributing to meeting the Paris Agreement targets and to taking a leading role in the decarbonisation of the aviation sector in cooperation with all stakeholders. Consequently, the Company is developing a multi-faceted climate-impact programme for commercial aircraft based on key decarbonisation levers identified. This includes new aircraft technology development, SAF, hydrogen, air traffic management (ATM) solutions, and carbon removal solutions.

Aviation industry targets

The efforts of the aviation sector to reduce its environmental footprint started decades ago, with significant achievements to report. Since the 1990s, the sector has improved significantly the fuel and CO ₂ efficiency of subsequent generations of aircraft, thereby reducing CO ₂ emissions per revenue passenger kilometre by more than 50% (according to ATAG) since the dawn of the jet age. In 2009, the aviation sector was the first to agree at sectoral level on ambitious CO ₂ emission reduction goals through ATAG by committing to an aspirational goal of reducing net emissions from aviation by 50% by 2050 compared to 2005 levels. In September 2021, ATAG updated its ambition and commitment with the 2021 edition of the "ATAG Waypoint 2050" report to reflect the industry's increased ambition to achieve "net-zero carbon emissions" by 2050 and to contribute to the Paris Agreement goals. Along with the revised ambition, ATAG provided several scenarios with ranges of improvement for each mitigation option (technology and design improvements, operational and ATM enhancements, new energy carriers (Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF) and hydrogen), and market-based measures including ICAO's Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme (CORSIA).

The industry's unity and leadership around its 2050 "net-zero carbon emissions" commitment, played a role in supporting the definition of a corresponding long-term aspirational goal (LTAG) also at ICAO level. In October 2022, the aspirational objective of "net zero carbon emissions" in 2050 for international civil aviation operations was adopted by a vast majority of ICAO member states. This political commitment paves the way for the transformation of the aviation sector, ensuring a level playing field at international level and it will accelerate the development of mitigation measures such as fleet renewal, aircraft and engine technologies, alternative energy carriers such as SAF or green hydrogen, and the enhancements of the operational practices and air traffic management. The Company fully supports this international long-term aspirational goal.

In Europe, the EU Green Deal creates conditions and opportunities for the Company and the European aviation industry to accelerate the transition. The Company supports the aviation industry's ambition to reach a "net-zero carbon aviation ecosystem" in Europe by 2050, and will contribute to the EU's "2030 Climate Target Plan".

In November 2023, the European Commission officially published a delegated act for the EU Taxonomy Regulation including a set of criteria for aviation. They recognise the decarbonisation potential brought by the latest generation of commercial aircraft through the replacement of the current fleet and the importance of an ambitious SAF ramp up, as well as the relevance of "zero direct tailpipe CO ₂ emission" technologies, which are the cornerstones of the Company's transition plan. (see "- 6.1.19 EU taxonomy")

The aviation industry's roadmap towards "carbon neutral emissions" by 2050

Source: the Company, based on ATAG Waypoint 2050 report (2021) - Scenario 3: "aspirational and aggressive technology perspectives"

The Company's roadmap to reducing emissions

In this context and as a core axis of its strategy, the Company aims to accelerate the development of lower emission technologies in order to market lower carbon aircraft including hydrogen-powered aircraft. Fostering ecosystem readiness including associated infrastructure and the dynamic deployment of SAF will be another priority, in order to achieve this ambition while minimising the recourse to offsetting, as presented below.

▶▶ Strategic pathway 1

Renew current fleets with best-in-class aircraft

Around 70% of the global commercial aircraft fleet is still made up of previous generation aircraft, while latest generation aircraft are up to 25% more efficient than the previous generation. Renewing the fleet therefore offers immediate potential for aviation decarbonisation.

The Company consistently works to improve the efficiency of its aircraft:

―	A350 and A330neo offer 25% reduction in fuel burn per seat and significantly reduced noise footprint versus the previous generation of aircraft;
―	the A320neo family brings a 20% reduction in fuel burn per seat, and nearly half the noise footprint compared to the previous generation of aircraft;
―	A220 offers 25% reduction in fuel burn per seat versus the previous generation of small single aisle aircraft, 50% reduction in noise footprint and 50% fewer NOx emissions than the standards.

The Company is continuously improving its products through new aerostructures designs and technologies, advanced materials, upgraded systems and more fuel-efficient engines aiming to achieve CO ₂, NOx and noise emissions reductions in operations.

》In 2023, the Company delivered exclusively latest generation commercial aircraft (2022: 99%).

》The A321XLR offers the opportunity to open longer range routes to the single aisle aircraft family, thereby leveraging the platform's greater CO ₂ efficiency. It has continued its certification campaign in 2023 and in October, the aircraft finalised its route and passenger-proving campaign on time for a planned entry into service in 2024.

▶▶ Strategic pathway 2

Developing and deploying SAF, all aircraft types compatible with up to 100% SAF by 2030.

In order to accelerate its action plan, the Company strengthened its governance on this matter by creating a dedicated project team, responsible for the end-to-end SAF roadmap strategy and deployment.

The Company recognises SAF as a major pillar of the aviation decarbonisation roadmap for the short, medium and long-term. SAF is a fuel derived from a range of "feedstocks" (origin of carbon molecules used) made from sustainable resources; the reduction of CO ₂ emissions throughout its life cycle can exceed 80% when compared with conventional kerosene. Eight SAF production pathways are currently certified for blending with kerosene, including processes such as hydro-processed esters and fatty acids (HEFA), alcohol-to-jet, Fischer Tropsch, or power-to-liquid. Some of them are derived from used fat, cooking oil and grease, municipal waste, agricultural and forestry waste and residues. More advanced technologies use hydrogen and carbon captured directly from the air as feedstock for SAF production.

In order to be considered a SAF, an aviation fuel needs to meet defined sustainability requirements; the Company supports the ones set out by ICAO/CORSIA and in particular aspects related to non-competition with food and water resources. It also actively supports current and future sustainability criteria via regionally or nationally recognised schemes including EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), Low Carbon Fuel Standard in the US, Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation in the UK and 'Renewable Fuel Units' (HBEs) in the Netherlands.

SAF levels of production are currently low compared to volumes that will be necessary in the coming years. According to IATA, in 2023, SAF volumes are estimated to have reached over 600 million litres (0.5Mton), representing about 0.2% of total aviation fuels, doubling the 300 million litres (0.25 Mton) produced in 2022 and six times more than the volume produced in 2021. Acceleration will be required to reach the first milestone in 2030 set by the sector during the ICAO Conference on Aviation Alternative Fuels in 2023 to reach 23 billion litres (5.2% of total fuel consumption) SAF produced, or through the 6% EU SAF mandate. The Company believes coordinated action of all stakeholders could foster a 10% SAF penetration at the global level by 2030.

Acknowledging that SAF scale up success will depend on consistent actions by all actors including engine makers, producers, airlines, airports, logistics providers, and policy makers amongst others, the Company is seeking to act both as technical solution developer and catalyst for the ecosystem, both at global and regional levels. The Company supports the ambitious rollout of SAF using all production pathways meeting the sustainability criteria described above, and developing visibility to foster demand meeting supply will be essential. Accordingly, the Company's action plan is as follows:

▶ Deliver technical capability

Aircraft. The Company's aircraft portfolio is already capable of flying with a fuel blend of up to 50% SAF. Looking ahead, the Company's ambition is to have all its aircraft platforms (including military aircraft and helicopters), capable of being operated with up to 100% SAF before the end of the decade. The 50% limit is set today to ensure the blended SAF fits within the JET A/A-1 specification, and thus can be used on aircraft with no modification (i.e. drop in). Going beyond this limit implies either modifying the aircraft, and fuelling infrastructure, to adapt to what would be a new fuel grade, "non-drop in", or working on a purely synthetic fuel that would fit within the JET A/A-1 specification, "drop in" solution.

The Company is involved in two main research projects: VOLCAN (A319neo and A321neo with CFM engines) and ECLIF3 (A350 with Rolls Royce engines), conducted in partnership with important industry actors. Both projects aim at assessing the impact of 100% SAF (drop-in and non-drop in) on engine and fuel systems while measuring the positive impact on aircraft's emissions and fuel efficiency. Both projects are paving the way for going beyond current maximum blending levels for SAF (currently 50%). They will allow the Company to collect information and enable further research activities and technical work in order to reach the goal of gaining up to 100% SAF certification for commercial flights before the end of the decade.

SAF production. The Company contributed to the approval process of the eight pathways mentioned above for blending with kerosene and seeks to actively contribute to the approval of future new pathways by supporting industry-wide standardisation efforts at ASTM International, an organisation that sets international standards.

》Since 2008, the Company has acted as an important catalyst in the certification process, demonstration flights, partnerships and policy advocacy of SAF.

》According to IATA, since 2011, over 690,000 commercial flights have used SAF and more than 1 million flights with SAF are expected by 2025 (source: IATA, flynetzero, 2021).

》Besides ECLIF3 and VOLCAN projects, the Company has performed flight test campaigns with the A380 on one Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine and with the H225 helicopter (with both Makila 2 engines).

》Flight tests using blended SAF were also performed on the A400M and C295 military aircraft. The Company, the Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation (OCCAR) and the A400M customer nations are engaged in initial discussions to develop the roadmap towards the certification and operational use of 100% SAF in military aircraft.

》In addition, the Company and other industry partners have carried out in 2022 the world's first 100% SAF flight using an in-service military aircraft, an A330 MRTT on both Rolls-Royce Trent 772B engines.

▶ Foster SAF ecosystems readiness and partnerships

Price and global production capacity remain the main constraints for operators, preventing large-scale incorporation of these types of fuels. Matching SAF production and demand is essential to achieving the establishment of the SAF market.

Global. Actions need to be global and associated with regulatory frameworks and incentivisation schemes. It is necessary to create market emergence conditions with means such as:

―	Reporting mechanisms to allow for a consistent tracking of the industry's progress on decarbonisation.
―	The usage of book and claim to simplify the usage of SAF, minimising the logistical challenge as well as airlines demonstrating the attributes of SAF to their freight and corporate customers.

Those conditions are needed to give visibility and confidence to producers, and be capable of attracting investment. This is also what will give end users (airlines) access to enough volumes at a lower price, and maintain a level playing field for aviation.

Regional. SAF production will also depend on regional feedstock availability while local SAF production can significantly contribute to socio-economic regional development, including in developing nations.

Positive momentum is seen in the EU and in the US. A similar pace for creating a favourable ecosystem is needed worldwide. Creating favourable conditions for the SAF market to develop can be achieved if stakeholders gather together in cooperative platforms such as Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI) in the US.

Early adopter. In addition, as an aircraft operator through its flight tests and internal logistics flying the Beluga, the Company strives to "prime the pump" by demonstrating market demand (see industrial operations). This also helps the Company experience the actual SAF market development challenges.

》The Company estimates that products delivered in 2023 will see their life-time emissions reduced by around 15% thanks to the gradual introduction of SAF during their operational life (compared to a "no SAF" scenario). This considers a SAF penetration scenario aligned with the IEA SDS (ETP2020), and with the Company's scope 3 disclosure and SBTi-validated target.

》The Company is engaged in many initiatives and partnerships promoting the development of SAF production and use, participating for instance in the World Economic Forum, including its "First Movers Coalition" and "Clean Skies for Tomorrow" coalition, and in the Coalition for the Energies of the Future. This also includes partnerships with producers such as the agreement signed in 2022 with Neste, in 2023 with Lanzajet, Masdar, aiming to accelerate the aviation sector's transition to SAF.

》In September 2023, the Company officialised its intent to join a consortium aiming at developing synthetic green hydrogen-based SAF production in Germany, alongside other companies (SASOL, DHL and HH2E).

》In April 2023, the Company signed a MoU with China National Aviation Fuel Group Corporation (CNAF) on development of the SAF ecosystem, including SAF purchasing, diversifying the supply chain, fostering airline uptake and standards development.

》In 2023, the Company also joined the consortium ALIGHT in Denmark, consisting of 17 dedicated partners in 10 different European countries and aiming to develop replicable and scalable models supporting aviation and airport operation decarbonisation, with a focus on SAF including fuel supply chain, usage of SAF, economics and sustainability criteria.

》As part of a partnership with Qantas announced in June 2022, the Company made its first investment to support a SAF producer in Australia (March 2023). JetZero is a new player that will be using the Alcohol to Jet technology to produce SAF in Australia.

》In a similar manner, the Company signed a partnership in September 2023 with DG Fuels in the US. DG Fuels will be using the Gasification Fischer Tropsch technology to produce SAF. This partnership will help DG Fuels accelerate its development towards the final investment decision for their first plant.

▶ Supporting the development of consistent regulatory frameworks

In the context of the developing regulatory frameworks fostering SAF market growth, the Company supports policies that would incentivise SAF production and usage. In particular, the Company is supporting and sharing industry best practices, looking at production sharing industry best practices, looking at production levels assessment, life cycle analysis methodology and sustainability criteria and standards harmonisation. A clear, stable and consistent policy at global and local level as well as incentivisation or regulations are needed to promote long-term investments and technology development.

Global. Aviation is a global industry that requires a global framework of standards and regulations, also supporting a global level playing field.

―	Systematic implementation of SAF policies in all states, supporting SAF development and deployment.
―	Recognising CORSIA as a reference for sustainability standards, thus helping global sourcing of SAF.

The Company also takes a leading role in cross-industry initiatives with ICAO state members, ATAG, IATA, JetZero Council (UK), First Movers Coalition (a partnership launched by the World Economic Forum (WEF)).

Regional. In addition, the Company is monitoring the development of SAF-related regulations at national or regional levels, their consistency with global standards and regulatory frameworks.

》In November 2023, the ICAO Third Conference on Aviation Alternative Fuels ("CAAF3") reached agreement on an ICAO Global Framework for SAF, Low Carbon Aviation Fuel ("LCAF") and other Aviation Cleaner Energies.

One of the key elements of this Global Framework is the objective to reduce CO ₂ emissions of international aviation by 5% by 2030 through the use of SAF and LCAF.

CAAF3 also resulted in other points of convergence that the Company welcomes:

―	The implementation of a policy on SAF in every state,
―	CORSIA recognised for sustainability criteria,
―	The development of an accounting system to report and claim reduction of CO ₂ emissions,
―	The exploration of a book and claim system,
―	Support to developing and emerging countries to get access to financing for their SAF projects,
―	The qualification of new pathways by producers, manufacturers and the ASTM,
―	A reporting by each state and a global monitoring by ICAO of the progress made on SAF production and use.

》ICAO and the Company have signed a Declaration of Intent at CAAF/3, with the aim of developing a project to explore the feasibility of SAF development and deployment in South America.

》The US SAF Grand Challenge aims to scale up SAF production to at least 3 billion gallons per year by 2030.

》The EU's current "ReFuelEU" regulation sets a 6% SAF mandate for 2030 growing to 70% by 2050 (including 35% of synthetic e-fuels).

▶▶ Strategic pathway 3

Investing in technologies to reduce product emissions

▶ Preparing technologies for a next generation Single-Aisle aircraft to be ready in the second half of the next decade.

This will be enabled by the current research on disruptive technologies for airframe and engines.

Wings. The wings are often referred to as the second main lever to reduce aircraft emissions. Several technologies are being studied such as:

―	The Company's transnational research & technology programme, "wing of tomorrow", has successfully delivered a first full-size wing prototype or 'demonstrator' that will help mature next-generation wing technologies.
―	Wing of tomorrow is particularly efficient thanks to the incorporation of lighter composite components and of a folding wing tip.
―	The completion of the first of three fully composite wing demonstrators marks the integration of more than 100 different component and manufacturing technologies that include an all-new industrial assembly system, and which have helped validate key automation targets.

As key partners in the European Clean Sky 2 and Clean Aviation programmes, the Company is also researching new technologies aimed at increasing efficiency, such as a new semi-morphing wing, new dynamic winglets, or innovative flight controls on the Company's military C295 transport aircraft.

Engines. On the engine side, the Company is closely following innovations coming from the engine manufacturers, and supporting them to adapt and integrate their latest innovation to aircraft needs.

》In July 2023, the Company opened a new Wing Technology Development Centre (WTDC), in Filton. The facility will be used to build and test demonstrators for a range of programmes and research projects.

》The "eXtra performance wing project", launched in September 2021, improves wing aerodynamics and performance that is intended to be compatible with any future aircraft configuration and propulsion system to reduce CO2 emissions.

In November 2023, the demonstrator flew for the first time with the exact systems needed for its flight test campaign with its new wings, in 2025.

》In 2023, Airbus Helicopters unveiled the PioneerLab, its new twin-engine technology demonstrator based on the H145 platform. It complements the Company's range of FlightLabs and focuses on testing technologies that reduce helicopter emissions, increase autonomy and integrate bio-based materials. Its other FlightLab called Disruptive Lab flew successfully for the first time in January 2023.

▶ Hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft ambition by 2035

The Company believes hydrogen is one of the most promising technologies for reducing aviation's climate impact. If produced from low carbon electricity through electrolysis, it allows a significant reduction in overall emissions.

Aviation will be an end use application of hydrogen. The Company sees two primary uses for hydrogen:

―	Hydrogen can be used to directly power the aircraft by being combusted through modified gas-turbine engines or converted into electric power via fuel cells. The combination of both would create an efficient hybrid electric propulsion chain powered entirely by hydrogen.
―	Hydrogen can be used to create eFuels (power-to-liquid or power-biomass-to-liquid synthetic fuels in combination with carbon from biomass or enhanced carbon sink sources).

From hydrogen propulsion to hydrogen-based synthetic SAF, from pod configuration to blended-wing aircraft, the Company is evaluating, maturing and validating radical technological breakthroughs.

In 2020 the Company revealed three different hydrogen-powered "ZEROe" concept aircraft. They illustrate the research that the Company is investing in with the objective to bring a hydrogen-powered commercial aircraft to market in 2035.

Progress was made in key areas in 2023, including:

》The iron pod of a first fuel cell powered engine was tested in the EAS test house and reached 1.2MW. This is the power needed by one engine in the Company's six pod configuration concept.

》In May 2023, ArianeGroup, a joint venture between the Company and Safran, successfully completed a proof-of-concept of a hydrogen 'conditioning system' adapted to power an aircraft turbine engine. The project known as HyPERION is an essential building block of the hydrogen technology roadmap to 2035.

》In June 2023, the Company launched HyPower, a demonstrator programme which will explore, on the ground and in flight, a new architecture for the generation of non propulsive energy through the use of hydrogen fuel cells. This energy represents around 5% of an aircraft's total energy used.

》In August 2023, the Company, BMW Group and Quantinuum developed a hybrid quantum-classical workflow to speed up future research using quantum computers to simulate quantum systems, focusing on the chemical reactions of catalysts in fuel cells.

》Blue Condor took off for the first time in November 2023. This demonstrator will study and assess the impact of non-CO ₂ emissions induced by hydrogen combustion.

▶ Foster hydrogen ecosystem readiness

The Company seeks to go beyond technology maturation by collaborating with the wider ecosystem, and focusing primarily on the evolution of market needs and how they can be answered with renewable and low-carbon hydrogen. It has engaged in many partnerships, as well as collaborations and alliances with airports, airlines and energy providers. Hydrogen can only become a substantial decarbonisation lever with the support of all stakeholders.

》In 2019, the Company signed a memorandum of understanding with airlines such as SAS Scandinavian Airlines and easyJet to jointly research a hydrogen-powered aircraft ecosystem and its infrastructure requirements.

》It has joined several major hydrogen alliances, such as the Hydrogen Council, Hydrogen Europe, and European Clean Hydrogen Alliance. It has launched in 2020 a joint-venture with ElringKlinger in order to benefit from the huge cross-industry experience of other industries, and accelerate its ambition.

》It also participates in The Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking, European Clean Hydrogen Alliance, France Hydrogène, French Conseil National de l'Hydrogène, and the German Wasserstoffrat.

》The Company promotes the "H2 Hub at airport" concept in which partners will join forces to adapt the infrastructure to the use of hydrogen by aircraft, and more. In this context, it has signed partnerships with Delta, Wizz Air, Linde, Air Liquide, Changi Airport / Caas, Korean Air, Incheon Airport, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kansai Airport, Plug Power, Fortescue Future Industries, ANA, Air New Zealand, Christchurch International Airport, Hiringa, Fabrum, Hamburg Airport, Vinci, Engie, AREC, group ADP, Bristol Airport, Hynamics, Hydrogen South West, SAVE SNAM and Milan Airport.

▶ Electric flight

The Company's work in electric flight has laid the foundations for the future concept of lower carbon commercial aircraft. Since 2014, the Company has been exploring how recent technology advancements, from battery capacity and autonomy to electric propulsion, can help drive the development of new kinds of aerial vehicles with the potential for significantly reduced impact.

EcoPulse. The Company has partnered with Daher and Safran to develop a distributed hybrid-propulsion aircraft demonstrator with the support of France's CORAC and DGAC and for which it is providing battery technology and overseeing aerodynamic modelling. EcoPulse successfully flew for the first time with its electric engines in November 2023.

Urban air mobility ambition. The idea for a compact "flying taxi" first came from the Company's desire to take city commuting into the air in a sustainable way. The Company has learned a lot from the test campaigns with two demonstrators, CityAirbus and Vahana. Beyond the vehicle, the Company is working with partners, cities, and city inhabitants in order to create the ecosystem that is essential for this new operating environment to deliver a sustainable service to society.

》Following the partnership between the Company and Renault Group to advance research on electrification and mature technologies associated with next-generation battery systems, another partnership was with STMicroelectronics, a global semiconductor leader serving customers across the spectrum of electronics applications. The agreement includes the cooperation on power electronics Research & Development to support more efficient and lighter power electronics, essential for future hybrid-powered aircraft and full-electric urban air vehicles.

》In October 2023, Airbus Helicopters' demonstrator FlightLab successfully tested an electric flight control system in preparation of a new human machine interface (HMI) that will equip CityAirbus NextGen, Airbus' eVTOL prototype. This milestone represents an important step towards ushering in a new generation of electric powered urban air mobility aircraft.

▶▶ Strategic pathway 4

Investing in smart air traffic management (ATM) solutions and optimised operations

Improving the efficiency of air transport operations and infrastructure could reduce emissions by up to 10% (source: ATAG).

The Company therefore supports initiatives aimed at reducing ATM inefficiencies such as the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research programme (SESAR), such as the HERON project aiming to reduce CO ₂ emissions from air transport and offer mitigation through the development of activities including more efficient aircraft operations in taxi phase, trajectories optimisation via the general principle of Trajectory Based Operations ("TBO"), optimised approaches targeting and noise reduction. The current ATM environment based on static flight plans is evolving towards TBO in order to improve airport and ATM network performance. Major elements to feed an accurate and reliable 4D trajectory prediction can be provided by the aircraft itself and shared in real time.

The Company also focuses on the development of fuel saving procedures for airports and ground operations to minimise the use of engine power and auxiliary power units (APU) while the aircraft is on the ground.

It is also working on disruptive practices like formation flying. In November 2019, the Company launched the fello'fly project which aims to demonstrate the technical, operational and commercial viability of two aircraft flying closer together for long-haul flights. Through fello'fly, the follower aircraft will retrieve the energy lost by the wake of a leader aircraft by flying in the smooth updraft of the air it creates. This provides lift to the follower aircraft, allowing it to decrease engine thrust and therefore reduce fuel consumption in the range of 5-8% per trip. Further research into wake energy retrieval (WER) and deployment of Concept of Operations in the ATM environment is crucial to implementation in a multi-country environment.

The current ATM environment based on static flight plans is evolving towards Trajectory Based Operations (TBO) in order to improve airport and ATM Network performance. Major elements to feed an accurate and reliable 4D trajectory prediction can be provided by the aircraft itself and shared in real time. The results are projected to be reduced flight delays, fuel burn and CO ₂ emissions via enabling Continuous Descent Operations, reducing holdings and undue vectoring.

Through its subsidiary Navblue, the Company provides services helping its customers to minimise fuel consumption with best operational practices, innovative services and training.

The Company organises face-to-face forums and webinars every year with airlines to exchange knowledge on how to improve ground and in-flight operational efficiency and using latest technological solutions. Namely, a "fuel efficiency forum" has been developed with representatives of the ecosystem including airlines, ATM, engine manufacturers, airports and suppliers.

》In November 2022, the SESAR 3 Digital Sky Demonstrator project HERON, led by the Company, was kicked-off with European partners including six airlines, eight ANSPs and five airports. This 3-year project is expected to enable reduced flight delays, and therefore fuel burn and CO ₂ emissions via enabling Continuous Descent Operations, reducing holdings and undue vectoring. Several months of application with more than 1000 flights collected are expected to demonstrate quick win ATM improvements.

》In 2023, a European research project GEESE was granted funding from SESAR to continue the work of fello'fly, with the ambition to bring fello'fly into commercial service later this decade. Project aims to further refine the concept and its integration into airline operations by the end of the decade. Geese involves the collaboration of 16 partners and an advisory board of selected industry leaders.

▶▶ Strategic pathway 5

Encouraging temporary CO ₂ emission compensation schemes

Finally, CO ₂ emission compensation will be instrumental to stabilising aviation emissions in the medium term until disruptive solutions reach market maturity. For that reason, the Company supports ICAO's CORSIA scheme as the only global market-based measure for international civil aviation.

The Company believes that direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS) is a high-potential technology that could turn out to be meaningful in carbon schemes applicable to aviation. As the aviation industry cannot capture CO ₂ emissions released into the atmosphere at source, DACCS is one of the most promising technologies to neutralise residual emissions. DACCS is designed to capture CO ₂ emissions directly from the atmosphere using high powered fans and store CO ₂ in underground reservoirs.

》In 2022, the Company partnered with 1PointFive and pre-purchased 400,000 tons of carbon removals (see Offset Strategy above). In 2023, the groundbreaking ceremony took place on the 28th April 2023 in Texas, US.

It also invested in Carbon Engineering Ltd., a Canadian-based climate solutions company, operating the largest Direct Air Carbon Capture (DACC) Research & Development facility in the world.

》After the successful use of Direct Air Capture (DAC) technology designed by the Company and the European Space Agency to scrub carbon dioxide from the air aboard the International Space Station, the Company's innovation acceleration unit Airbus Scale began investigating how the technology could be scaled and applied on land to industries that consume or produce CO ₂ in their production processes, such as capturing and converting CO ₂ into fertilisers, fuels and carbon negative materials.

Non-CO ₂ impacts

While non-CO ₂ emissions of aviation have become an increasingly publicised topic in 2023, the topic is not new for the industry. The Company has been actively engaged in research to support the scientific community in better understanding the impact of non-CO ₂ emissions on the climate as well as in evaluating and deploying technological mitigation solutions for almost 20 years. Aircraft engines produce direct emissions linked to the fuel combustion and indirect emissions formed in its wake. Those emissions, which have an impact on climate when flying in high altitudes, include carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ), nitrogen oxides (NOx), water vapour (H2O), nvPM (non-volatile particulate matter of black-carbon or soot), sulphur oxides (SOx) and condensation trails. Depending upon prevailing weather conditions, altitude and geographical location, non-CO ₂ emissions can change the chemical composition of the atmosphere and the cloudiness, which in turn affect the climate. CO ₂ emissions contribute to increased atmospheric CO ₂ concentrations, which induce a low and positive radiative forcing, but with cumulative effects due to the long lifetime of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Non-CO ₂ emissions do not have the same cumulative effect as CO ₂. Non-CO ₂ forcers such as contrail-cirrus and NOx are short-lived components that have stronger, but time-limited effects. Uncertainties are still high on the exact impact of non-CO ₂ emissions of aviation. Lee et al. 2021 states that uncertainties around the contribution of non-CO ₂ emissions on aviation's net effective radiative forcing (ERF) are ~8 times higher than those of CO ₂.

Non-CO ₂ emissions can have both positive (warming) and negative (cooling) radiative impacts. In particular, contrail-cirrus can have cooling or warming effects depending on several factors such as their location and time of generation, spatial coverage, lifetime, or optical properties (ice crystal size, shape, density), though the effect at night is exclusively warming.

The Company is actively working on a large portfolio of projects focused on increasing the understanding of non-CO ₂ emissions generation, their evolution and their climate effects, but also to evaluate and develop solutions covering several promising mitigation options impacting three well-identified domains: through the use of new energies such as SAF or hydrogen, enhanced engine technology and flight operations (implementation of operational/ATM measures). These include:

―	On SAF, the ECLIF3 and VOLCAN projects included a German Aerospace Center (DLR)'s Falcon aircraft, flying within 100m behind the Company's test aircraft fuelled with various types of SAF (from 30% blend up to 100% SAF, with different aromatics and sulphur content), to capture and analyse in-flight data. The preliminary observations show a positive impact of SAF on aircraft emissions, and are expected to be published in peer-reviewed scientific literature in 2024.
―	On hydrogen, the Company launched Blue Condor in 2022, a demonstrator taking a modified glider up to 33,000 feet to analyse hydrogen combustion's impact on contrail properties. The result of this analysis will provide critical information on aviation's non-CO ₂ emissions, including contrails and NOx, in advance of the ZEROe demonstrator flight testing.
―	On operational measures, the Company launched in early July 2023, the CICONIA project in the context of the SESAR 3 Joint Undertaking. This project gathers 16 partners including major airlines and air navigation service providers. It will run for three years with the objectives of improving weather forecasting capabilities, improving climate impact assessment, defining a climate-optimised concept of operations and trialling system solutions at aircraft and air traffic control level. The project brings together experts and partners from climate science, meteorological institutions, airlines, manufacturers and air traffic control to focus on effective and operationally viable solutions to aviation's non-CO ₂ emissions.

In addition, the Company actively contributes to several international working groups and external conferences on non-CO ₂ , including those aimed at defining the future European Monitoring Reporting and Verification (MRV) scheme.

Product resilience in the context of climate change

Aircraft products are sensitive to weather phenomena during their operation phase. The adaptation of aircraft design and operation to the changing climate is therefore an important activity to be anticipated, in particular given the long lead time associated with aircraft development and operation. EASA has recently launched an industry working group under the name European Network - Impact of Climate Change on Aviation (EN-ICCA) with the objective to define a work programme to ensure continuous progress in enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change for the aviation domain, in which the Company is fully engaged.

In addition, more specifically with regards to its defence product portfolio, the Company is collaborating with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ("NATO") and other defence industry players and organisations (in the so-called NATO Study Group 291) with the objective of developing recommendations on ensuring allied capabilities adaptation in the context of climate change. This is supported by inputs from the NATO Climate and Defence Task Force lead by the Conference of National Armaments Directors (CNAD) the Company is also part of, together with the allied governments and other defence industry players. This collaboration aims at assessing, elaborating and deploying solutions to ensure technical capabilities still enable operational effectiveness in facing changing climatic conditions.

Products and services supporting climate monitoring and adaptation

Climate change-related disasters are set to become more intense and frequent. This will require immediate action from rescue teams for whom the Company's products play an important role. For instance, the Company's helicopters are used by public authorities around the world in missions linked to disaster risk management, including medical evacuation, search and rescue or firefighting operations. In 2022, around 20% of delivered helicopters were equipped for such missions.

The Company's military aircraft platforms can play a crucial role in the protection of populations from natural disasters, such as for example during the aftermath of the fires at La Palma in Spain in July 2023, when an A400M urgently transported personnel and vehicles of the Spanish Military Emergency Unit. In December 2023, a new version of the A400M Roll-on/Roll-off firefighting prototype kit was successfully tested. It is improving dropping efficiency and reducing discharge time by over 30% compared to last year, while combined with rapid deployment and easy installation on the A400M aircraft.

The Company's fully solar-powered Unmanned Air System (UAS), Aalto Zephyr, is able to fly for an extremely long time - 64 days non-stop is the current record with plans to fly for months at a time. Combining the persistence of a geostationary satellite with the manoeuvrability of a traditional aircraft, Aalto Zephyr can provide communications services to remote areas or be used for land, coastal or border protection, wildfire monitoring, crop monitoring, land administration or environmental monitoring.

The Company's space products also play an important role in the understanding of climate phenomenon and monitoring of their evolution. Today, 20 of the Company's satellites are involved in climate change monitoring and an additional 20 are in development. As climate adaptation entails preparing for natural disasters, this critical geospatial data enables the Company to deliver data that helps governments and humanitarian agencies predict and manage disasters. Earth-observation satellites allow the monitoring of deforestation, rising sea levels and greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. The Company is involved in all major environment-monitoring satellite programmes in Europe (Copernicus, Living Planet) and plays a key role in all 12 of the Copernicus missions, the EU's Earth Observation Programme. For instance, Sentinel-6 is part of the EU's Copernicus programme and was built by the Company as prime contractor. It maps the ocean's surface, measuring global sea level rises and ocean circulation. Sentinel-6 data helps governments and institutions to establish effective protection for coastal regions, and helps scientists improve weather forecasts and hurricane predictions.

The CryoSat-2 is an environmental research satellite that provides scientists with data about the polar ice caps and tracks changes in the thickness of the ice. It was constructed by the Company (EADS Astrium). Polar-orbiting Earth observation satellites can perform short-term weather forecasting and long-term climate monitoring, such as detecting storm movements and developments, cloud systems, snow cover, and ice mapping. There are currently two MetOp-SG polar-orbiting satellites (A and B) being developed and built under the industrial lead of the Company, scheduled to be launched in 2025. Furthermore, GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO), a twin satellite developed and built by the Company, monitors changes in underground water storage, the amount of water in large lakes and rivers, soil moisture, ice sheets and glaciers, and sea levels.

In 2023, the Company has progressed on the development and testing of new technologies that will be featured on biomass, the first ever satellite that will report how much CO ₂ is captured by the world's forests. The spacecraft will deliver accurate maps of tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomass and changes in the biomass stock that are not obtainable by ground measurement techniques. In arid areas of the planet, it will see through to the underlying bedrock, enabling mapping of the rock structure and search for subterranean reservoirs of water. The satellite is currently in Toulouse for final testing ahead of its expected launch in 2024.

Upcoming missions also include EarthCARE, monitoring the impact of clouds and tiny atmospheric particles (aerosols) on atmospheric radiation; Merlin, studying greenhouse gases and global warming; and Microcarb, measuring CO ₂ levels.

The Company's satellite-based services Farmstar, co-developed with Arvalis Institut du Végétal with the support of Terre-Inovia, help support a more sustainable agriculture. It provides a complete range of advice for wheat, barley, rapeseed and rapeseed companion plants at intra-field scale, all aligned with the crop cycle. This minimises farming impact on the environment by using only what the plant really needs. 700,000 hectares are currently monitored in France, for 14,000 farmers.

The Company's Pléiades Neo constellation delivers precision insights to help farmers cultivate their fields more sustainably in the context of a changing climate. Pléiades Neo's Red Edge band makes it possible to accurately predict and pinpoint subtle stress situations in crops long before the problem can be detected with conventional vegetation indices or even the human eye. This information will allow farmers to assess the root cause of the problem and take remedial action before the ailment spreads or crops are lost, enabling more effective climate adaptation.

The Starling digital platform, developed by the Company with the non-profit Earthworm Foundation, uses a combination of forest cover change analytics and satellite imagery to support agro-forestry businesses, public institutions, local authorities, NGOs, academics and research. Starling can show 20 years of historical data and trends and currently covers more than 5.8 million km2. Since 2016, Starling has generated more than 2 million alerts and utilised more than 180,000 images.

Investing in the future

The Company is investing in and accelerating its efforts on five complementary strategic pathways to reduce its environmental footprint, in support of the overall sector ambition, as highlighted above. Overall, a major portion of the Company capital expenditures (CapEx), research & technology (R&T), and research & development (R&D) expenses is linked to its commercial aircraft activities and the realisation of these five decarbonisation pathways. In 2023, the total R&D spend of the Company amounted to € 3.3 billion (2022: € 3.1 billion).

Progress and performance

In 2023, the Company delivered 735 commercial aircraft. Of these 735, the emissions of three A330-200 aircraft destined to A330 MRTT production are excluded from the commercial aircraft perimeter and included in the military aircraft perimeter as part of the "other products" category. Based on an average life-time in service of around 22 years (average life-times specific to each aircraft type were used in the calculation), and SAF uptake assumptions as per IEA-SDS scenario (ETP2020), the total CO ₂ emissions for these products over their anticipated life-time is estimated at around 464MtCO ₂e, which translates to an average efficiency of 62.9gCO ₂e per passenger-kilometre. In 2022, the Company delivered 663 aircraft with resulting estimated life-time emissions of around 425MtCO ₂ e and average efficiency of 64.4gCO ₂ e per passenger-kilometre.

The Company estimates that products delivered in 2023 will see their life-time emissions reduced by around 15% thanks to the gradual introduction of SAF during their operational life. For all reported Scope 3 figures and performance metrics, see "6.1.17 - ESG data board".

Efficiency metric (SBTi-validated target) - Since 2015, commercial aircraft scope 3 efficiency measured through this metric has improved by 29.2%, largely supported by significant investments into new aircraft technology and designs, as well as by projected SAF uptake impact to a lower extent. Given the variable time horizons of each of the five decarbonisation pathways presented above, it is expected that the increase of SAF used by airlines in the coming decades will have a decisive impact for achieving this -46% target by 2035. In order to be able to check how actual global penetration of SAF is consistent with its target related assumptions, the Company is developing the means to monitor actual availability of SAF and the resulting impact on aircraft emissions. This will take the form of a tool that aggregates public commercial data and processes it with a combination of artificial intelligence and rule-based calculations. The model is currently being tested, and expected to enable the first reliable results in 2024.

3. Supply chain engagement

	Target	2023 Performance
CDP Engagement Suppliers responding to CDP questionnaire	Maintain at least 75% of sourcing volume (based on year-1 turnover)	80.1% +5.1p.p vs. target

While the greatest contribution from the Company's supply chain to decarbonisation will be the capacity of its suppliers to accompany the development and delivery of technical solutions, getting its whole supply chain operations engaged in the transition towards a low carbon economy also remains a priority.

Scope 3 Purchased goods and services. GHG emissions arising from the goods and services the Company purchases (Scope 3 - Purchased goods and services) based on its 2022 spend amounted to 10,325 KtCO ₂ e (2023 data will be available later in 2024). This evaluation was performed based on a methodology developed by the International Aerospace Environmental Group (IAEG). This methodology is expected to be continuously refined in the coming years. See methodology details in "- 6.1.17 ESG data board / Environmental performance". While this method includes a certain degree of uncertainty - considered high by the IAEG on a certain number of emissions factors used - it provides a broad view of the sources of GHG emissions in the Company's supply chain and enables comparison of the Company's various scopes throughout its value chain.

CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project). In addition, the Company considers a CDP score as a relevant indicator for assessing the maturity of its suppliers to address climate change, and requests its main suppliers to respond to the CDP Supply Chain program on an annual basis. In 2023, it continued engaging with suppliers representing 83.2% of the Company's total sourcing volume, following which suppliers representing 80.1% of the Company's sourcing volume have completed the CDP questionnaire. The scores for the year 2023 were not available at time of publication.

4. Employee engagement

Contribution of Company culture and employee engagement to climate objectives

Success can only be collective and the engagement of each and every employee is necessary. Environmental targets and objectives, including the ones related to climate (scope 1&2), are internally promoted under the label high5+. Periodic communication campaigns are led using different communication channels, such as posters and the intranet. In addition, climate-related objectives are part of the Company Top Company Objectives ('TCOs'). In the process of being cascaded to functions and teams, TCOs trigger discussions where teams reflect on how and to what extent they can contribute and set meaningful objectives. Furthermore, a dedicated section in the Company's intranet provides information about the Company's commitment towards climate, and related action plans are available for employees to expand their awareness. On the training platform, e-learning in relation to climate, such as "climate crisis", "climate science", or "climate change economics", are freely available to employees while one environment-related e-learning has been included since 2022 in the Company yearly training plan, applicable to all employees to develop their awareness and also help them understand how their work can impact the environment. From October 2022 to September 2023, some 29,437 employees were trained in environmental awareness. In addition, 7,556 employees followed the "climate fresk" training.

The Company established a global sustainability ambassadors network in 2021 which has continued to flourish, onboarding 811 ambassadors from across 18 functions and 20 countries. Ambassadors help to foster sustainability culture and awareness, engage their local teams in various initiatives, and support the adoption and integration of sustainability objectives into the business, including climate and communities. During the year, ambassadors engaged in seven sustainability action events on topics such as materiality assessment, SBTi awareness, giving feedback on the Company's sustainability communications approach, and sustainability culture change. The Company's annual Sustainability Townhall was an opportunity to highlight and recognise the engagement of the Ambassadors through the Company's first Sustainability Ambassador awards. 80 nominations were received across four categories, highlighting best practice in Governance - national and functional approaches, business integration, and awareness and engagement.

Incentivised remuneration

In order to better embed this ambition into the Company's performance management, CO ₂ performance targets have been included in variable remuneration schemes since 2021 (See "6.1.1 - The Company's approach to sustainability / Governance"). Such short-term incentivisation enables to accelerate the transformation of the Company and cultural shift. The Executive Committee agreed in 2022 to include a reduction target in absolute value at 687kt CO ₂ e for 2023 (or -0.9% vs. 2022), for CO ₂ Scopes 1 & 2 (TCO scope, see above), part of the Top Company Objectives. The 2023 target was overachieved with an actual performance of 593kt CO ₂ e or -15%. This target was set in absolute value at 581kt CO ₂ e for 2024 (or -3% on the 2024 extended TCO scope). In addition, when relevant, the transposition of TCOs into individual or team objectives may impact the variable remuneration of concerned employees, such as engineers working on decarbonisation-related projects, or employees working on the Company's industrial decarbonisation roadmap.

Competence management and employability

The Company's transition plan largely relies on technology and innovation. Anticipating, developing and securing required competencies will be decisive, both for the Company to be able to deliver on its commitment and for employees' skills to be adapted to a changing world. Due to the significant impact of lower-carbon aviation and eco-design (product) on its business, the Company estimates that at least 50% of engineering profiles will have to be upskilled by 2030. "Clean and Sustainable Aerospace" is identified as one critical skill group in the Company's competence strategy. Specifically, identified skills requiring priority action are: hybrid propulsion, electrical high voltage, hydrogen, cryogenics - directly related to decarbonisation innovation - as well as supply chain environmental impact analysis or eco-design.

Today the Company experiences a tension between the industry needs and the offer from both the employment market and H2 learning market. Also the aeronautic field's attractivity is a key success factor to recruitment plans. To cover this situation a H2 talent ecosystem must be developed through partnerships with universities, schools and research laboratories.

Dedicated learning paths are also being developed and deployed under the leadership of academies in the Company functions. In addition, when needed, targeted external recruitments will enable the Company to align its workforce skills with its business challenge.

5. Engaging the ecosystem

Cooperating with the scientific community and universities

Climate change is a critical challenge for humanity, and the Company believes innovation and technology can make substantial contributions to the solution. Achieving this common goal will require all forces from the scientific community to be joined. Hence the Company participates in a number of research programs worldwide; it is committed to sharing acquired knowledge that could help accelerate the progress of science. For instance, the Company is collaborating with the DLR in Germany, Manchester Metropolitan University in the UK, with the ONERA or the Montpellier Business School in France, the Denmark Technical University in Denmark, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in the US, the Tsinghua University in China or the European Joint Research Centre. The Company also created the CEDAR "Chair for Eco-Design of Aircraft" together with ISAE-SUPAERO (French aerospace engineering school) in 2013. This five-year chair aimed to define disruptive concepts in air transport by introducing, from the start of the design, innovative technologies. In 2019, the partnership was renewed and adopted the main learnings of previous years all while integrating a more comprehensive environmental engineering approach. The CEDAR Chair is composed of international scholarships, interdisciplinary program of student projects derived from concrete industrial cases in the field of "Future Aircraft Design", and environmental engineering certificate with focus on the issues of sustainable development, offering an approach to design aircraft over the entire product life cycle, addresses eco-mobility and the economics of air transport. It also provides a research component that focuses on technological developments that will improve the implementation of air transport solutions, making it possible to reduce the global ecological footprint.

Engaging with policy makers

Leveraging on its unique understanding of aerospace industry specificities, the Company is engaged in a constant dialogue with policy makers, directly or through trade associations. Such engagements are performed in compliance with the Ethical business conduct principles described in section "- 6.1.14 Business integrity", the Company's Code of Conduct and the Company's Responsible Lobbying Charter.

In 2023, as a member of the industry association International Coordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Associations (ICCAIA) through the ASD, the Company actively participated in the International Civil Aviation Organisation's (ICAO) work to define guidance, standards and recommended practices aimed at minimising emissions from aircraft and engines, as well as defining policies with regards to local air quality, climate change, and noise. Specifically, in 2022 the Company has been an active member supporting the adoption of a climate "Long Term Ambitious Goal" to the ICAO 41st assembly. At European level, the Company has engaged with the EU Commission on climate change policies discussions such as the "ReFuel EU" initiative as part of the "Fit for 55" regulatory package. At the national level, the Company has engaged with France, Spain, UK and Germany in order to exchange on federal policies on climate change. In particular in its home countries France, Germany and the United Kingdom, the Company has cooperated with the CORAC (Conseil pour la Recherche Aéronautique Civile), LUFO (German Research Programme "Luftfahrtforschungsprogramm") and ATI (UK Aerospace Technology Institute) respectively on research for technology, fuels and non-CO ₂ emissions. As well, in 2023 the Company has directly discussed with the EU Commission supporting the development of a carbon removal framework with high environmental integrity in Europe. The Company's positions on climate-related topics are consistent with the principles and axis of the transformation described in its transition plan, where it considers that emerging regulatory frameworks could be a decisive enabler.

Other initiatives

The Company is also engaged in a number of initiatives: where impactful and connected to its know-how, the Company engages in various projects with local communities or partners, and develops projects beyond its immediate core business that could generate meaningful CO ₂ savings.

Scope 3 commuting - In 2022, in partnership with Toulouse Métropole, Tisséo (the local transport authority) and Sopra-Steria, a smartphone application called Ecomode was developed to incentivise the shift to collective commuting (e.g. public transport and car sharing) or low-carbon individual mobility modes (e.g. bicycles). This has been deployed amongst employees in Toulouse and is of potential benefit to the citizens of all 37 municipalities of the Toulouse Métropole. Such an initiative benefits both the Company and the whole local community. At site level, cycling to work is encouraged by improved infrastructure, cycling paths made safer in collaboration with local authorities, and periodic "cycle to work" events organised. Car parks are being equipped with charging devices to encourage the use of electric cars, and Company car policy has evolved in order to incentivise the selection of low-carbon vehicles by collaborators.

Climate adaptation, supporting local communities - Through its Community Impact Policy - including corporate activities and its non-profit arm the Airbus Foundation - the Company is committed to support vulnerable communities through disaster response at a time when climate-related catastrophes are getting more intense and frequent. The Company works in collaboration with local knowledgeable associations, as well as with partners that have a global reach. Support can take the form of impact investments or provision of access to Company's products and services, for example, providing satellite imagery for partners to properly assess a disaster's scope and adapt their response plans. The Airbus Foundation chartered helicopter hours to respond to the wildfires in Chile, and provided satellite imagery to the International Union for Conservation of Nature ("IUCN") as part of a 3-year reforestation project. The Company also saw a rise in requests to support projects linked specifically to water access in vulnerable communities which are impacted by climate change and changing weather patterns. The Company and the Airbus Foundation respectively partnered with organisations in the Philippines and Kenya on projects which have collectively created access to clean water for 20,000 community members. A 3-year agreement was also signed to equip two indigenous communities in Australia with water access through infrastructure, maintenance plans and training, with the project due to commence in 2024. (See Chapter 6.1.16 Community Impact for more information).

6.1.3 Pollution

I. Introduction

Linked to the industrial nature of its operations, the Company strives to reduce any potential impact of its activities on the natural environment in compliance with applicable standards, laws and regulations. As covered in this section, pollution includes air pollution (beyond GHG, see "6.1.2 - Climate change"), soil pollution, water pollution (surface and groundwater) and noise pollution caused by the Company's activities and value chain. Pollution linked to the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a primary focus of the Company, as it may arise from aircraft painting and cleaning activities. Light pollution has been deemed to be non-material to the Company's value chain. Pollution may impact the Company primarily through the potential consequences of business disruption arising from constraints on activities in the Company's value chain in case of any local pollution peaks, for instance. Potential unmanaged pollution risks could also disrupt the Company's ability to operate, e.g. deliver its products to customers or imply depolluting costs.

Overall, the Company's compliance with applicable standards, laws and regulations is part of the operating licences granted by local authorities. In this regard, the Company is subject to multiple regulatory provisions, including those of the EU Industrial Emissions Directive (IED). The IED notably applies to the management of the Company's industrial activities in France, Germany and Spain. This Directive requests operators of certain installations to establish the state of soil and surface and groundwater contamination at the start of operations, apply for a permit that includes conditions to prevent pollution through application of the best available techniques, and take necessary action upon definitive cessation to return the site to its initial status. Beyond this Directive, the law on soil management is covered under several national texts which may differ from one country to another, as well as in the permits issued for the Company's industrial activities. Specific regulations cover the topic of chemical substances, with the main regulations covering the Company's activities and products being Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of Chemicals (REACH); Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS); Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP); and Biocidal Products.

Pollution	GRI SASB				SDGs	Others
	305 - Emissions				9-12-13-17
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC
	Executive Committee / Environment Committee
Related corporate policies	Environmental Policy, Code of Conduct
Management system	EMS - Environmental Management System ISO14001 - 87% of workforce covered
Relevant certifications
KPIs	2030 Target	2015 Baseline	2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022	2023 vs. Baseline
Air emissions:
VOC (tons)	0% increase	1,480	1,098	1,103	+0.4%	-25%
Other key metrics			2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
NOx (tons)			212	179	-15.5%
SOx (tons)			17	17	+1.0%
KPI assumptions	2023 VOC emissions data is estimated. 2023 actuals will be consolidated in April 2024.
Additional resources	Environmental Policy Statement, Sustainability on Airbus.com

II. Governance

The Airbus Environmental Policy and overall governance, as described in "- 6.1.2 Climate change" apply to this topic.

III. Risk management

Environmental risk and opportunities are managed following the Company's ERM system, see section "- 6.1.2 Climate change". Substance-related risks are included in the Company's top risks, as reported in "- 4.6 Risk factors".

In addition, the Company's ISO14001 certified EMS notably applies the standard recommendations for pollution control audits, training, risk assessment and identification, implementation of risk prevention procedures (emergency plans, simulation exercises). For example, sites shall conduct an analysis of environmental aspects and impacts at least every three years, as well as each time a material change in operations occurs, also in connection with the Company's ERM process. While the EMS sets requirements, actual deployment, concrete means and measures are managed at site level and adapted to the nature of a site's industrial activities and to applicable regulations. For instance, in Toulouse and linked to flight test activities, concerned employees systematically follow dedicated training sessions, including on instructions for fuel handling or on procedures to follow in case of an incident. Also, each year, more than five spill-related emergency situations (e.g. a kerosene leak or a fire-fighting water spill) are conducted to test defined emergency plans. At least one emergency situation is performed in coordination with local authorities.

IV. Implementation / activities

Air emissions

Air emissions - primarily referring to VOC emissions related to surface treatment - are mostly impacted by the number of aircraft deliveries. Regulated substance substitution may also lead to the use of new chemicals of less concern with VOC emissions which need to be monitored. Overall, in 2022, emitted VOCs increased 7.5% year-on-year, reflecting the increase in aircraft production rate compared to 2021.

Chemical substances

Many chemicals used in the global aerospace industry to achieve high levels of product quality and meet stringent technical performance, airworthiness and reliability requirements are subject to strict regulations. These regulations impact key processes and products, such as surface treatments, paints and fire protection.

The Company remains committed to replacing such substances in its products and processes. To help achieve this, it has put in place a portfolio of activities and projects, working with suppliers to identify, develop, qualify and deploy new technologies and solutions that avoid the use of substances classified as posing a risk to human health or the environment, while still satisfying airworthiness, certification and performance requirements.

The Company also engages with suppliers to promote the adoption of a similar approach through regular communication and, more widely, by working together with the aerospace industry to promote worldwide harmonisation of regulations and ways of working, taking into account the sector's safety and lifecycle specificities.

Using information obtained from its own design and suppliers, the Company tracks, records, assesses and declares regulated chemicals and materials. Since 2011, the Company has analysed the impact of over 1,100 regulated substances, and qualified and deployed substitutes for over 100 substances in 300 products.

The Company invests substantial time and resources in research and development for technologies that use alternatives to regulated substances. When it can be demonstrated that these technologies meet the strict safety and reliability criteria required for aviation, the Company seeks to implement them in its aircraft design and manufacturing. For example, the Company is, in cooperation with its suppliers, developing, qualifying and progressively deploying on all its new aircraft, chromate-free corrosion protection and paint systems for aluminium structures. Another example is the halon replacement project that researches alternatives to halon, a highly regulated ozone depleting substances family, used in the fire extinguishing systems in engines and cargo areas. Several fire extinguishing technical solutions are now being tested on aircraft in flight conditions, with an objective to roll them out into production from 2027.

Noise

Noise around the Company's sites can also be an important topic for neighbouring communities. The Company is actively engaged with local authorities to minimise its impact by, for instance, adapting operating times. In Toulouse, the Company has launched the Median initiative, regrouping actors in charge of flight activities around the airport to find the most effective solution to reduce noise levels. It is also actively seeking to reduce the noise at the source, by developing products and technologies striving to minimise such impact, while certification authorities have also set stringent noise-related criteria.

6.1.4 Materials and circularity

I. Introduction

The Company recognises the challenges associated with depleting natural resources. This section covers its approach towards optimising the use of materials end-to-end - including product life cycle, eco-design, circularity, and end-of-life considerations - with a focus on waste when it comes to its own industrial operations. The Company identified three materials for which this approach is especially meaningful as they are essential to aircraft manufacturing: aluminium, titanium, and carbon fibre-reinforced plastics ("CFRP").

While aerospace represents a small fraction of the global volumes for most materials - e.g. the Company's aluminium consumption is estimated to be about 0.1% of the global market - it is among the main users for some highly specialised materials such as titanium or CFRP. The use of these materials, and the impacts associated with their production or end-of-life, are justified by their contribution to the efficiency of the end product, as they enable lighter structures and more efficient design. As more than 90% of a typical aircraft's life cycle impact comes from its operational use phase, using lighter materials (which are sometimes more impactful in their production processes) is particularly effective in regards to achieving significant reductions in energy consumption and emissions overall. Product weight optimisation is largely linked to product performance in terms of range and fuel consumption, and therefore has a benefit for customers. Optimising the use of such high-value materials is directly linked to the Company's competitiveness, while securing their supply, as they become scarcer, is necessary to ensure business continuity.

Additionally, these materials can pose unique challenges in terms of supply, application and recycling. Addressing this topic requires an engagement and coordination with the end-to-end value chain, from the extraction stages to the eventual disposal or recycling. Of note, the human rights aspects that may be linked to the sourcing of materials, including conflict minerals, as well as the potential environmental impact linked to their extraction and processing are covered in sections "6.1.10 Human rights" and "- 6.1.15 Responsible supply chain". A number of related regulations affect the Company globally, regionally and locally, such as the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, or the EU Waste Framework Directive.

All considerations for optimising material use shall also, under no circumstance, be detrimental to product safety and shall meet all technical requirements from stringent certification standards.

	GRI	SASB			SDGs	Others
	301 - Materials	Hazardous Waste Management			9-12-13-17
	306 - Waste
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC Executive Committee / Environment Committee
Related corporate policies	Environmental Policy, Code of Conduct, Human Rights Policy
Management system Relevant certifications	EMS - Environmental Management System ISO14001 - 87% of workforce covered
KPIs	2030 Target	2015 Baseline	2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022	2023 vs. Baseline
Waste produced excluding exceptional waste (tons)	-20%	107,513	74,443	77,208	+3.7%	-28.2%
	with no landfill or incineration without energy recovery
Other key metrics (More metrics and assumptions, see "6.1.17 - ESG data board")			2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
% Material recovery rate			61%	60%	-1p.p
% Energy recovery rate			18%	19%	+1p.p
Additional resources	Environmental Policy Statement, Sustainability on Airbus.com, Tarmac Aerosave

II. Governance

The Airbus Environmental Policy and overall governance, as described in "- 6.1.2 Climate change" apply to this topic. At the operational level, a multi-functional team leads this activity. Additionally, this was complemented at the end of 2021 for the Company's commercial aircraft activities by a specific cross program forum that reviews, prioritises, and budgets waste or inventory-related initiatives.

III. Risk management

Environmental risk and opportunities are managed through the Company's ERM system. See "6.1.2 - Climate change".

IV. Implementation / activities

The Company's products make efficient use of these materials by being designed to operate for several decades with high utilisation rates, being highly serviceable and repairable, and ultimately allowing for around 90% of their constituents by mass to be recovered, including recycling. The Company promotes the development of a circular economy model, and is proactive in seeking ways to recover, reuse and recycle materials beyond their initial life. Overall, in order to minimise the impact of its activities, the Company's strategy relies on the approach: avoid; reduce, reuse-recycle-repair, supported by a number of enablers such as measuring, Life Cycle Analysis ("LCA") and eco-design, or digitalisation.

Metallic waste accounts for more than 30% of the Company's waste (excluding exceptional waste). Considering the risk of resource depletion versus growing demand, the Company has kicked off in 2022 and progressed in 2023 a dedicated transformation project related to the circularity of critical raw materials, especially non-ferrous metals, with a focus on the most material perimeter, its commercial aircraft activity.

Avoid - material use optimisation

Weight reduction through material use optimisation has always been a priority in aerospace, as this is directly linked to aircraft performance. Lately, the development of new technologies such as additive layer manufacturing (ALM or "3D printing"), including for metallic components, enabled the redesign of parts, resulting in significant improvements by limiting material consumption to what structure and resistance require. For example, 3D printing technologies such as direct energy deposition (DED) can reduce the titanium raw material consumption by up to 70%. More optimised design and manufacturing processes for metallic and composite components can improve the buy-to-fly ratios, as well as reduce weight, material consumption, energy consumption and production costs. For instance, forming technology has led to an aluminium material reduction of 80% for some parts compared to machining from a plate.

Reduce

Industrial waste

Waste from industrial activities represents about three quarters of the total waste generated by the Company's sites, the remaining portion being waste generated in offices and canteens. The Company also focuses on the waste generated by its sites throughout the manufacturing process and has set an objective of reducing these overall waste amounts by 20% by 2030 from a 2015 baseline, including 0% landfilling and 0% incineration without energy recovery. The Company industrial waste is mainly composed of metallic waste, general waste, chemical waste and packaging waste.

A dedicated multi-functional team with skills from across the organisation such as engineering, information management, procurement, industrial operations and facility management is actively working on a waste reduction roadmap. Over the past years and including in 2023, the Company has focused on metering and on data robustness and accuracy for measuring waste, with a focus on standardising the practices towards waste collectors and in line with regulatory requirements for greater traceability. The objective is to enhance data monitoring, reporting and forecasting capabilities in order to steer efforts through sites on waste management. This includes a harmonisation of definitions, processes and assumptions. Priority has been given to commercial aircraft activities due to the industrial ramp-up.

In 2023, non-exceptional waste increased by 3.7%, largely explained by the commercial aircraft production ramp up. The proportion of the non-exceptional waste landfilled or incinerated without energy recovery amounted to an estimate of 21%.

Hazardous waste

In the Company's European operations, the main sources of hazardous waste are contaminated packaging and chemical waste, especially waste from surface treatment activities, oil, fuel and various chemicals. While chemical waste reduction remains a priority, this is a topic also driven by regulation, the evolution of which may impact the roadmap's ambition for reducing waste as well as its timing (see Chemical Substances section in "6.1.3 - Pollution").

Increase the lifespan of components

A large part of the Company's aircraft products components are designed to last for the aircraft service lifetime, which exceeds 20 years on average. Some components, called life-limited parts ("LLPs"), have a lifetime which is limited by design for safety related reasons and need to be replaced at specific intervals based on the aircraft age and usage.

Repairability - reuse - second life

With regards to LLPs, easy replacement and availability of parts over the whole programme lifetime are a priority. The Company's products are designed to be repaired when damaged by a number of maintenance, repair and overhaul (MROs) companies worldwide and spare parts providers. The Company's after-sale activities include the sale of spare parts and the provision of maintenance, repair and overhaul services. LLPs can be overhauled to serve other operators, routes or missions. In particular, passenger-to-freighter conversions are frequently considered to extend the lifetime of aircraft.

Recycling

Waste generated by the Company's industrial processes often includes high-value materials, so optimising their circularity responds to both environmental and economic objectives. The Company sends over half of its waste to be recycled. It is currently working on specific initiatives to further increase this rate, such as specific loop creation for titanium in order to reintegrate chips or end-of-life parts into raw material manufacturing processes.

In addition, the Company sources material volumes of recycled materials that are used for the manufacturing of aircraft. As an order of magnitude, in 2023 around 40% of aluminium products delivered to the Company (main structural material in an aircraft) came from recycled material.

Finally, the EU-funded PAMELA project, for Process for Advanced Management of End of Life of Aircraft, demonstrated in 2007 the possibility of recycling up to 85% of plane components. More recently, according to TARMAC Aerosave, a joint-venture in which the Company is a shareholder, now more than 90% of an aircraft's weight can be recovered at end-of-life (including material and energy recovery) through a selective dismantling process. For example, TARMAC Aerosave, provides such reverse manufacturing services, including dismantling, sorting, packaging for reuse or sending to relevant waste collectors while managing parts traceability. In 2023, the Company, Tarmac Aerosave and the City of Chengdu established a joint venture for the first aircraft "lifecycle" services centre in China. The new facility will cover a range of activities from aircraft parking and storage, to maintenance, upgrades, conversions, dismantling and recycling services for various aircraft types. Overall, TARMAC has provided dismantling, recycling and disposal services in respect of over 300 decommissioned aircraft since 2007.

Lifecycle thinking and conscious design

The Company invests in lifecycle assessments (LCA) for environmental impact accounting associated with a specific product, in accordance with the requirements specified in the ISO14040 standard. LCA studies have been finalised for all commercial aircraft products delivered in 2023.

In addition, the Company is deploying frameworks enabling environmentally-conscious design choices to reduce the footprint of projects and optimise aspects such as product end-of-life management and critical raw materials usage. For instance, environmental assessments are being used to assist the research & technology decision-making processes related to commercial aircraft activities. The Defence and Space Division also uses LCA as part of the development of the Sentinel satellites that are built for the European Space Agency.

Digitalisation, traceability and criticality mapping

The Company leverages digitalisation as an enabler to optimise and reduce its environmental footprint. For example, all waste data is now collected and managed on a single Company-wide platform in order to provide a holistic view of the waste, enabling more efficient decision making at Company and site level.

As recommended by the EU Critical Raw Material ("CRM") framework, the Company has created and is maintaining a dedicated internal methodology to assess criticality of raw materials on the axis of supply risk, environmental and ethical impacts. Based on this, a regularly updated watchlist of the most critical raw materials for the Company has been defined to influence design choices. The mapping of Critical Raw Materials and Strategic Raw Materials in the Company's commercial activity products is currently ongoing, based on available data.

Competence management

Circularity is a part of the Company's sustainability and environment competency strategy. Accordingly, related training modules have been integrated in the Company's training catalogue, such as "Circular economy - sustainable materials management", "What is circular economy", "Implementing circular economy processes", "Circular design and manufacturing in practise", "From linear to circular thinking".

6.1.5 Water

I. Introduction

The Company's water usage is mostly linked to non-industrial uses, including sanitary, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, canteens and fire extinguishing. Around one third of the water withdrawn is used for industrial uses such as climate control of industrial facilities (e.g. clean rooms for satellite assembly; paintshops), surface treatment, machining and non-destructive testing. This section covers both withdrawal and discharge.

Procuring the required water does not currently represent a material cost for the Company as overall withdrawn volumes are relatively limited, especially for its industrial operations. However, securing water availability to operate the industrial processes requiring water is critical for the Company and its supply chain to ensure business continuity. As such, water aspects are included in the Company's LCA approach.

The links between water use, climate and biodiversity are significant, with climate change and ecosystem degradation having the potential to exacerbate water stress and consequently affect water availability. The Company analyses current and projected local water stress levels to understand where the Company's activities have the greatest impact on water resources and prioritise actions in these areas (e.g. south of Spain, northern China). This analysis is based inter alia on the World Resources Institute's Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas 4.0 tool, using the "baseline" data as well as the 2030 scenarios.

Due diligence aspects with regards to the potential environmental impacts including on water resources in the Company supply chain are described in section "- 6.1.15 Responsible supply chain".

Water discharge quality is managed by each site directly to ensure compliance with applicable local regulatory requirements.

WATER	GRI	SASB			SDGs	Others
	303 - Water and Effluents				9-12-13-17
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC
	Executive Committee / Environment Committee
Related corporate policies	Environmental Policy, Code of Conduct
Management system	EMS - Environmental Management System ISO14001 - 87% of workforce covered
Relevant certifications
KPIs	Target 2030	Baseline	2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022	2023 vs. Baseline
		2015
Water:
Water purchased (m ³ )	-50%	3,366,404	2,922,431	2,772,185	-5.1%	-17.7%
Water withdrawal (m ³ )	0% increase	4,317,843	3,687,717	3,535,867	-4.1%	-18.1%
Other key metrics (More metrics available in "- 6.1.17 ESG data board")			2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
% of water withdrawal from all areas with high or extremely high water stress ⁽¹⁾			37%	37%	0p.p
Metrics assumptions	⁽¹⁾ areas identified with high or extremely high water stress as defined by the Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, "baseline" (Aqueduct version 3.0 for the 2022 and previous data and Aqueduct version 4.0 -updated in August 2023- for the 2023 data).
	Note: 2015 and 2022 data have been restated in order to re-integrate volumes previously accidentally omitted from two sites located in Germany and one site located in Canada.
Additional resources	Environmental Policy Statement, Sustainability on Airbus.com

II. Governance

The Airbus Environmental Policy and overall governance, as described in "- 6.1.2 Climate change" apply to this topic.

III. Risk management

Environmental risk and opportunities are managed following the Company's ERM system, as described in the section "6.1.2 Climate change". This covers among other risks related to water accessibility in areas of high and extremely high water stress. In addition, water has been identified as relevant to climate change physical risks: work is on-going to update the above-mentioned risks in line with TCFD.

IV. Implementation / activities

In 2023, the Company refined its estimates of its own water usage; overall water usage mostly relates to non-industrial uses (around 60% of water withdrawal), while the rest is used in production-related uses (about one third) and fire protection (less than 10%).

In order to better monitor its approach with regards to water management, the Company has set the following 2030 targets (vs. 2015 baseline): -50% reduction in purchased water and 0% increase in water withdrawal.

The Company is currently working on a revision of these water targets with a site per site context-based approach and a reinforced focus on sites located in high and extremely high water stress areas, also considering 2030 projections. When finalised, this should result in the discontinuation of the purchased water related target and a more relevant target for water withdrawal.

While all concerned sites are working towards these targets with the implementation of advanced water management practices, a focus is put on areas with current or future high water stress levels. For example, local water stress levels are used as a criterion for prioritising the funding of projects and for launching pilot projects (e.g. proof of concept launched in Illescas, Spain on digitised and automated water consumption real-time monitoring).

In 2023, the Company conducted studies in 14 sites representing 68% of the Airbus 2023 total withdrawal in order to assess the water management maturity level of these sites and identify relevant opportunities to further reduce withdrawals. Other sites have conducted maturity self-assessments based on the same methodology.

The strategy is based on the following eight pillars:

Key pillars	Description and rationale	Examples of projects
measure / metre	Measuring as a prerequisite to identify water flows and manage consumption.	Installation of smart water metres with automated and digital data transfer, high frequency and increased granularity (e.g. commercial aircraft sites and Airbus Defence and Space Division sites in Europe).
monitor	Track consumption, ensure control of deviations and detection of abnormalities.	Smart metering on site/building/asset level, connection to digital platforms, creation of KPIs and regular reports, alert systems.
avoid squandering	Identify and fix leakages, reconsider processes.	Leakage detection campaigns; improved parameters of Super Plastic Forming press cooling system to avoid unnecessary use of water in Toulouse (France).
reduce	Increase efficiency; equipment retrofit.	Adoption of cooling system with reduced water consumption at Illescas site (Spain); air conditioning, boilers and sanitary equipment retrofit at Puerto Real site (Spain); replacement of water chiller with air-cooled systems in Portsmouth (UK); new press cooling system in Bremen (Germany); improved efficiency of air conditioning systems through water treatment system and automatic adaptation of airflow in Stade (Germany); improvement of cooling towers cycles in Toulouse (France); reduction of irrigation at Miami (US), Tianjin (China) and Blagnac (France) sites.
reuse	Create closed loops; use the same volume several times.	Reuse of treated industrial wastewater in Nordenham (Germany) in industrial processes; water reuse for Non-Destructive Testing in Illescas (Spain); reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation in Beijing (China).
replace	Use rainwater.	Rainwater harvesting at Toulouse (France), Broughton (UK) and Illescas (Spain) sites.
new building design	Ensure high water efficiency standards from the design phase.	Certified building standards, e.g. LEED (Silver certification, Mobile site, US).
communication	Inform and engage employees.	Employee awareness campaigns (e.g. World Water Day communication on internal portal, onsite awareness-raising animations on water in Blagnac and Toulouse sites).

In 2023, water withdrawal decreased by about 4% compared to 2022. When compared to 2015 baseline, water withdrawal reduced by 18.1%; similarly, purchased water dropped by 17.7%. These savings resulted from a number of operational improvements and technical projects in line with the eight pillars described above, and including reinforced operational control, control of irrigation practices and leakage repair.

6.1.6 Biodiversity

I. Introduction

The Company recognises the considerable pressure the planet is facing as a result of loss of biodiversity. The latest 2019 report of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services ("IPBES") demonstrates that the health of ecosystems is deteriorating rapidly and the 2021 IPBES-IPCC co-sponsored workshop shows the clear interdependencies between climate action and biodiversity protection. In this context, the Company intends to improve its understanding of the impacts its activities and biodiversity may have on each other alongside the interdependencies of this subject with the Company's on-going climate actions.

Moreover, the Company aims to contribute to updated and new goals and objectives for biodiversity. These include the ones for 2030 and 2050 agreed at the 15th Conference of the Parties of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity in December 2022, in Montreal, which notably calls on businesses to assess and disclose biodiversity dependencies, impacts and risks, and reduce negative impacts.

II. Governance

The Airbus Environmental Policy and overall governance, as described in "- 6.1.2 Climate change" apply to this topic.

III. Risk management

Environmental risk and opportunities are managed following the Company's ERM system, as described in the section "6.1.2 Climate change".

IV. Implementation / activities

In order to progress its understanding of the impact of its activities on biodiversity, the Company has identified the IPBES report as a relevant framework to follow. The Company launched in 2022 and further progressed in 2023 a project to compile an inventory of potential impacts across the five drivers of biodiversity loss: changing use of sea and lands, direct exploitation of organisms, climate change, pollution and invasive non-native species. Meanwhile, the Company presumes that the most material biodiversity loss impact is linked to the impact of the operation of its commercial aircraft on climate change and, as such, efforts are prioritised alongside the existing climate-related initiatives. See "6.1.2 - Climate change". In addition, a number of actions have been started in relation to the other drivers such as creating some baseline to support the management of eventual impacts related to "Changing use of land" (see below).

Pollution: see "6.1.3 - Pollution"

Changing use of land. Overall, the ground footprint of the aviation industry, as a global means of transportation, is limited to local sites; mostly airports and related activities. As for the Company, its operations are located at a number of industrial sites. The Company seeks to engage with local conservation partners as part of site development and planning. Where impacts cannot be avoided or reduced, the Company works with these local partners on conservation and remediation projects to preserve flora and fauna that are impacted by the Company's industrial activities. This is done in line with applicable legal requirements. In France, for instance, before, during and after construction works, the Company strives to apply the Avoid, Reduce, Compensate mitigation hierarchy, as well as establish a budget for compensation measures that goes beyond the duration of the project (for maintenance for example). This requires identifying areas rich in biodiversity (in particular protected species), identifying the potential impacts on biodiversity, and carrying out, if required, the necessary biodiversity inventories and the applicable deadlines in the timeline of each project.

Studying biodiversity. The Company's space products, and more especially Earth-observation satellites, play an instrumental role in the understanding of biodiversity evolution. See "6.1.2 - Climate change - Transition plan - Products and services supporting climate monitoring and adaptation". In addition, through its corporate community impact programme (including the Airbus Foundation), the Company has supported a number of biodiversity projects that aim to help preserve wildlife and natural ecosystems. See "6.1.16 - Community impact".

Build our business on the foundation of safety and quality

6.1.7 Aviation and product safety

I. Introduction

The Company believes that everyone in the aerospace industry has a role to play to further enhance the safety of the air transport system. Flying today is safer than ever before, and collective efforts continue to ensure that it will be even safer by anticipating and responding to risks, threats and challenges. While the foundations of the air transport system are built on regulatory compliance, the safety culture at the Company goes beyond compliance with certification and continued airworthiness requirements to also focus on safety enhancement activities in products and services. This also extends to the products and services of the Company's Defence and Space Division that offer communication, collaboration and intelligence knowledge solutions to assist government authorities, emergency service providers and healthcare providers.

Aviation / product safety	GRI	SASB	SDGs	Others
	416 - Customer Health and Safety	Product Safety	12
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Product Safety Board (PSB), involving several Executive Committee members Board of Directors
Related corporate policies	Airbus Product Safety Company Policy (A67)
Management system	SMS Corporate Safety Management System
Relevant certifications	Products EASA regulation (Parts 21/145/147/M/ORA), EU 996/2010, EU 376/2014, ECSS-Q ST-40-C and Def-Stan 00-56
	Operations EN9100, EN9001, EN9110, AQAP 2110, AQAP 2210 and AQAP 2310
KPIs	Target	horizon	2022	2023
% SMS officers nominated	100%	permanent	100%	100%
% SMS officers trained	100%	permanent	100%	100%
Other key metrics			2022	2023
Fatal accident rate Industry wide (1)			0.05 (gen4)	0.04 (gen4)
Metrics assumptions	⁽¹⁾ 10 year moving average fatal accident rate (per million flights) per aircraft generation
Additional resources	Code of Conduct, Product Safety on Airbus.com, Safety in Operations on Airbus.com, Safety investigation on Airbus.com, Health Onboard, Accident Statistics website┐

II. Governance

A dedicated safety organisation within the Company acts as an independent voice of safety. The Chief Product Safety Officer for the commercial aircraft activities of the Company reports directly to the CEO and is the Chairman of the Product Safety Board (PSB). Several Executive Committee members and senior executives are part of the PSB. This ensures proactive safety decision-making is based on multidisciplinary assessments at the highest decision level of the Company. The PSB makes decisions regarding technical aspects, safety governance and strategy. Regular reviews with the Board of Directors are also performed.

The Company's Safety Management System

Consistent with ICAO Annex 19, the Company's Corporate Safety Management System ("SMS") is based on the four ICAO pillars: safety policy and objectives, safety risk management, safety assurance, and safety promotion. The Company's Corporate SMS principles also integrate the end-to-end approach to safety with the Company's suppliers and operators. This is facilitated by an appointed corporate SMS Officer and SMS Officers per function with support from a network of nominated SMS representatives throughout the Company.

The Company's safety strategy

To support the Company vision for safety - "we constantly strive to enhance safety together in our quest to reach zero accidents" - the Company's product safety strategy is to:

―	implement programmes to continuously enhance the safety culture to ensure each employee has a personal and collective engagement consistent with the Company's safety values;
―	provide means so that any employee can report safety concerns;
―	ensure product safety is a priority in decision making, and
―	share lessons learnt and best practices with internal and external stakeholders, and take appropriate actions including actions based on identified top safety threats or opportunities.

Regulatory compliance

Product certifications are provided by the competent aviation authorities including the main civil aviation authorities and specific military authorities. Within each Division, and according to their respective functions, the Company works to ensure compliance through design and certification of products under EASA Part 21 Design Organisation Approvals (DOA); ECSS-Q ST-40-C (for space products) and Def-Stan 00-56 (for defence products); manufacturing under Production Organisation Approvals (POA); monitoring of in-service safety through approved EASA Part-M Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisations (CAMO); aircraft maintenance and retrofit operations conducted in line with civil and military EASA Part 145 regulations; and training provided to flight crews, cabin crews and maintenance crews through EASA Part 147 Approved Training Organisations (ATO).

The certified organisations within the Company where specific approvals are granted by the aviation authorities, are audited and monitored by these authorities to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. Additional audits are conducted by third parties as part of the quality certifications appropriate to each Division, including EN9100, EN9001, EN9110, AQAP 2110, AQAP 2210 and AQAP 2310.

Commitment to Just and Fair Culture

This commitment ensures that the appropriate reporting channels are available and known to all employees to report product safety and quality-related matters in an atmosphere of trust and empowerment. It is documented and endorsed with the signature of the CEO, Executive Committee members and top management.

III. Risk management

Applying proactive risk management principles has contributed to significant improvements to the safety of flight in recent decades. This risk management approach drives the Company's corporate safety process, which has been in place for more than 15 years. It supports the principles of the Company's safety enhancement culture, going beyond compliance with certification and airworthiness duties.

IV. Implementation / activities

Consistent with its end-to-end approach and as part of its safety strategy, the Company has several collaborative initiatives that contribute to reinforcing resilience capabilities in the air transport system and enhancing the safety level of its products with all key actors.

For example, the Company is working with its supply chain to extend its safety enhancement principles to its suppliers. This includes specific SMS forums and initiatives with its suppliers, which reinforce the collaborative approach for optimising responses to in-service feedback and reports. To ensure the safety and quality of parts used in aircraft and spacecraft manufacturing guarantees that the final product will meet safety and quality standards, the Company cascades related requirements to all its direct suppliers through contractual terms and the Supplier Code of Conduct. These go beyond ISO EN9100 quality standards, with the requirement for suppliers to continuously train their employees on quality assurance and ensure they are appropriately skilled. The Company leads an annual audit campaign to verify all quality requirements are met, including performance and compliance. Priorities are defined based on risk ranking criteria that consider parts criticality, operational maturity and production capacity.

Sharing safety information is a key contributor to increasing the level of safety. There have been 27 flight safety conferences with the Company's customers since the first was held in 1994. Another means of sharing information is through "Safety first", the Company's safety magazine contributing to the enhancement of safety for aircraft operations by increasing knowledge and communication on safety-related topics. It reaches over 1,500 aviation professionals daily via the website safetyfirst.airbus.com and the Safety-first app. D10X (short for Air Transport Safety, Destination 10X Together) is another collaborative initiative with airlines. The aim of D10X is to propose and share pragmatic solutions together with operators of Company's aircraft for the key safety issues identified within this network.

In addition to these external safety promotion initiatives, the Company invests in internal safety promotion with the objective of continuously reinforcing the safety culture of all employees. This is supported by different means including communication campaigns, training, safety awareness sessions, and development of safety promotion centres. SMS officers are nominated and trained in all key business functions to ensure implementation, and operation of the SMS within the Company, including safety promotion. The above-mentioned commitment to a just and fair reporting culture is another example of an initiative that promotes the Company's safety culture. These elements are integrated in the Company's SMS action plan.

The Company also continues to innovate to benefit from technological evolutions to further enhance both operations and safety. All these initiatives lead to continuous improvement of the safety record. This is illustrated in statistics (below) showing that the latest fourth-generation jets are the safest. All of the Company's fly-by-wire family aircraft (including A320, A330/A340, A380, A350, A220 fleets) are the latest fourth-generation aircraft.

Ten-year moving average fatal accident rate (per million flights) per aircraft generation

Fig. ten-year moving average fatal accident rate (per million flights) per aircraft generation.

Source of data: official accident reports, ICAO, Cirium, and Company databases. Flight cycle data provided by Cirium.

6.1.8 Cyber security

I. Introduction

Cyber security risks have the potential to impact all business operations, employees, plus products and services if incorrectly managed - either in confidentiality, availability or integrity. As such, the Company undertakes a continual process of cyber security risk identification and remediation, supplemented with significant cyber security capabilities for the anticipation, prevention, detection and response to cyber threats and events. Cyber security risk management is a core element of modern organisations, thus the Company has developed state-of-the-art cyber capabilities for the defence, detection and response to emerging cyber threats. The cyber security paradigm adopts a compliance, regulatory and risk-based approach embedded across four asset bodies: IM, industrial, products and services, and people and workplace domains. Developing cyber security as a business function, with the relevant capabilities and stakeholders, ensures an evolutionary approach for continued protection against emerging threats and to support the business in securely enabling its digital transformation.

Cyber security	GRI	SASB	SDGs	Others
		Data Security	9, 12
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Corporate Security Council; Digital Security Team (Cyber Security Validation Body)
Related corporate policies and directives	Airbus Company Security Policy Security Requirements for Company Information & Data Classification and Protection, Security Requirements for Information Systems Management, Security Requirements for Affiliates, Security Requirements for Industrial Automation and Control Systems, Requirements for Product Security, Requirements on Information Security for Suppliers, Specific Requirements on Information Security for IT Service Providers
Management system	Manage Airbus Company Security - aligned to ISO27001 standard, Monitor, Identify & Report Company Asset vulnerabilities, Assess & Treat Company Asset Security Risk
Key metrics			2022	2023
Number of data breaches reported to data authorities			0	1
Percentage involving confidential information			N/A	100%
Number of mandatory cyber security awareness e-learnings (01 October - 30 September)			80,480	81,476

II. Governance

The Company has undertaken a cyber security transformation since 2019 with the establishment of a federated model of digital security encompassing accountable leaders in respective organisational structures such as IT, engineering and operations. A dedicated team for security governance was established, reporting to the Company Chief Security Officer, responsible for the definition and audit of cyber security directives and methods aligned to major industry standards such as ISO27001 or IEC62443. The Company Chief Information Security Officer reports to the Chief Security Officer, who in turn has a direct reporting line to the CEO. Such an approach ensures localised accountability and reactivity to cyber risks with centralised governance, reporting, technical standards, and processes. Cyber security governance encompasses both Divisions and global operations plus affiliates. The Company Board of Directors are regularly updated on cyber security topics, with two dedicated sessions in 2023 and receipt of quarterly 'Executive Reports' that cover all major achievements, challenges and trends. The three CEOs of the Company and its Divisions are briefed on security topics every two months.

Corporate Security Council. The Company has established a Corporate Security Council, chaired by the Chief Security Officer, for the coordination of security governance and to ensure consolidated security risk reporting from each of the four asset clusters: IT, industrial, product and services, and people and workplace.

Security governance directives are published and audited to ensure the Company business follows the same standards for data protection and systems security. Key cyber security directives include the ones listed in the table above.

III. Risk management

Confidentiality, integrity and availability are known to define cyber security objectives when thinking about systems risks. Corporate Security is accountable for security risk management and is in charge of defining cyber security risks taxonomy and managing the lifecycle in ERM, including strategy, organisation, roadmap and initiatives at company-wide level. In terms of cyber security, risk management is the aggregation of continual risk reporting, cyber security validation processes embedded within security by design principles for projects, applications and infrastructures - in addition to the implementation of digital security controls aligned to the Company's enterprise security architecture standards. A fully industrialised framework and toolkit has been deployed to ensure the standardised prescription, deployment and assessment of these controls across the Company.

Risk mitigation measures follow the principle of people, process, and technology controls to reduce the likelihood and/or impact of cyber incidents. The Company incorporates mandatory cyber security training and awareness for all employees with additional engagements for employees in higher risk categories or where additional regulatory stipulations apply. Security processes are fixed through security governance directives, business management processes (e.g. MC.AS.01 Vulnerability Management and MC.AS.02 Risk Management), and operating models. Technical security controls are implemented and measured in accordance with ISO27001 and other industry standard information security management standards. The Company implements a number of key technical security controls in the reduction of cyber incident likelihood including the rollout of endpoint protection and data loss prevention tools, the implementation of multi-factor authentication, and the adoption of enterprise security architecture approaches. To reduce impact from cyber events, it operates in-house security operations centres covering both commercial and national activities; plus a Computer Emergency Response (CERT) team analysing cyber security threat intelligence and rapidly investigating and containing cyber security incidents.

Cyber security risk management is under regular internal and external audit, confirming processes and implementation to both the Company's and industry standards. Technical audits are also conducted regularly on applications, systems and infrastructures in the form of cyber security penetration testing. Technical red-team (offensive) cyber exercises are conducted at least once per year for the evaluation of detection and response planning. These are in addition to annual cyber security crisis simulations for evaluation of business continuity and reactivity.

IV. Implementation / activities

Building upon the enhancements of 2022, a number of key initiatives were undertaken in 2023 to improve the cyber security position, reduce associated risks and decrease the likelihood of successful cyber attacks, including:

―	Deployment of the Company's cyber security strategy for capability development, protection improvements and risk reduction from cyber attack by end of 2025;
―	Creation of MIRIS company (Mutual of Insurance and Reinsurance for Information Systems) by the Company and 10 other large European companies, in order to provide cyber insurance coverage and a technical hub for sharing amongst its members;
―	Industrialisation and adoption of Company-wide cyber security controls framework to standardise the technical approach to security by design;
―	Maintaining compliance with existing and evolving cyber security regulations, and anticipating future national, international, and sector-specific cyber security laws; for instance, through the implementation of a Data Compliance Centre to ensure the Company's compliance towards internal and external regulations and policies;
―	Conducting an in-house full red-team cyber exercise for continual process improvement and controls maturity around data exfiltration scenarios;
―	Within the framework of the Company's Cyber Community of Practice, a programme of internal events was launched focusing on technical sharing to support the development of people. Examples of such events include an annual conference to share technical topics and organisational news with the cyber security community, and a physical/virtual hybrid hands-on technical training day for Red, Blue and Purple-team skills development ;
―	Certified Airbus cyber security diplomas launched in France in 2022, in order to reinforce and future-proof existing cyber security competency, in addition to building an appropriate pipeline for future skills and needs. The Company-delivered Bachelor's and Master's degrees are validated by the French National Registry of Professional Certifications, and correspond to 660 hours and 870 hours of courses respectively. In 2023, 22 students were registered in the Bachelor's programme and 17 students in the Master's;
―	As part of the Top Company Objectives, employees are highly recommended to complete each year a training on cyber security issues.

Such activities have continued to reduce the overall cyber security risk, specifically around the increasing threat from ransomware.

V. Outlook

There are no signs globally that the threats of cyber attack will decrease; therefore, the Company maintains an advanced cyber security posture and anticipates future threats. Specific focus is placed on:

―	Ensuring continued compliance to international, national, and industry specific cyber security regulations;
―	Company resilience; ensuring prevention and recovery from cyber skirmishes, and destructive ransomware attacks;
―	Extended enterprise and supply chain cyber security collaborations.

6.1.9 Health and safety

I. Introduction

It is with great sadness that the Company reports the work-related deaths of three employees in two separate accidents in 2023. One employee, in China, suffered a fall from a working platform while visiting a supplier's site. The others were flight service pilots for GFD, a subsidiary of the Company. They were in a Learjet aircraft that was involved in an accident at Hohn Air Base in Germany. The Company expresses sincere regret and condolences to the employees' families, friends and colleagues. Actions have been taken to address the lessons learned.

These accidents reinforce the Company's determination to continue the drive towards zero-harm, and ensuring that its work activities do not adversely affect the safety and health of people remains a top priority. The Company continues to improve its health and safety risk management systems and is working to extend the coverage of its ISO 45001 certification. Areas of significant concern identified by formal risk assessment processes are escalated to the Company's Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) system.

Health and safety	GRI	SASB	SDGs	Others
	403 Occupational Health and Safety		8, 12	Vigilance Plan
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors; Ethics, Compliance and Sustainability Committee; Company Occupational Health and Safety Governance Board
Related corporate policies	Occupational Health and Safety Policy A41, Airbus Code of Conduct
Key metrics (More in "- 6.1.17 ESG data board")			2022	2023
Lost-Time Injury Frequency Rate ⁽¹⁾			2.23	2.21
Lost-Time Injury Frequency Rate - commercial aircraft business ⁽¹⁾			2.25	2.31
Lost Time Injury Severity Rate - FISH perimeter ^(2,3)			0.117	0.122
Number of Near-miss reports- commercial aircraft business ⁽⁴⁾			28,925	37,836
Number of health and safety specific training hours delivered ⁽⁵⁾			286,815	304,420
Number of industrial safety training hours delivered ⁽⁵⁾			17,301	55,266
Number of employees who received health and safety training ⁽⁵⁾			90,490	112,652
Number of employees having attended "EH&S Certificate" modules 1 & 2 ⁽⁵⁾			2,214	1,763
Number of employees having attended "EH&S Certificate" modules 3 & 4 ⁽⁵⁾				97
Helpline + Occupational Health consultations for mental health issues, irrespective of cause ⁽⁶⁾				12,007
Estimate of core entities certified to ISO 45001 or similar standard			~one third	~one third
Estimate of % workforce covered by ISO 45001 or similar certified system			~25%	~25%
Remuneration	A proportion of variable pay for executives and "Level IV" leaders is tied to the achievement of the Company Lost Time Injury Frequency rate target. Lost Time Injury Frequency rate performance also impacts success share payout made to employees.
Metrics comments	(1) For the Lost-Time Injury (LTI) Frequency Rate scope, please see footnotes in paragraph IV. - Health & Safety Performance - Graph 1. below. For the LTI Frequency Rate - commercial aircraft business scope, see same section.
	(2) Work related deaths are treated individually and are not included in the Severity Rate
(3) 2022 Severity Rate figure of 0.046 amended to 0.117 following a change of calculation methodology related to the allocation of lost time days to a reporting period and so enabling comparison with the 2023 figure.
(4) Near-Miss reports may include safety observations in some domains.
(5) The reporting period for training related metrics is from 1 October to 30 September. Some training may be repeated but not every year, causing fluctuations in annual training hours.
(6) The mental health consultations scope is Company's commercial aircraft activities, Airbus Helicopters and Airbus Defence and Space in France, Germany, Spain and United Kingdom, excluding affiliates, including calls by employees' family members.
Additional resources	People Safety on Airbus.com; Code of Conduct - incl. Health and Safety commitment

II. Governance

The Company has updated and re-issued its Company-wide health and safety policy, which takes into account ISO 45001 and was jointly authorised by the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Human Resources Officer ("CHRO"). This policy reaffirms the commitment to the protection of people, particularly vulnerable populations, as well as the business. It clearly states the Company's Zero-Harm aspiration and the role of leaders in the journey to a culture in which everyone takes appropriate responsibility for their own safety and that of others. This conspicuous dedication underpins the Company-wide work to improve health and safety performance.

The Company Occupational Health and Safety ("OHS") Governance Board has also continued to stimulate improvements. Chaired by the CHRO, the Governance Board met twice in 2023. Topics supported by the Governance Board included the health and safety policy, the ambitions for employee wellbeing support, the management of supplier health and safety risks, and the goal of extending the Company's coverage of health and safety management systems certified to ISO 45001. A number of management documents have been issued or revised in support of the policy and the ISO 45001 ambition. These include the 'Operational Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) Function Organisation Manual', the 'Incident Management' method, and the 'Supplier and Contractor Health and Safety Management' method.

The Function Organisation Manual describes the structure of resources in the function, the governance of occupational health and safety management and the interface with other functions of the Company. To support the globally collaborative approach for a harmonised management system, Regional Heads of Environment, Health and Safety have been appointed in 2023 in North America and in the Asia Pacific region, complementing the EHS Focal Points nominated for Africa, Middle East and India.

Whilst ISO 45001 certification coverage has slightly increased, approximately one third of the Company's entities in home countries and one quarter of its employees are currently covered by a certified health and safety management system. Work progresses steadily to increase this scope because certification helps to mitigate physical, reputational and financial risks. An ISO 45001 certification project in Airbus SAS and Airbus Operations SAS has been validated by the OHS Governance Board and is in progress, as a precursor to wider engagement of commercial aircraft activity entities. In parallel Airbus Helicopters is working towards divisional certification, and Airbus Defence and Space is consolidating existing national entity certificates into a divisional approach. Naturally, business units not yet part of the scope for ISO 45001 certification are still required to have management systems, appropriate to their scale and the nature of risks they may face.

An additional governance body has been formalised in 2023, in the form of a Company Incident Review Panel. It meets monthly to review the quality, completeness and accuracy of incident reports. Business areas have local incident reviews, however the decisions of the Company Panel take precedence. This ensures consistency of application of the harmonised definitions and other requirements of the Company method for incident management.

III. Risk management

Occupational health and safety hazards are identified and evaluated through the systematic application of the Company methods for 'Health and Safety Risk Management' and 'Incident Management'. Hazards that are considered to present a high potential impact are managed using the Company's ERM system. These priority risks form part of the Company Vigilance Plan, with associated mitigation and prevention actions that are subjected to regular executive level scrutiny. The method for health and safety risk management applies the 'hierarchy of control', prioritising measures based on elimination, substitution and engineering, above administrative controls and personal protective equipment.

This approach also covers the ongoing consideration of new and emerging risks, such as those associated with robotics and wearable technology. No new risks were escalated in 2023, so the health and safety risks that are currently being managed by the ERM system remain the same ones reported in 2022, although the level of risk has been reduced. Current priority risks are mental health and wellbeing, hazardous substances and materials, working environment, and on-site contractors' health and safety management. Prevention measures and mitigation plans around these risks are further detailed in the following section.

IV. Implementation / activities

The ethos of 'Zero-Harm' is to enable an environment that is safe and healthy for all, which in turn promotes employee wellbeing and a conscientious risk aware culture. In 2023, activity to support this ethos focused on the following topics:

Substances and materials. The Company has systems and processes in place to mitigate any potential risk from hazardous substances and materials when technically-suitable alternatives are not available. The Company's management system contains various risk-control elements, including documented methods and the surveillance programmes that record and analyse the application of the conditions that are required by relevant authorisations. In late 2022 a five-year project called REACH-IT was completed in the Company's commercial aircraft activities, together with similar initiatives in the Divisions, on compliance with the environment, health and safety conditions described in the chromates authorisations granted under the EU ́s REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) regulation. The routines to ensure long-term adherence to the Company standard for management of chromates were launched and successfully run in 2023. The routines will continue in run-mode throughout the authorisation periods.

Work environment concerns include slip, trip and fall risks, which are a leading cause of accidents, as well as other key topics such as work at height. Prevention activity continues to focus on the lessons learned from the root causes of Lost Time Injury and the reporting and resolution of Near Misses. This could even include consequential management if individuals wilfully and repeatedly broke the rules. Over the past year, this risk control activity meant that work at height in the Company's production facilities is no longer felt to be the most severe concern.

The management of on-site suppliers has been further improved by a dedicated multifunctional project focused on clarifying the method for 'Supplier and Contractor Health and Safety Management'. This has resulted in a revised version of the method. In addition, procurement processes include detailed health and safety requirements as part of the supplier sustainability due diligence process, which uses the support of an external service provider (see "16.1.15 - Responsible supply chain - IV. Supplier Vigilance Plan)."

Mental health and wellbeing are important considerations in industry and society at large, particularly in the context of challenging personal and environmental factors. The Company has defined a management strategy and mitigation plan, which includes a network of Wellbeing Focal Points and relevant training. Recognising that the root causes of psychological problems tend to be multifactorial, the Company sees an ethical and economic value in providing employees and their families with wellbeing support and services. External helplines for employees and their loved ones provide opportunities to anonymously express concerns about personal or professional aspects of their life. The Company conducts psycho-social risk assessments, either ad hoc or as part of a planned programme, depending on the local regulatory position. Mental health consultations are offered to employees, on site or remotely. Additionally, health and wellbeing support material is available on the Company's intranet pages. Initiatives such as wellbeing seminars and mental health days have helped raise awareness and open discussion around these sensitive topics. The role of Wellbeing Ambassador has also been created and a network of such ambassadors set up. Finally, the Company successfully completed a pilot of psychosocial risk assessment in 2023, using the myWE app, in the Secure Land Communications business unit.

Ergonomics and manual handling are considered a significant risk throughout the aerospace industry. The Company has implemented a wide range of initiatives to mitigate the risks, including:

―	Producing detailed Manual Handling Guidelines.
―	An awareness module dedicated to manual handling and posture.
―	Providing a catalogue of biomechanical best-practices, including technical solutions and training.
―	Work analysis to evaluate the maximum healthy duration of tasks and postures.
―	An awareness video that promotes ergonomically-friendly ways of working.
―	Strengthening collective muscular reinforcement practices and physiotherapist coaching for high risk tasks.
―	Evaluating wearable technologies to help monitor musculoskeletal stress, providing data for analysis and risk control.

Reinforcing Governance also led to important activities in 2023, including for instance, a new monthly performance report and a Health, Safety and Environment Summit to facilitate communication and collaboration in the Asia Pacific region. Regulatory update briefings were provided for leaders, including dedicated sessions in France and the UK. Airbus Defence and Space sites in the home countries were recertified to ISO 45001 and a new certification was gained by Airborne Solutions. During 2023, the Company also laid the foundations of a corporate health and safety compliance assurance capability. Sitting at arm's length from the operational health and safety functions, the corporate compliance assurance team provides independent assurance and reinforces the second line of defence, thereby fostering continual improvement. The team aims to support operational teams, as the first line of defence, and complement the work carried out by corporate audit, as the third line of defence. Additionally, the team supports the Company affiliates governance by evaluating self-assessments and conducting fit-checks of key health and safety management system elements. These fit-checks are part of the Company's 'Internal Controls Self Assessment' (ICSA) framework, or similar in the Divisions, which is part of the ERM process. In 2023, the work of the corporate health and safety compliance assurance team focused on:

―	Developing its internal control framework and defining three 'key controls' to monitor.
―	Conducting two internal health and safety audits.
―	Preparing a three-year internal audit programme.
―	Conducting four health and safety 'fit-checks' of affiliates.
―	Planning five 'fit-checks' to be conducted 2024.

The management of specific risks, awareness raising and the continued growth of safety culture in the various business areas included activities such as:

―	A 'Team Talk' and 'Safety in a Box' resources to enable managers' health and safety discussions with employees were created by the People Safety at Work (PS@W) team.
―	Cross-fertilisation with experts from other locations joining site health and safety tours (PS@W 'Go-Look at Site')
―	Recovery action reviews held in areas that had safety performance concerns
―	Workstation safety orientation boards were deployed in the Asia Pacific region.
―	Cyclist safety initiatives such as a 'Dark Season' campaign, and videos on visibility and 'Fork-Lift Trucks vs. Cyclists' In addition, initiatives called PS@W, 'We Care' and 'Safe Together' continue to support behavioural change for accident reduction in commercial aircraft activity sites, Airbus Defence and Space, and Airbus Helicopters respectively. Work has started on the transition of PS@W into a run-mode activity within the Operational Environment, Health and Safety Function.

Learning and competencies. In order to reinforce health and safety competences at all leadership levels, a new occupational health and safety management competence requirement has been created, namely, "Ensure a safe and healthy environment - the ability to understand and meet their health and safety responsibilities, whilst driving a safety mindset and risk aware culture within the scope of their role". This competence requirement is consistent with the leadership EHS training programme. Building on the existing two modules, this programme has been completed with two new modules, deployed in 2023. These new modules focus on EHS management systems, culture building and innovation. This programme includes both theoretical elements and their concrete application in the workplace. Attendees who successfully complete this programme are awarded an externally validated certificate in health and safety management competence.

New courses have also been deployed for risk assessment, and occupational health and safety induction. The latter addresses responsibilities and induction contents for new employees and others on Company sites. Courses in development include a refresher module for those who have previously completed the Leadership EHS modules 1 and 2. The Executive EHS Masterclass continues to be delivered as necessary. Health and safety was part of the Company's mandatory learning curriculum in 2023, and several courses are included in the list for 2024.

The Company is enhancing its reporting by including the number of industrial safety training hours, as shown in the associated Health & Safety Metrics table. Industrial safety training is that which is related to the safe operation of industrial means such as fork lift trucks and elevating platforms. During the period from October 2022 to September 2023, a total of 304,420 hours of safety specific training was delivered to 112,652 employees. If 55,266 hours of industrial safety training is included, the total increases to 359,686 hours.

Health and safety performance

Performance is monitored using normalised indicators derived from data sets that are produced by applying harmonised definitions. This data equivalency enables the Company to compare performance over time, and between business units. These harmonised definitions exclude some categories of accidents that are reported to the local authorities in some jurisdictions but not in others. Psychological concerns may be treated as 'injury' in some countries and so they, and commuting accidents, are legally reportable in some states but not in others, consequently they are excluded from the Company Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate. These Company specific indicators are shown in the 'Health & Safety Metrics 2023' table, below, together with the 2022 like-for-like figures.

The Company rolling 12 months employee lost time injury frequency rate

Graph 1. Company-wide Lost TimeInjury Frequency Rate (FR1). The principal performance indicator used by the Company, including its Divisions is the Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (FR1). The FR1 calculation produces a figure for the number of injuries per one million (1,000,000) worked hours. The scope of the Company FR1 covers:

―	all sites in France, Germany, UK and Spain for the Company's commercial aircraft activity, Airbus Helicopters, Airbus Defence and Space, Airbus Atlantic and Airbus Aerostructures;
―	the Company's commercial aircraft Final Assembly Lines (FAL's) in Mobile, US and in Tianjin, China;
―	Airbus Defence and Space site in Poland;
―	the consolidated data from the Airbus Helicopters sites in USA, Romania, Mexico, Canada, Brazil, Japan, Australia, Ireland, Italy, Poland and China;
―	the consolidated data from the Airbus Atlantic sites in Canada, Morocco, Portugal and Tunisia.

The Company's commercial aircraft business FR1 perimeter covers:

―	all commercial aircraft sites in France, Germany, Spain and UK;
―	the commercial aircraft Final Assembly Lines (FAL's) in Mobile, US and in Tianjin, China.

To enable accurate monitoring, appropriate investigations are conducted of all environment, health and safety related incidents. The Company captures root causes and other pertinent information in a management platform called FISH (Federated Information for Environment, Safety and Health). Local management teams and safety committees determine and track mitigation actions. The Company Incident Review Panel monitors data quality and adherence to the definitions found in the Company method for incident management. Top level oversight is provided by the Company Occupational Health and Safety Governance Board. Currently the Company estimates that about 80% of its workforce is covered by the FISH management footprint, which includes active workforce employees, apprentices and temporary employees, while the FR1 scope reaches close to 86% when adding complementary information sources.

The 2023 annual frequency rate was 2.21 Company-wide, and 2.31 for the Company's commercial aircraft perimeter, versus 2.23 and 2.25 respectively for 2022. On this basis the Company decreased its overall FR1 by 0.90%, whilst the commercial aircraft perimeter FR1 increased its FR1 by 2.67% 2023, vs. a target of -15%. The frequency rates are widely communicated. They are referred to in the CEO's monthly reviews, and are subsequently cascaded through the Company by other leaders' reviews. Frequency rate performance is also periodically shared with relevant committees and work councils.

Safety performance in 2023 was not as expected, degrading very slightly over the course of the year. A higher number of slip, trip and fall accidents, closely followed by accidents in which people struck against an object, contributed to this deterioration. While this can partly be explained by the increase of production rates together with a higher number of new employees, the Company's management does not consider this increase in accidents acceptable and believe it underlines the importance of leadership, safety culture and high standards of risk identification and mitigation.

A severity rate indicator was defined in 2022, which is limited to the scope of FISH (see above). This indicator measures impact of incidents by obtaining the number of injury-related lost days per 1,000 worked hours, which can provide an alternative mapping of risk areas. Lost days are recorded against the month in which they occurred, thereby spreading the impact of severe injuries across the months that are affected. In 2023, the severity rate amounted to 0.122 (compared to 0.117 in 2022). The data scope for severity rate is those lost time injuries reported in FISH. Some 37,836 near misses were recorded in FISH in the Company's commercial aircraft business perimeter in 2023. The Company actively encourages the reporting of near misses in order to better identify root causes and the mitigation actions to support accident prevention.

V. Outlook

Eradicating accident root causes will be a focus of 2024, with the objective of continually improving the safety of the Company's workers and regaining a positive performance trend.

In addition, the Company is working to further improve the scope and depth of its data capture and reporting capabilities, enabling it to further mature health and safety management and ensuring alignment with evolving reporting requirements. This includes defining new metrics and increasing the footprint of the FISH platform.

Commitment to ISO 45001 management system certification will remain a priority throughout 2024, together with building corporate EHS Compliance Assurance capacity. A health care plan is being developed to address new and emerging risks and the Company is exploring digital support tools, including a wellbeing app to enable proactive health management for employees throughout their career. Altogether, these actions aim to further drive effective, consistent and efficient EHS risk mitigation action, in support of the Company's Zero-Harm ambition.

Respect human rights and foster inclusion

6.1.10 Human rights

I. Introduction

A commitment to respect human rights

As a signatory to the United Nations Global Compact since 2003, the Company is committed to upholding international human rights standards and principles, including the International Bill of Human Rights, the International Labour Organization's ("ILO") Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Core Labour Standards. In doing so, the Company aims to implement policies and processes that respect applicable law in the countries in which the Company operates and take into account the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights ("UNGPs"), and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development's ("OECD") Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.

"Respect for human rights" was prioritised by the Company as one of the four sustainability commitments agreed by the Executive Committee and the ECSC at Board level during 2020. In addition, in reflection of the importance it places on this topic, the Company again endorsed including 'respect human rights' as part of its 2024 Top Company Objectives in the 'in all we do, we' section which aims to anchor good governance practices and values into the business.

The Company's actions to progress its ambition to 'embed and advance respect for human rights throughout its business, operations and supply chain' continue to follow recommendations identified through a human rights impact and gap analysis conducted by a specialist external human rights consultancy in 2019. This analysis considered current and upcoming regulatory requirements and international best practice as well as international principles and standards, including the UNGPs. Details of these actions follow.

Human Rights	GRI	SASB		SDGs	Others	Others
	408 Child Labour			4,5,8,16		Vigilance Plan
	409 Forced or Compulsory Labour
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC Executive Committee
Related corporate policies and reference documents	Code of Conduct; International Framework Agreement; Airbus Supplier Code of Conduct; Airbus Human Rights Policy; Airbus Human Rights Policy Statement
Commitments to take into account external standards and frameworks	International Bill of Human Rights, ILO's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Core Labour Standards, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, UNGPs
KPIs		Target	Target year	2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
% of investigations completed or in progress ⁽¹⁾		100%	Permanent	100%	100%	-
% of sites having undertaken a social assessment ⁽²⁾		100%	2026	29%	51%	+22pp
% of findings closed within 18-months ⁽³⁾		100%	Permanent	100% ⁽⁶⁾	100% ⁽⁶⁾	-
Other key metrics				2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
Number of participants to human rights trainings - cumulative, reporting period: 1 Oct - 30 Sep ⁽⁴⁾				6,955	96,714	+89,759
Number of alerts of human rights concern from within the Company's supply chain ⁽⁵⁾				28	59	+31

KPI and metrics assumptions:

⁽¹⁾ following reports of concerns linked to forced and child labour and other labour rights.
⁽²⁾ % of the Company's sites with over 100 employees, cumulative since 2020, undergoing a social assessment including human and labour rights (with 2020 sites scope as reference).
⁽³⁾ following social assessments including human and labour rights, carried out on the Company's sites.
⁽⁴⁾ cumulative number of participants who have completed e-learning modules on human rights and modern slavery since 2018. (5) covering forced and child labour and other labour rights identified through the Supplier Compliance
⁽⁵⁾ Review, media screening, NGO reports or employees.
⁽⁶⁾ % of site findings closed within 18 months. Findings related to corporate management systems will be closed following the upcoming release of the Company' Sustainability Due Diligence and Human Rights Directive.

Additional resources

Code of Conduct, Supplier Code of Conduct, Modern Slavery Statement, Human Rights on Airbus.com, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises ┐,Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct, ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work ┐ Airbus Human Rights Policy Statement

II. Governance

The Chief Sustainability Officer and Communications has top level accountability for human rights at Executive Committee level. As per its formalised governance on human rights, progress is monitored in the ECSC and actions are defined and progress tracked through the Human Rights Steering Committee. Accordingly, in 2023, the Company held a number of such meetings and presentations. A Human Rights Core Team, made up of multi-divisional and multi-functional representatives from throughout the Company, drives the main actions of the Human Rights roadmap. Due to the transverse nature of human rights topics, various functions are responsible for managing compliance with the relevant commitments outlined within the Company Human Rights Policy (see 'Human Rights Policy' section below) and develop measures to support implementation, including assignment of roles and responsibilities within their own organisation and provision of resources to conduct risk-based due diligence.

Other networks within the Company that support implementation and compliance include for example, the Ethics & Compliance network, the Privacy network, the Sustainability Ambassador network and the Inclusion and Diversity network.

Human rights policy

The Company Human Rights Policy covers all employees worldwide including controlled affiliates and contractors whilst on Company sites or at work under the responsibility of the Company. Currently available in five languages, it was developed taking into account best practice frameworks and feedback from external stakeholders including representatives from civil society, academia and human rights organisations.

As well as a commitment to respecting human rights through the implementation of due diligence and compliance with applicable law, its baseline commitments build on international standards and principles including the UNGPs, the OECD Guidance for Multinational Enterprises on Responsible Business Conduct and the ILO.

These policy commitments are being embedded throughout the Company through a sustainability due diligence and human rights directive which defines and establishes a set of business requirements. These business requirements will be integrated into the Company Business Management System during 2024 and be supported by methods, processes and guidance. Internal capacity building, including training and awareness raising will also support adherence. This work will continue to be a focus during 2024.

III. Risk management

Salient human rights issues

The Company is committed to identifying and addressing its salient issues through ongoing monitoring of internal and external risks, including within its supply chain, and engagement with key internal and external stakeholders. Taking into account that salient issues may change over time due to internal and external influences, the Company is committed to reviewing them on a regular basis. This includes an annual review to identify any new issues that may need prioritisation, a comprehensive more in depth review conducted every three years and ad hoc assessments as required.

In 2022/2023, the Company undertook a full review of its salient human rights issues. The methodology used is based on the UNGPs and includes an assessment of its impacts in terms of severity (scope, scale, irremediability), likelihood, relationship and level of influence to inform prioritisation. The results of this analysis are reviewed by both internal and external stakeholders (including human rights NGOs, academics and researchers, industry groups), prior to final validation at EC level.

All risks related to the salient issues are recorded through the ERM system, and governance follows a similar process as the one existing for the Company's Top Company Risks. For example, sponsorship of each risk is at EC level with nominated salient issue owners who have responsibility to develop and implement action plans as well as setting measures of effectiveness. Reporting of the progress of actions to the EC is conducted at least once per year including during the ERM presentation of Top Company Risks as well as through relevant steering committees and other Risk & Opportunity Boards at functional and divisional level.

The actions taken during 2023 to mitigate the risks identified through its saliency analysis (with impacted rightsholders in parenthesis) include:

―	Impacts related to products and services (passengers and citizens): Overseen by the EC, the Company continued to review the integration of human rights due diligence through existing processes and tools with a view to mitigating the risk of misuse of its defence products. For further details of actions related to this salient human rights issue, please see the Due Diligence section below. In addition, the Company started to review how to integrate human rights considerations into the development of new defence technology (including AI /autonomous systems) and work will continue on this topic during 2024.
―	Risk of forced labour (supply chain workers): Key activities to mitigate the risk of forced labour on the Company's sites through onsite contractors included a forced labour gap analysis of the Company's sites focused on high risk countries for forced labour based on publicly available indices. The objective of the analysis was to understand any gaps related to policies and processes and to define and strengthen roles and responsibilities related to procuring, onboarding and monitoring of onsite contractors focused on high risk activities such as cleaning, security and catering. In addition, meetings with peers, suppliers, the Responsible Business Alliance, NGOs and the Company's employees were held in southeast Asia aimed at understanding how the expectations and commitments outlined in the Company's policies and processes, including the Company Human Rights Policy and Supplier Code of Conduct, are being applied in practice. A set of recommended actions based on the results of the findings are currently being reviewed and work on mitigating risks will continue during 2024.
―	Impacts related to the sourcing of raw materials (supply chain workers): During 2023, the Company deepened its understanding of potential human rights impacts related to its sourcing of raw materials, which are also of particular relevance in its transition to decarbonisation. The identified areas of potential risks due to the raw materials required in the development and manufacture of new and existing technology include, for example, worker exploitation, forced labour, child rights, health and safety and environmental pollution. Work will continue on this topic during 2024.
―	Impacts related to diverse and inclusive workplaces (own workforce): During 2023, actions to progress this salient issue included a continued focus on the '25 by 25' gender diversity ambition to increase female representation at executive levels of the Company, creating a robust pipeline including specific leadership programmes for women, such as 'MyWay` where the Company maintained the numbers of cohorts at the same level as the previous year (100 delegates) and to support inclusive leadership. In 2023, the Company also ensured a 50/50 split of women/men attending other leadership development programmes. In addition, several actions were implemented to mitigate the risk criticality of harassment on the Company's sites. Notably, in 2023, the company produced a global framework document on how to prevent, detect and remediate harassment in the workplace, complemented by a guidebook to equip all employees with practical information on what to do if they are concerned about or impacted by harassment in the workplace. Additional actions included the development of training, real life case studies and team talks etc. to support awareness and capacity building. The Company also increased resources for internal investigations resulting in improved triage, prioritisation and response time for alerts. For further information, see "6.1.11 - Inclusion and diversity". Actions will continue during 2024.

Human rights due diligence

During 2023, the Company continued to strengthen its risk-based human rights due diligence taking into account the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct. This due diligence is intended to support identification, mitigation and /or prevention and remediation of human rights risks across the Company's supply chain and own operations as well as risks in relation to the Company's products and services. Key activities conducted during 2023 include:

Due diligence related to the Company's own operations. The Company continued to develop and progress actions related to due diligence in order to identify and address risks related to human rights within its own operations. This included the continued roll out of onsite social assessments focused on human and labour rights, conducted by a third party social assurance provider consistent with the assessments carried out in the Company's supply chain, on the Company's own sites, including its controlled affiliates.

The Company has set a target to ensure that 100% of its sites with over 100 employees are assessed for human and labour rights risks by the end of 2026. Since 2020, 51% of the Company's sites with 100+ employees have been assessed.

During 2023, 22 onsite social assessments (from a target of 18) were conducted in countries including: Spain, Germany, México, Malaysia, Romania, the UK, Brazil, Singapore, Poland, India, France and Canada. The sites were selected based on an analysis of country risk using publicly available indices (including child labour, forced labour and labour rights), the type of activity (prioritising production facilities) and the number of employees. In addition, any alerts relating to human rights coming from other sources, including the ICSA process. Relevant legislation was also taken into account.

During the assessments, 34 findings were identified across 13 sites, including findings involving onsite contractors. Findings included, for example, excessive working hours, insufficient detail regarding working hours within employment contracts, inadequate overtime payments and insufficient rest days. Actions to close the findings and provide appropriate remediation are ongoing. The Company aims to close all site findings without undue delay and within a maximum of 18-months.

In addition, the Company also identified a number of indicators of forced labour on two of its sites in southeast Asia involving certain onsite service providers in the areas of cleaning, catering and security. Since identification, the Company has been working with the respective suppliers to remediate the findings, which included payment of recruitment fees, retention of identification documents and excessive working hours. The Company continues to monitor sites in its higher risk countries in particular for indicators of forced labour (see Salient human rights issues section above).

Supply chain due diligence. The Company continued to develop and progress actions related to due diligence, including related to human rights, within its supply chain. For full details, see "6.1.15 - Responsible supply chain".

Product and service due diligence (focused on defence sales). Overseen by the Company's Executive Committee, the Company continued to review how to integrate human rights due diligence for defence sales through existing processes and tools with a view to mitigating the risk of misuse of its defence products. Actions during 2023 include:

―	Recognising that human rights considerations already exist in the stringent export compliance process, the Company continued its assessment of the integration of human rights due diligence, upstream of the export control process, to assess the level of risk of potential misuse. This takes into account country risk (based on publicly available indices) and intended product use and will support a decision to progress to the export control stage.
―	The completion of a pilot phase to test the practical application of the approach through a number of hypothetical sales campaigns.
―	A revision to the standard conditions of sale for the Company's Defence and Space and Helicopters divisions to act in accordance with national and international human rights regulations applicable in their respective countries including in this regard and in any case, the Arms Trade Treaty and the Geneva Convention.
―	The development of a process to support integration once fully approved.

Further actions will continue during 2024 including the training of relevant sales and export control teams on the application of human rights due diligence. Plans to review the integration of the provision of parts and services will follow.

Grievance and remediation

During 2023, the Company continued to promote its SpeakUp and ListenUp culture related to human rights concerns, including reinforcement of the use of its OpenLine reporting system within its revised Supplier Code of Conduct (see "6.1.15 - Responsible supply chain"). For details regarding the Company's OpenLine, see "6.1.14 - Business integrity".

If an alert is received via its OpenLine reporting system, the Company commits to acknowledge receipt of the report as soon as possible. The Company has a global network of internal investigators, tasked with investigating allegations, including those relating to human rights such as forced or child labour, or labour rights and working conditions. If an allegation of human rights breach received from within the Company or through its supply chain or other third-party business relationships is found to be substantiated, remedy would be sought through a variety of mechanisms.

IV. Implementation / activities

Awareness raising and training

In 2023, the Company continued to raise awareness of human rights, including how to identify risks and what to do if people have concerns. Actions on training follow:

―	The Company made two eLearning modules on human rights (introduction to human rights and introduction to modern slavery, both available in four languages) part of the compulsory training for all employees of the Company during 2023, leading to an increase in participants vs. previous years. During the period 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023, 89,759 participants completed this training (107,446 in total since its launch in 2018). These two e-learning courses will be part of the Company newcomer onboarding training from January 2024 onwards.
―	The Company also continued to include a dedicated human rights eLearning module in the compulsory training for its executive population including the heads of its subsidiaries and controlled affiliates. Whilst going deeper into external and internal requirements and due diligence practices, the eLearning module has been designed to enable managers to contribute to respecting human rights, including in their area of responsibility. From 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023, 3,917 participants completed the training (4,406 since its launch in 2022). From January 2024 the training will also be available in a format compatible with smartphones and tablets for easier access, as well as being available to all employees of the Company.
―	Furthermore, during 2023 the Company continued the roll out of its in-depth virtual small group interactive training aimed at buyers and supply chain quality managers focused on human rights and in particular, aligned to the Company's salient issues, identifying forced labour. 150 people attended the training over ten sessions with more sessions planned during 2024.
―	The Company's commitment to human rights has also been built into the 'Introduction to Sustainability' eLearning which will be part of the highly recommended training for all employees in 2024.
―	Additional topic-based training relating to human rights is also available to all employees of the Company, including inclusion and diversity topics such as unconscious bias and harassment.

Example of actions on communication follow and will continue throughout 2024:

―	During 2023 the Company published a number of articles on human rights internally via its Hub Portal and Airbus TV. This communication was aimed at demystifying human rights as well as focusing on topics such as forced labour and wellbeing, and included interviews as well as opportunities to provide comments and feedback.
―	The Company also held a dedicated 'valuing people weblive', available to all employees of the Company and recorded for a wider reach, focused on respect for human rights and fostering inclusion.
―	In addition, 'demystifying human rights due diligence' was one of the key sessions at the Company's Sustainability Townhall event which was attended by over 700 people (in person and virtually) featuring a talk on forced labour by Andrew Wallis OBE, CEO and Founder of Modern Slavery Charity, Unseen.

Stakeholder engagement and collaboration

During 2023, the Company continued its membership of the Global Business Initiative on Business and Human Rights (GBI), a specialist peer learning group focused on advancing respect for human rights throughout the world.

The Company is also a member of a number of industry trade associations which during 2023 held focused discussions on progressing human rights within the aerospace and defence industry. These include ASD (the Aerospace and Defence Industries Association of Europe), GIFAS (French Aerospace Industries Association), BDSV (German Industry Association for Security and Defence), ADS (UK Industry Association for Aerospace, Defence, Security and Space) and TechUK (the UK's technology trade association).

The Company also engaged with a number of external stakeholders on human rights in order to advance the topic through external collaboration. These included academics, civil society organisations and peers. In addition, an update of the Human Rights Roadmap was also presented to key internal stakeholder groups including the SE-WC comprising social partners from across the Company's European sites.

Regulatory compliance

During 2023, in accordance with the UK Modern Slavery Act and the Australian Commonwealth Modern Slavery Act, the Company published a Modern Slavery Statement outlining the actions it had undertaken to mitigate modern slavery risks in its global business, operations or supply chain. This Statement was published on the UK Government and Australian Government websites as well as the Company's website. In addition, the Company completed the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) Modern Slavery Assessment Tool. The Company also published a Human Rights Policy Statement as part of the new German Supply Chain Due Diligence Act.

V. Outlook

During 2024, the Company will continue its focus on embedding and advancing its commitment to respect human rights throughout its business, operations and supply chain. Specific ongoing actions include:

―	Progressing actions identified as part of the Company's human rights roadmap;
―	Progressing response plans related to its identified salient human rights issues;
―	Progressing social assessments focused on human and labour rights throughout the Company's sites;
―	Progressing sustainability assessments of identified high risk suppliers;
―	Capacity building with key teams including development of training, communication and awareness raising;
―	Ensuring alignment of actions with current and upcoming legislation.

Neither the Company (including its subsidiaries) nor its joint ventures develop, produce, or distribute any "controversial weapons" as listed within Annex I of the Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2022/1288 supplementing EU Regulation 2019/2088 (Sustainable Finance Disclosure Regulation ("SFDR")) for Principal Adverse Impact indicator 14. This includes biological weapons or chemical weapons (in accordance with the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention), cluster munition (Oslo Convention) and anti-personnel mines (Ottawa Treaty). Consequently, the Company does not have any exposure to the Principal Adverse Impact indicator 14 under the SFDR criteria.

The Company participates in two joint ventures that contribute to France's nuclear deterrence (ArianeGroup and MBDA), including the production and support of missile systems. These activities are compliant with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Company's reported revenues do not include any revenues relating to these activities (accounted for using the equity-method) as it does not have exclusive control of the joint ventures.

6.1.11 Inclusion and diversity

I. Introduction

"Respect human rights and foster inclusion" is one of the four sustainability commitments. This priority reflects the focus the Company puts on inclusion & diversity ("I&D") and is illustrated by the 154 nations that its employees represent. An I&D position statement outlines the Company's commitments to creating a safe and inclusive culture, including zero tolerance to discrimination and harassment, while the Company's Code of Conduct and Supplier Code of Conduct express the expectations towards both employees and suppliers in this respect.

In accordance with ILO Convention C111 (discrimination - employee and occupation), the Company is committed to creating an inclusive working environment, upholding equal opportunities and is intolerant of any form of discrimination against employees, partners, customers, stakeholders and anyone else with whom it has any contact or on whom it can have an impact. The Company is committed to all aspects of employment being based on merit and actively seeks to foster inclusive leadership. This includes hiring policies and practices, earnings, employment conditions, access to training, development and promotion and termination of employment.

Inclusion & diversity	GRI				SDGs	Others
	405 Diversity and Equal Opportunity, 406 Non-discrimination				4, 5, 8, 16	Vigilance Plan
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC; Executive Committee Inclusion & Diversity Board
Related corporate policies/documents	Human Resources Airbus Company Policy, Airbus Code of Conduct, Airbus Supplier Code of Conduct, Airbus Framework for Prevention of Harassment and Discrimination in the Workplace
External standards or frameworks taken into account	Universal Declaration of Human Rights, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, ILO Conventions
KPIs		Target	Target horizon	2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
% of external hires to be female (active workforce)		33%	2023	27%	26%	-1 p.p
% women in Board of Directors		33%	2023	33%	33%	+0 p.p
% women in senior management - Executives		20%	2023	16%	20%	+4 p.p
Number of men in senior management - Executives				821	746
Number of women in senior management - Executives				157	183
Other key metrics (More in "- 6.1.17 ESG Data Board")				2022	2023	2023 vs. 2022
% women in active workforce				20%	20%	+0 p.p
% women in Executive Committee				25%	25%	+0 p.p
% women in "Level IV" managers				17%	18%	+1 p.p
Additional resources	Code of Conduct - incl. non-discrimination commitment, Inclusion and diversity on Airbus.com, Airbus International Framework Agreement - incl. Equal Opportunities commitment, UN Women's Empowerment Principles - CEO statement, AD CEO statement, LGBT+ Charter with L'Autre Cercle Association for an inclusive work environment , France Gender Pay Gap Statement 2022, UK Gender Pay Gap Report, Airbus UK I&D Agreement, Women in Aviation and Aerospace Charter┐; Women in Defence Charter┐ Partnerships supporting people with disabilities: Atouts pour tous┐, Handisup┐, Handi Proconseil┐

In line with the Company's values, a comprehensive I&D strategy drives the Company's approach to embedding I&D focusing on intergenerational, ethnic, social and cultural diversity as well as gender equality, LGBTQ+, neurodiversity and disability-friendly policies and hiring practices. The I&D strategy aims to ensure that the Company:

―	Creates a safe environment and inclusive culture where collaboration, empowerment, continuous learning and accountability are promoted and valued. The Company has zero tolerance for harassment or discrimination of any kind;
―	Attracts, recruits, develops and retains a large and diverse pool of talents. This talent is a reflection of the Company's customer and supplier base as well as the communities around;
―	Develops a thriving work environment supported by its values system, leadership model as well as a code of conduct understood and lived by all;
―	Is committed to have a positive long-term sustainable impact not only in the aviation sector but also in the communities the Company works in by being signatories to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

II. Governance

The I&D team is part of the "DEVELOP Centre of Expertise" within the Human Resources function and represents the Company with regional I&D focal points supporting the implementation of the I&D strategy globally.

An I&D Advisory Board, chaired by the Chief Human Resource Officer with representatives from the Executive Committee and other divisional and regional executives, meets quarterly and provides top level oversight and input into the I&D strategy, as well as reviews risks or issues raised, providing support on new initiatives, processes or changes to policy and makes appropriate recommendations to the Executive Committee.

In addition, local I&D steering committees, championed by "Level IV" leaders and executives in the regions, provide additional support to embed and advance the I&D strategy locally and provide valuable input to the I&D team and advisory board. The steering committees are supported by a network of diversity business champions embedded in the business, who advocate for an inclusive working environment.

III. Risk management

Any identified risks related to I&D are recorded in the Company's ERM and appropriate action plans agreed. Progress is reviewed quarterly. In addition, any alerts related to I&D raised via the Company's SpeakUp culture, including its OpenLine reporting system, are investigated in accordance with the Company's investigation process.

IV. Implementation / activities

Gender diversity

The Company supports various national and international initiatives such as International Women's Day, and since 2018 the Company has committed to the UN Women's Empowerment Principles aimed at empowering women to participate fully in economic life. The Company has also led the "Women in Aviation and Aerospace Charter" and has been instrumental in the development of the "Women in Defence Charter" which demonstrates the commitment of a growing number of organisations across the industry to build a more balanced and fairer industry for women.

In order to actively follow the four sustainability commitments, dedicated training courses on I&D related matters are permanently available to all employees and promoted within the learning catalogue. With a special focus on leaders, the Company launched a "Management Basics & Leadership Foundations Programme" in 2020 to ensure that inclusive leadership becomes the norm at all levels. In 2023, the MyWay Women leadership programme, dedicated to women leaders of tomorrow, registered 100 women, maintaining the numbers as the previous year. To date, this programme has trained over 320 women, including the current cohort. The Company's leadership development programme participation is balanced in terms of gender representation.

Further dedicated role model sessions called Women@Airbus, digital recruitment events to encourage more women to apply to the Company, have been carried out online with over 500 women participating. During 2023, the Company disclosed its gender pay gap as required by both French and UK legislation, and continues to put measures in place to ensure gender pay parity worldwide.

Gender diversity in senior management - executives

The Company strives to accelerate female representation in leadership roles. Accordingly, it has set targets for gender diversity in Executives management positions, associated with a dedicated action plan. It includes slots in dedicated leadership programmes, aimed at development of leaders selected from across various geographies and functions. In 2023, performance stood at 20% against a 20% target, which is a 4p.p. increase year-on-year. The company is committed to pursuing efforts, focusing on leadership programmes, mentorship, sponsorship, targeted recruitment and strengthening promotions pipeline to enhance female representation on executives positions.

Other diversity dimensions

The Company is also accelerating change through its employee-led Employee Resource Group "Balance for Business" network, which has around 10,000 volunteer members worldwide. Initiatives run through this network include roadshows promoting employee-led initiatives such as peer-to-peer mentoring, confidence building and encouraging employees to challenge stereotypes and build their careers. The network also supports some outreach initiatives.

Other employee-led networks such as WIN Together, the Airbus Africa Network, Full Spectrum (Racial diversity and inclusion), SOMOS (LatinX America), Pride@Airbus (LGBTQ+), Generation-A (Millennials), Seniors Talent and (Dis)Ability ambassadors networks are key to raising awareness of I&D, promoting inclusion, equal rights and increasing visibility. Initiatives include mentoring, leadership development of under-represented groups as well as conferences and discussions open to all employees.

The annual Ability Weeks campaign aims to raise awareness on disability across the Company worldwide. This includes a series of workshops and awareness sessions on topics such as: digital accessibility, workplace adaptation and mental health care. During the 2023's campaign, more than 3,380 employees participated in live workshops, and over 30 events were organised worldwide. These events are also an opportunity for the Company to share some of the initiatives set up internally, such as Airbus Humanity Lab showcasing prosthetic blades made from recycled carbon from a production line.

Highlighting that being unique is valued and that difference is welcome, the Company ran an awareness campaign during 2023 to promote awareness of the importance of removing stigma associated with disabilities.

During 2023, the Company continued to engage in various social diversity programmes in partnership with a number of different associations to promote quality education and mentorship for young people from underprivileged areas. For example, the Company participated in the French government's initiative "La France, une chance. Les entreprises s'engagent !" to encourage companies to help everyone find their place in society by taking actions such as recruiting from underprivileged areas, promoting education learning and committing to responsible purchasing (inclusive supply chain). To this end, a forum dedicated to inclusive supply chains in particular for the disability dimension was organised. In the United States, "Flight Path 9", an apprenticeship programme, supports induction of young talent from underrepresented communities in production. The Company's social diversity programmes and community impact strategy (see "6.1.16 -Community impact") are closely connected, with a focus on equity and inclusion.

V. Outlook

In 2024, the Company will pursue its I&D ambition, aiming at embedding I&D in everything it does. Priorities for 2024 include continuing the Company's focus on gender parity, while simultaneously strengthening focus on other aspects of the I&D strategy such as disability, nationality and cognitive diversity. Upcoming actions on I&D include:

―	Eliminating systemic barriers during talent recruitment, development and management;
―	Further maintain focus on reaching targets for external recruitment of women
―	Extending leadership development programmes to include a focus on I&D and in particular on gender diversity;
―	Increasing awareness and training on inclusive leadership and collaboration at individual and team level;
―	Leveraging and reinforcing business ownership and accountability through the Company's network of diversity champions;
―	Continued support to encourage STEM studies for young women in schools and universities through mentorship, tutorship, directly or through the associations sponsored by the Company.

6.1.12 Social dialogue

I. Introduction

In 2023, the Company continued its numerous discussions, consultations and negotiations with its social partners, sometimes on a daily basis in order to discuss Company transformation projects, the evolution of Company agreements, measures to support production ramp-up, or cope with the evolution of the economic environment.

These various transformations were carried out in line with the common principles and standards of the ILO convention, the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and the principles laid down by the UN Global Compact.

Employee relations are underpinned by the Company commitments made in the Company's Code of Conduct and the Airbus International Framework Agreement, signed in 2005.

Social dialogue	GRI	SASB	SDGs	Others
	402 Labor/Management Relations		8, 16, 17
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Executive Committee
Related corporate reference documents	Airbus Code of Conduct, International Framework Agreement, SE-WC agreement (updated 2018)
Company's commitments to take into account external standards / frameworks	ILO's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work and its Core Labour Standards, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises
Key metrics			2022	2023
Number of meetings with SE-WC (agreement says 4 per year)			7	5
% workforce covered by collective bargaining agreements			ca. 80%	ca. 80%
Additional resources	Code of Conduct, Airbus International Framework Agreement┐ ILO's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights┐ OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises┐, the Global Deal Initiative┐

II. Governance

In the International Framework Agreement ("IFA"), the Company reaffirms it strives to respect the regulation regarding fundamental human rights, equal opportunities, free choice of employment, as well as prohibition of child labour and respect and ensuring the conditions for social dialogue.

The Company intends, via its agreements, to respect the disposition of the following ILO conventions: numbers 111 (discrimination - employee and occupation), 100 (equal remuneration), 135 (workers' representatives), 29 (forced labour), 105 (abolition of forced labour), 182 (child labour), 138 (minimum age), 87 (freedom of association and protection of the right to organise) and 98 (right to organise and collective bargaining).

This includes respecting the rights of employees to exercise lawful rights of free association, including joining or not joining any association of their choice within the appropriate national or local legal framework, without fear of reprisal, intimidation, interference or harassment. Where employees are represented by a legally recognised union, the Company is committed to establishing constructive dialogue with their freely chosen representatives, with whom the Company is committed to bargaining in good faith.

The head of each business is responsible for ensuring compliance with these principles. The provisions of the IFA define the Company's standards to be applied wherever the Company operates provided they are not in contravention of local law, insofar as more favourable conditions do not exist already. Dedicated processes ensure that the provisions of this agreement are not breached wherever the Company operates.

The Company has a long tradition of making employee relations and social dialogue a priority and, therefore, their continuous evolution and improvement are embedded in the Company's Human Resources strategy, supporting the Company's business challenges and the sustainability roadmap. It includes discussions about the identification and mitigation of risks inherent to the Company's activities and those of its suppliers with regards to human rights, environment and health & safety. In cases of restructuring, the Company strives to limit as much as possible the negative impacts on its workforce and considers employment as a priority. As an illustration, the last restructuring plan implying significant workforce reduction was completed in 2021: the COVID-19 adaptation plan resulted in the signature of various collective agreements by the main unions and provided for a range of social measures including trainings, internal mobilities, working time adaptations, voluntary departure schemes, early retirement and the opportunity to pursue personal or professional opportunities outside of the Company, such as business creation as well as dedicated partial unemployment schemes.

Regular social dialogue is ensured at global, European and local levels, in line with ILO requirements and local legislation, in addition to Company agreements such as the Company's European SE-WC agreement, updated in 2018. Sites outside Europe are also covered by the Company's IFA, framing the social dialogue and social culture taking into consideration the local labour legislation, culture and practices of respective countries.

In line with the Company's global social dialogue strategy, discussions with social partners take place at local or European level as well as at global level thanks to the Airbus Global Forum ("AGF"), reflecting the Company's engagement for a responsible social dialogue. AGF seat allocation for employee representatives is based upon Company's headcount distribution across the globe and conditional to existing legal employee representation as per applicable regulations and practices in the relevant countries.

In addition, the Company is an active member of the Global Deal for Decent Work and Inclusive Growth initiative ("Global Deal") that was developed in cooperation with the ILO and OECD. The Global Deal is a multi-stakeholder partnership between governments, business and employers' organisations, trade unions, civil society and other organisations that seeks to make economic growth work for all against a backdrop of rapid changes in the world of work. Furthermore, the Company has regular discussions with some national and international trade union federations.

III. Risk management

Employee relations are part of the Company's risk management process and related risks are reviewed internally on a quarterly basis. During 2023, employee relations teams continued to focus on ensuring legal compliance regarding national labour laws and investing in training the Company's HR professionals about labour law. The Company's approach to risk management is also reinforced by the OpenLine reporting system, which allows employees to report concerns anonymously (where legally permitted). See "6.1.14 - Business Integrity".

IV. Implementation / activities

During 2023, the Company continued activities aimed at strengthening collaborative and partnership approaches with unions in various countries. The main focus has been on preserving global social dialogue, supporting major employee representatives elections, addressing Company transformation projects as well as informing and consulting about employment, working conditions and sustainability.

Preserving a global social dialogue

In Europe, five European committees have taken place at Company level in 2023, including discussions about the Company's strategy and operations, as well as the Divisions' activities and sustainability. At the Airbus Helicopters Division, four European committees took place. The main topics discussed were the follow up of the Division's performance and strategy, the industrial strategy, the supply chain, key programmes' situation and more globally the Division's transformation, focusing in particular on digitalisation, leadership and its environmental roadmap. At the Airbus Defence and Space Division, five European committees took place. The main topics were the Division's strategy and performance with a focus on sustainable transformation, including the new Target Operating Model (see hereafter), which went live on the 1st of January 2024.

During 2023, the social dialogue continued in the regions based on local exchanges between the management team and employee representatives. For example, in the context of fostering social dialogue in APAC, countries such as South Korea and Thailand have established welfare committees dedicated to the advancement of mutual interests of both labour and management through collaborative efforts. Taiwan on the other hand has appointed employee representatives to facilitate social dialogue between labour and management. Meanwhile in Malaysia, an equally valuable though less formal approach was taken, providing opportunities for dialogue and engagement between employees and management. These diverse mechanisms, whether formal or informal, play a vital role in nurturing a constructive atmosphere for meaningful discussions.

Training sessions about social dialogue have taken place for the HR community, explaining why social dialogue is important for the Company and how it is structured, while also including updates about employment law.

Supporting employee representative elections

The Company continued to support the organisation of employee representative elections. In France, employee representative elections took place in 2023. Simplification of the voting process, a communication campaign and training of managers on the importance of social dialogue have all contributed to an increased participation rate (77.85% vs. 72.09% in 2019). Also in Spain, employee representative elections took place. Employees have participated in the election of those who will represent them in the negotiations of the Collective Bargaining Agreement for the next four years (2024-2027).

Supporting Company transformation

Numerous discussions with the Company's social partners have taken place to support the new Target Operating Model at Airbus Defence and Space (ATOM), resulting in three new Business Lines with end-to-end responsibility: AirPower, Space Systems, Connected Intelligence and the newly created COO organisation.

Also discussions have taken place at European and national level to explain the new governance and roles of the management team at Company level and in the commercial aircraft business.

In Spain, the discussions about the consolidation of the industrial activities and the maintenance of workload in the Centro Bahía de Cádiz (CBC) work centre were continued and concluded successfully on 1st of July 2023. The agreement is planned to be implemented during 2024 and 2025.

Supporting employees

In 2023, the Company carried out constructive dialogue with its social partners to negotiate salary increase policies where relevant with its employee representatives committees or in the frame of collective bargaining negotiations.

Furthermore, the Company continued to prepare for the future of employment and working conditions together with social partners:

In Spain, the Company continued with the social dialogue in order to carry out the commitments included in the VI CBA, (Spanish Collective Bargaining Agreement). An extraordinary salary review was also negotiated in 2023 as well as an "Equality Plan" in order to achieve equal treatment and opportunities for both women and men and to eliminate any kind of discrimination.

In France, the Company continued the major transformation project called Reload which started in 2021, aiming at simplifying, modernising and harmonising Company agreements related to compensation, benefits, grading, working time duration, health, safety and working conditions to make them more readable for its employees and adapted to the Company's challenges. Agreements about employee saving plans, gender equal opportunity, employment and career development were concluded in 2023.

In Germany, social dialogue mainly focussed on supporting the ramp-up activities, the harmonisation of remuneration for middle managers and the renewal of collective agreements regarding workforce flexibility.

In the UK, the ballot on pay negotiations, including two different employee groups, was successful.

V. Outlook

In 2024, the Company aims to continue its dialogue with social partners, sharing its strategy, its organisational changes and preparing for its evolving ways of working, as was done in 2023. Other key areas will be the continued ramp-up of its activities and the transformation projects which will be essential to the Company's future success. Furthermore, it aims to further drive international social dialogue between the Company's top leaders and its employee representatives from the Company's home countries and regions through the organisation of the 4th Airbus Global Forum.

6.1.13 People

I. Introduction

The Company's employees draw on each other's expertise and experience and put all their passion and determination to pioneering sustainable aerospace. Human Resources is at the heart of the Company. The current priorities of the Company's HR function within its People Strategy are:

―	Engaging, inclusive and high performing leadership;
―	Skilled workforce and an agile learning organisation;
―	Inclusive workplace and simplified ways of working;

Workforce

As of 31 December 2023, the Company's active workforce amounted to 147,893 employees (compared to 134,267 employees in 2022), 96.1% of which consisted of full-time employees. These statistics take into account consolidation effects and perimeter changes throughout 2023. Depending on country and hierarchy level, the average contractual working time is between 35 and 40 hours per week.

2022 and 2023 confirmed the strong aerospace industry recovery, enabling the Company to accomplish its recruitment plan with a particular focus on new skills, diversity and generational renewal. As part of this, the Company has expanded its programme to welcome university graduates from all around the world, the Airbus Global Graduate Programme.

The Company's workforce is 88.6% based in Europe, across more than 100 sites. Concerning the nationality of its employees, 34.6% are from France, 31.1% from Germany, 6.9% from the UK and 10.5% from Spain. The evolution of the Company's global presence is seen in the increase of the workforce located outside the Company's home countries (20,815 vs. 18,374 in 2022) and the increase of nationals from outside the Company's home country nationals (17.0% vs. 16.2% in 2022), coming from 150 other countries (vs. 143 in 2022).

Workforce by business segment, geographical area. The breakdown of the Company's employees by business segment and geographical area, including the percentage of part-time employees, is available in " - 6.1.17 ESG data board".

People	GRI		SASB	SDGs	Others
	401 Employment			4, 5, 8, 12
	404 Training and Education
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Executive Committee
Related corporate policies	Human Resources Airbus Company Policy
Key metrics (More in " - 6.1.17 ESG data board")		2022	2023
Total number of employees ⁽¹⁾		134,267	147,893	Breakdowns available in the ESG data board
Number of Classroom Training ⁽²⁾		116,363	163,194
Number of Digital Training ⁽²⁾		1,645,816	2,052,149
Total training hours ⁽²⁾		1,786,274	2,177,325
Average training hours per employee ⁽²⁾		15	17

⁽¹⁾ The Company's headcount reporting includes all consolidated companies worldwide. Figures are based on the active workforce, i.e. the number of permanent and short-term employees, irrespective of their individual working times, and having worked in the last 30 days. The headcount is calculated according to the consolidation quota of the respective companies. The scope for HR structure reporting covers 100% of the Company's total active workforce from consolidated companies. ⁽²⁾ Reporting period: from 1 Oct to 30 Sep.

Additional resources

Code of Conduct, Airbus Global Workforce Forecast Book, Working at Airbus Airbus International Framework Agreement┐, European Commission - Pact for Skills┐ Employer awards 2023: Universum┐, Glassdoor┐, Top Employer Institute┐, Forbes┐

II. Governance

The Company's workforce is managed by the Human Resources (HR) function, guided by a set of HR policies and a strong social dialogue. HR policies are discussed and agreed with social partners through continuous and regular meetings at global and local levels. The overarching HR policy is applicable to all employees and provides them with the description of the core values, mission, vision and top level initiatives for HR management, in accordance with Company's Mid-Term Strategic Plan, and external requirements and is also aligned with the Company's commitment to the International Framework Agreement (IFA).

The Chief Human Resource Officer is a member of the Executive Committee. HR teams work together across Divisions and geographical boundaries to support regional activities and adapt to business needs.

III. Risk management

Any identified risks related to the workforce and its skills and development are recorded in the Company's ERM and appropriate action plans agreed. In addition, every two years the Company measures the perception of its employees on where the Company stands in terms of Company culture and engagement through the "My Working Environment" survey. The latest campaign was in 2023, with a survey period from 30 May to 23 June. Just like the last two surveys (2019 and 2021), this year's participation is above 60% which provides representative data for analysis. Employees' feedback provides valuable input to define an action plan on Company level, leveraging the Company's cultural strengths to build on and directly address the concrete pain points to be improved. The Company culture and engagement are regularly measured to keep track of the progress and adjust actions.

IV. Implementation / activities

Strategic workforce planning

The Company's strategic workforce planning, a multi-year workforce outlook, is performed annually within the various business functions in order to manage workforce related risks and opportunities in the context of the execution of the business strategy. Two steps enable the Company's strategic workforce planning, namely, a quantitative 2-5 year outlook based on workload scenarios, and qualitative business discussions performed as part of the resource review.

The qualitative part of the strategic workforce planning generates a set of actions related to the business strategy, competence strategy, demographic changes, employment strategy, knowledge management and global footprint. In addition to the management of workforce risks and opportunities, the strategic workforce planning results support discussions with social partners and external workforce suppliers. A specific focus is currently put on strategic competencies such as hydrogen, propulsion, model-based system engineering, robotics/automation, artificial intelligence and cyber security.

People development, performance management and competence assessment

The continuous development of all employees is essential to deliver business success. The Company strives to provide an environment that offers stimulating professional opportunities and the means for continuous growth and development in line with its strategy.

An annual process derives a short, mid- and long-term Competence Strategy that is aligned with the Company's business strategy by:

―	Anticipating the supply and demand of competencies;
―	Identifying, securing and developing key competencies;
―	Creating added-value through synergies, networking and best practices.

Investments in training and learning are prioritised in relation to this competence strategy. In addition, emerging competence needs required in the long-term, such as cryogenics, hydrogen storage, quantum computing, quantum sensing and autonomy/autonomous systems are analysed in order to identify specific measures that need to be taken. For example, the Company partners with academic institutions to ensure the supply of emerging competencies of the future. In that respect, the Company currently collaborates with more than 200 universities, including 15 strategic partners. In addition, the Company is participating in external forums on competence evolution, such as the World Economic Forum, European Commission and other regional forums (see "Training and Mobility" below).

The Competence Assessment is a means to identify potential gaps in the expected skills and knowledge of employees linked to their current position, and can be used to identify the employee's development needs. The Competence Assessment can be performed whenever necessary though it must be completed at least once every two years, and is highly recommended to occur within the first month as a result of career mobility or a significant change to an existing job.

There are several 'moments that matter' throughout the calendar year via the annual 'People Tempo' which outlines the various key HR processes linked with the employee's experience of Performance and Development. In this respect, conversations between managers and employees form a continuous and ongoing dialogue to enable regular and frequent engagement on the topics of performance and development throughout the year whilst ensuring an agile approach towards adapting in relation to business priorities as these evolve throughout the year. In order to ensure that quality time is dedicated to focus on the employees' development, the Company has, as part of its annual talent management cycle, implemented a systematic 'Development Talk' for all employees (with their line managers). This is an exchange between the manager and the employee that can take place as often as needed (though at least once a year) with the intention of discussing the individual development plan of the employee and to align professional career aspirations with the Company's organisational requirements. Managers are encouraged to hold these discussions during quarter one in order to align the development activities for the year with the employee's individual performance goals and collective (team-based) performance objectives. Furthermore, a mid-year review is held to align on progress and identify opportunities for further development throughout the year.

The Company provides employees with a portfolio of self-awareness solutions and feedback tools (such as 360 feedback from team members, stakeholders or peers) that can be used to support the employee in their professional development. At any time throughout the year, employees can use the human capital management software deployed at the Company to 'request feedback' from their singular stakeholders in relation to their performance and development. Furthermore, the Company provides a platform whereby employees can launch a "360 feedback" survey to understand feedback from stakeholders (at the same level, below or above them in the hierarchy) in the framework of the Company's values and leadership model (which is used to assess the performance and development of employees).

The actions that will be taken to support their development are formalised by the employee in their Development Plan' which is then validated by the manager. These actions usually consist of a mixture of learning experiences - projects, missions or career mobility -, social learning - peer-to-peer development, coaching and mentoring -, and formal training - courses, certifications and diplomas.

Then, at the turn of the year, managers conduct a formal assessment of the employee's performance contribution and complement this with an appraisal discussion with each member of their team to discuss feedback on performance, opportunities for development and career growth.

Training and mobility

Again in 2023, to support the skills foundations and Top Company Objectives, the Company has defined and assigned compulsory learning plans directly to its employees, covering ethics & compliance, export control, health and safety, product safety, cyber security, internal controls, inclusion and diversity, quality and sustainability awareness. This approach allows the Company to ensure employees are well informed, trained and aware about those key topics related to major Company priorities. In 2023, 115,992 employees completed this compulsory learning plan.

From October 2022 to September 2023, the Company provided about 2.2 million training hours to employees. In addition to the physical classroom and digital training, more than 75,000 employees benefited from other leadership development and transformation solutions proposed by the Airbus Leadership University. The Leadership University continues to strengthen the Company's approach to leadership, offering opportunities for all managers to drive their development, while accelerating the culture evolution and human transformation of the Company. It offers a range of leadership programmes which focus on developing self-awareness, leadership mindset, purposeful leadership and people leadership capabilities. One such programme that is currently offered is "Management Basics & Leadership Foundations (MBLF)" which is a refresher training available to all managers, allowing them to revisit and explore the most essential elements of managing and leading people in challenging times. As one of the main objectives is to drive collaboration and engagement in the context of a properly managed performance cycle, the aim is to increase team efficiency and effectiveness. Between 1 October 2022 and 30 September 2023, over 1,200 managers completed a leadership programme training. The solutions provided by the Leadership University equip the company's managers to better apprehend their daily challenges and develop strategic thinking.

In addition to learning solutions and opportunities for professional development, the Company has well established career and development paths - as an alternative to management career paths linked with the Airbus Leadership Model - that are focused on expertise in their domain. These opportunities enable employees to develop specific skills and competences -notably in the streams of project and programme manager, architect, integrator or expert career paths.

The Company is also involved in many regional and European initiatives to address the up-skilling and reskilling challenge, such as Clean Aviation, DACSO (Diagnostic Aeronautique Competences Sud Ouest / DECSO (Diagnostic Espace Compétences Sud Ouest), and Hydrogen Europe. The Company is working together with aerospace and defence industrial companies, public authorities, and education and training providers, to build common upskilling and reskilling programmes and explore ways of working together in skills partnerships.

Mobility of employees within the Company provides overall benefit and value. Mobility helps employees develop new skills and competences and serves the business by bringing new ideas and broader perspectives to teams, while ensuring the Company has the right skills in the right place to secure the future. In 2023, more than 10,700 employees changed jobs through internal mobility. In 2023, the Company decided to reinforce the importance of mobility as a tool for employee engagement and development, that's why from 2024, all jobs (except critical ones where an external acquisition is needed) will be available only for Company's employees for a minimum of one month, before going external.

Remuneration

The Company's overall remuneration policy is in line with local practices and provides employees with a competitive overall compensation package. It is also an enabler to attract new talents and retain talented employees contributing to the Company's business success.

The Company compensates employees in line with applicable laws, in accordance with the terms of applicable collective bargaining agreements and relative to the industry and local labour market. In addition, the Company is currently reviewing the practical implementation of a commitment to a living wage for its employees in line with relevant benchmarks and methodologies.

The Company's remuneration practices integrate national regulation requirements and internationally recognised conventions such as the ones established by the ILO standards, including regulating working hours, resting hours, maximum consecutive days of work and annual leave. All hours worked beyond the normal work week and approved by management are handled as per applicable legislation, regulations and agreements (e.g. compensatory time-off, paid overtime, time saving account, etc).

For employees below manager level, collective labour agreements are applied in the Company's home countries (France, Germany, UK and Spain). This includes wage levels and increases, supplementary grants and gratifications (e.g. end of year gratification). Starting at manager level, compensation of employees can contain a variable part. The percentage of such variable pay in total compensation increases at higher hierarchical levels.

Support for health care, unemployment insurance, national and Company pension systems as well as social security contributions are implemented, at least in compliance with national regulations.

Some benefits or specific worldwide schemes are implemented such as sharing the financial and operational success of the Company with the employees (international success sharing scheme deployed for around 130,000 employees in 2023) or developing the Company share ownership culture (Employee Share Ownership Plan).

Employee Share Ownership Plan ("ESOP"). The ESOP allows employees to participate in the success of the Company and to become shareholders of the Company every year. This plan is an investment opportunity to acquire a certain number of Company' shares, which is open to the employees in more than 40 countries. Introduced in 2011, the ESOP scheme is a "share matching plan" in which the Company matches the number of shares bought by the employee according to set criteria. An eligible employee in the frame of ESOP 2023 is part of an entity which is at least 50% owned by the Company, and has been an employee between 31 December 2022 and 15 March 2023. In 2023, more than 75,000 eligible employees seized the opportunity to subscribe and 2.2 million shares were distributed to employees through the plan ESOP 2023.

Other benefits

Employees throughout the world benefit from several measures empowering their work-life balance, such as remote or hybrid working flexibility when it is compatible with their job position, as well as flexible hours or part-time arrangements in place in several countries. Family-friendly measures continue to grow, with 64% of staff covered by maternity and paternity benefits beyond the statutory minimum, in terms of duration of leave and/or salary compensation during the leave. In addition, over 78% of the staff has access to either on-site kindergarten or company-sponsored childcare services (for example in Spain, France, Germany, India and Canada).

V. Outlook

In 2024, the strategic people priorities are expected to remain similar as in 2023:

Engaging, inclusive and high performing leadership. Through its global network of Leadership University campuses, the Company will continue to invest significantly in strengthening the capabilities of its leaders centred around developing adaptive, performance-oriented, technology-focused and purpose-driven management and leadership. In addition, the Company will continue to bolster its leadership talent pool through strategic hiring.

Skilled workforce and an agile learning organisation. The Company's recruitment strategy will primarily focus on addressing critical skill gaps within European countries, while also supporting business growth in Asia and North America. Internal workforce development efforts will remain a key area of focus, aiming to foster continuous growth and address critical skill gaps through investments in emerging skill development. The Company is committed to evolving into an agile learning organisation by integrating formal, social and on-the-job learning experiences.

Inclusive workplace and simplified ways of working. Embracing the strength found in diverse perspectives, backgrounds, and experiences, the Company is dedicated to fostering an environment where every individual feels empowered and valued - see "6.1.11 - Inclusion and diversity". The Company, through the 'BetterWorkplace' programme, will continue to work toward giving every employee the workplace they need, the tools they deserve and a culture they can celebrate.

Exemplify business integrity

6.1.14 Business integrity

I. Introduction

The Company's Ethics & Compliance programme seeks to ensure that the Company's business practices conform to applicable laws, regulations and ethical business principles, as well as reinforcing a culture of integrity and speak-up.

In 2023, Ethics & Compliance continued to be a top priority for the Company. In its list of priorities for the year, the Company treats integrity and compliance as vital for its business.

The Company has worked over the past several years to develop an Ethics & Compliance programme that is structured around the following key risk areas: Business Ethics / Anti-Corruption Compliance, Export Control Compliance and Privacy. Each of these areas is, in turn, supported by dedicated compliance policies and a team responsible for their implementation, together with the identification and proposal of new measures to adapt to a constantly evolving regulatory landscape.

In 2023 the Company closed the Deferred Prosecution Agreements in the United States, the United Kingdom and France, as well as of the Consent Agreement in the United States - See "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements -Note 38: Litigation and Claims"

Improving the Ethics & Compliance programme remains a constant and ongoing process, in cooperation with other functions within the Company, in order to sustain and capitalise on its values

Business integrity	GRI	SASB	SDGs	Others
	205 Anti Corruption	Business Ethics	16
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC, Executive Committee
Related corporate policies and reference documents	Anti Corruption Policy, Responsible Lobbying Charter Directives: see below, section III. Risk Management Code of Conduct, Supplier Code of Conduct
External standards taken into account	IFBEC's Global Principles of Business Ethics, FX Global Code
Key metrics			2022	2023
Number of employees per appointed Ethics & Compliance Representatives			360	338
Number of employees per appointed Export Control Point of Contact			236	242
% of employees who completed the E&C training objective (Reporting period: from 1 Jan to 31 Dec)			96%	96%
Number of E&C e-learning sessions taken by employees (Reporting period: from 1 Oct to 30 Sep)			290,178	525,280
Of which Export Control e-learning sessions delivered to employees (Reporting period: from 1 Oct to 30 Sep)			149,426	367,187
Number of privacy e-learning sessions delivered to employees (Reporting period: from 1 Oct to 30 Sep)			3,181	9,255
Additional resources	Airbus Ethics & Compliance webpage, including CEO statement, Airbus Values Airbus' commitment on the protection of Personal Data, OpenLine, Compliance at Airbus

II. Governance

The Ethics & Compliance organisation is part of the Legal Department under the ultimate responsibility of the Company's General Counsel. The aim is to provide strong governance throughout the Company with the global presence of qualified Compliance officers who ensure the Ethics & Compliance programme is implemented consistently in the different functional and operational areas.

The Company's Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer, who reports to both the General Counsel and the Ethics Compliance & Sustainability Committee ("ECSC") of the Board of Directors, leads a dedicated team of Compliance professionals who are responsible for supporting and advising across the Company on compliance related topics, supporting the day-to-day business, performing risk assessments, drafting policies, conducting third party due diligence, investigating compliance allegations, implementing tools and controls and delivering compliance training.

The ECSC also plays a key role in the oversight and continued development of the Company's Ethics & Compliance programme, organisation and framework for the effective governance of Ethics & Compliance.

In addition to the dedicated Compliance professionals, the Company is coordinating a network of part-time Ethics & Compliance Representatives ("ECRs"), spanning all Divisions, functions and regions. The number of ECRs slightly increased in 2023, with a total of 445 ECRs at the end of 2023 (compared to 373 at the end of 2022). Although the ECR network members are not compliance experts, they play an important role in promoting the Ethics & Compliance programme and culture and serve as points of contact for any employee who has questions about the Ethics & Compliance programme or wishes to raise an Ethics & Compliance concern, including but not limited to bribery or corruption. The Ethics & Compliance team animates the ECR network, providing continuous training and information to the ECRs.

In February 2022, the Company launched the Export Control Points of Contact ("EPoCs") network, spanning both Divisions, functions, and regions. Similar to ECRs, EPoCs are not export control experts but serve as "first line of defence" and the "go-to" individuals for export control matters. On the occasion of the launch, the Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer stated that "by raising awareness among employees and acting as local focal points for queries on Export Control-related topics in their respective functions, EPoCs will be key contributors to the Company's common objective: embed an export control compliance system and culture throughout Company's businesses." By the end of 2023, the network was established and active within the business (all divisions, functions and regions), with a total of 604 EPOCs.

Likewise, the Personal Data Protection Officer ("DPO") relies on a team of privacy experts to guide, train and advise the business with respect to privacy requirements, and a network of Privacy Focal Points in the business functions and affiliates, to support the Company's privacy programme. In addition, the dataprotection@airbus.com mailbox is systematically published in the Company's privacy policies and information notices specific to the various applications, to ensure that data subjects can exercise their rights and/or lodge complaints.

III. Risk management

The Company is required to comply with numerous laws and regulations in jurisdictions around the world where it conducts business. This includes countries perceived as presenting an increased risk of corruption.

Accordingly, the Company conducts a thorough bribery and corruption risk assessment across its two Divisions and different businesses annually. The results of this risk assessment are embedded and monitored within the Company's ERM framework and highlight, among others, the risk of improper payments being made to or via third parties such as sales intermediaries, lobbyists and special advisors, suppliers, distributors and joint venture or offset partners. Further corruption risks include the use of sponsorships, donations, or political contributions to improperly benefit decision-makers, or the provision of excessive or overly frequent gifts and hospitality by Company employees.

In order to ensure its compliance with Export Control regulations and laws in the EU, UK, US and all the countries where or with whom it operates, the Company continues to strengthen its Export Control compliance programme to ensure it is fit for purpose. Where risks are identified, they are embedded and monitored in the Company's ERM. Identified risks include potential unauthorised access to export-controlled data and hardware by third parties and non-compliance with any regulations including but not limited to the International Traffic in Arms Regulations ("ITAR"), Export Administration Regulations (EAR), European Union and national military and dual-use regulations.

Operating worldwide, the Company must comply with several sets of sanctions laws and regulations implemented by transnational / national / regional authorities. The Company seeks to comply with all such laws and regulations. As such regulations are constantly evolving, the Company has regularly enhanced its dedicated policies and processes. On a risk based approach, the Company is developing and implementing numerous mitigation measures with regards to internal and external potential sanctions circumvention, and notably with regards to any third parties it is partnering with. Furthermore, the Company's ability to market new products and enter new markets may be dependent on obtaining government certifications and approvals in a timely manner.

Specific directives and methods have been adopted to address the Company's key compliance risk areas. These include among others:

―	Requirements for the Prevention of Corruption in the Engagement of Sales Intermediaries;
―	Requirements for the Prevention of Corruption in the Engagement of Lobbyists & Special Advisors;
―	Requirements for Gifts & Hospitality;
―	Requirements for Sponsorships, Donations and Corporate Memberships;
―	Requirements for Supplier Compliance Review;
―	Requirements for Preventing and Declaring Conflicts of Interest;
―	Requirements for the Prevention of Corruption related to Mergers & Acquisitions, Joint Ventures, Partnerships and similar Transactions;
―	Method for the Prevention of Corruption in the Context of International Cooperation & Offset Activities;
―	Requirements for Anti-Money Laundering/Know your Customer;
―	Guidelines for Competitive Intelligence Gathering Activities
―	Requirements for Export Control Sanctions, Embargoes and Screening;
―	Requirements for Export Control Framework;
―	Requirements for Export Control Escalation and Voluntary Disclosure;
―	Requirements for Export Control Brokering;
―	Requirements for Export Control Classification;
―	Requirements for Export Control Licences and Agreements;
―	Requirements for ITAR Part 130 Reporting;
―	Personal Data Protection Directive, Method and Binding Corporate Rules.

Those directives and methods are applicable to 100% of the Company and its controlled entities. For instance, with regards to export control, 100% of the outbound shipments are required to be controlled (KYC cleared, export control classification performed, consignees/end-users systematically checked against sanctions & embargoes lists, and against licenses/authorisations/exemptions/exceptions/derogations when required or applicable). Likewise, the directives and methods require that 100% of purchased items shall be classified, notably through the collection of Export Control Classification Documentation (ECCD) from the Supplier and 100% of intangible data shall be classified, marked and labelled prior to any export or transfer.

The Ethics & Compliance organisation is tasked with oversight and monitoring of these directives to ensure that it is being implemented effectively. Periodic controls on key processes are performed and reports provided to the Company's Executive Committee and the ECSC, including recommendations to strengthen the Ethics & Compliance programme where necessary.

In addition, the Corporate Audit & Forensic Department conducts periodic, independent audits of the Company's compliance processes to assess the effectiveness of internal controls and procedures and allow the Company to develop action plans for strengthening such controls.

IV. Implementation / activities

Awareness and training

As part of their annual goals and objectives, all Company employees are required to undergo a minimum amount of ethics and compliance training via e-learning. Additionally, depending on the function, the country and the level of risk implied by their role, certain employees are selected to attend live classroom training as well, including on Anti Bribery & Corruption and Export Control. Attendance in such cases is mandatory, and managers have a responsibility to ensure that their team members do so. Exposed employees are also required to complete regular training refreshers.

From 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023, the Company's employees followed 525,280 Ethics & Compliance e-learning sessions, including on bribery, corruption and export control. Furthermore, 9,964 employees attended live classroom training on different Ethics & Compliance topics over the period. In 2023, sessions were delivered both virtually and in person.

Likewise, the Company also delivered anti-bribery and corruption training towards higher risk third parties, including sales intermediaries, lobbyists and special advisors. In 2023, 100% of higher risk third parties were trained on Ethics & Compliance requirements and expectations.

The Company continued the roll out of the privacy e-learning as part of the Ethics & Compliance compulsory training catalogue. A total of 9,255 privacy training sessions were performed in 2023 (reporting period from 1 October 2022 to 30 September 2023).

Speak-up channel: OpenLine

The Company recognises that the Code of Conduct cannot prevent every situation that may arise, and therefore encourages employees and third parties - including but not limited to contractors, subcontractors, direct or indirect suppliers, and local communities around our and our suppliers' sites - to speak-up about concerns related to the Company. Concerns may be raised through various channels, including through OpenLine (available at https://www. airbusopenline.com). The OpenLine enables people to submit an alert securely and confidentially. Employees may also report concerns to managers, HRBPs, Ethics & Compliance Representatives, Privacy Focal Points, or Export Control Points of Contact.

The Company commits to protect those who speak up and raise concerns, and commits not to retaliate against anyone who raises a concern in good faith, against those who assist in investigations, or against other legally protected classes in the jurisdictions where it operates. The Company has a specific method regarding principles of non-retaliation and encouraging a "Speak Up" culture. The speak up channels and the non-retaliation principles are both included into various team talks, e-learnings, anti-bribery and corruption trainings, and otherwise communicated frequently. .

In 2023, the Company received a total of 1,200 alerts or allegations of which 764 were HR related ⁹. Cases requiring investigation are managed by dedicated members of the Ethics & Compliance team in accordance with an internal method on how to conduct investigations. The Ethics & Compliance team provides regular updates to the pool of internal investigators on internal policies, recent developments in the regulatory framework and investigation best practices to ensure the consistent deployment of compliance investigations across the entire Company.

In some instances, the Company may engage outside legal counsel for support, depending on the nature of the investigation.

The Ethics, Compliance & Sustainability Committee and other relevant stakeholders (including relevant authorities, if applicable, and Company's local management teams) are briefed regarding the progress and outcome of key internal investigations on a regular basis.

⁹ Covering harassment and bullying, discrimination and other breaches of HR policies or processes.

Policies and procedures

In 2023, the Company continued to improve its Ethics & Compliance framework notably by enhancing the digital solutions made available to employees in the fields of whistleblowing, gifts & hospitality or sponsorships & donation management.

All policies and guidelines are made available to employees on the Intranet, and classroom training is delivered to employees who are particularly exposed to the underlying risks as described above.

On the Export Control side, the Company has cascaded its Export Control requirements through nine Directives and Methods throughout the Company. The cascading triggered an update of the relevant business processes and documentation, completed at 99% at the end of 2023. In parallel, in 2023, the Company has started to deploy digital tools, developed through its Global Export Control Solutions (GECS) project in order to support the fulfilment of those requirements with regards to, notably, classification, record keeping, screening, accreditation, tangible and intangible transactions compliance or access control securitisation. For instance, among many other digital tools, the deployment at the end of the year of "hold and release" automated solution in the Company's commercial aircraft activities ensures the compliance of 100% transactions related to specifically targeted export controlled items based on their classification, sanctions and export control screening assessment, valid licenses and corresponding accreditation. To ensure the deployment of such tools, the validation of more than 1.5 million export control classifications have been secured by 2023 year end corresponding to more than 300,000 part numbers. Continuous efforts are ongoing to extend the scope of deployment in the Company's commercial aircraft business and further deploy akin solutions within Airbus Helicopters and Defense and Space Divisions, core entities as well as subsidiaries and affiliates in the years to come.

Responsible Lobbying Charter

The Company is committed to ensuring that any lobbying activity is undertaken in compliance with all applicable laws and its anti-corruption programme. In 2021, the Company launched a Responsible Lobbying Charter aimed at anybody who engages with public officials in any capacity, including third party representatives retained by the Company. The Charter outlines the Company's core principles for responsible lobbying and brings together the Company's key codes and directives relevant to this topic. The principles are also reinforced by a training module available to all employees.

V. Outlook

An effective Ethics & Compliance programme is one that, by definition, continuously adapts to changes and improves over time. Going forward, the Company will continue to assess its risks and monitor and test the implementation of mitigation measures at all levels: corporate level, Divisions, regions and local entities.

When misconduct reveals a gap in compliance policies, procedures or tools, the Company undertakes revisions to its Ethics & Compliance programme commensurate with the wrongdoing and in light of lessons learned. While compliance at the Company will therefore always be a work in progress, the Company is committed to this endeavour, as it aims to make its Ethics & Compliance programme sustainable over time.

6.1.15 Responsible supply chain

I. Introduction

At the end of 2023, approximately 19,000 suppliers from more than 90 countries supply parts, components, systems and services to the Company.

In 2023, the Company's external sourcing volume was estimated around €49 billion and shared between Divisions with 82% for the Company's commercial aircraft business, 12% for the Airbus Defence and Space Division and 6% for the Airbus Helicopters Division. Of note, figures on this chart may marginally change, as the data consolidation process was not finalised at the date of publication.

Responsible Supply chain	GRI	SASB	SDGs	Others
	102-9 Supply Chain	Materials Sourcing	4, 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17	Vigilance plan
	204 Procurement Practices
	308 Supplier Environmental Assessment
	408 Child Labor
	409 Forced or Compulsory Labor
	414 Supplier Social Assessment
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC
	Sustainable Supply Chain Roadmap Steering Committee
Related corporate policies	Responsible Mineral Policy, Environmental Policy, Health and Safety Policy, Human Rights Policy, Anti Corruption Policy, Supplier Code of Conduct
External standards taken into account	Reference to certain international organisations standards or principles, in particular ILO and International Forum on Business Ethical Conduct, IFBEC have been included into the Airbus Supplier Code of Conduct
KPIs	2023 Target	2022	2023 ⁽¹⁾	2023 vs 2022
Percentage of sourcing volume of suppliers invited to CDP who have responded	75%	78.0%	80.1%	+2.1p.p.
Percentage of identified high risk suppliers, who have undergone a sustainability assessment	60%	99.5% ⁽²⁾	37.6% ⁽³⁾	-
Percentage of sourcing volume covered by supplier commitment to the Supplier Code of Conduct	89%	86.0%	89.9%	+3.9p.p.
Digitalisation of supplier substance data collection - supplier sites	700	298 ⁽⁴⁾	936 ⁽⁵⁾	-
Other key metrics		2022	2023
Sustainability assessment: percentage of assessed suppliers not meeting the Company's sustainability expectations (=red flags)		16%	10.5%
Percentage of action plans defined for suppliers not meeting the Company's sustainability expectations		31%	50%
Percentage of responding suppliers to the CDP scoring A or B		66%	N/A ⁽⁶⁾
Number of sustainability alerts (7)		43	133
Assumptions	(1) Based on the 2022 sourcing report. (2) desktop assessments based on 2019 risky suppliers. (3) evidence based desktop assessments based on 2023 inherent risk mapping most risky suppliers (excluding Affiliates and Subsidiaries) list - see "Supplier Risk Mapping" section below. (4) for commercial aircraft business. (5) for the Company. (6) scores not available by time of publication. (7) sources include media screening, NGO reports, employees alerts or Supplier Compliance Review (see section "Alerts and Grievance Mechanisms" below)
Additional resources	Supplier Code of Conduct, Environmental Policy Statement, Responsible Mineral Policy statement, Be an Airbus supplier on Airbus.com; Human Rights Policy, IFBEC┐, Responsible Minerals initiative┐, OECD Due Diligence Guidelines for Responsible Business Conduct┐

Company's 2023 total spent regional split

In 2023, the Company sourced 89% of its total purchased volume from countries in which it has significant operations, including France 32%, USA 25%, Germany 16%, United Kingdom 10%, Spain 4%, Canada 1% and China 1%.

While the Company's products and services are sold all over the world, the majority of its supply chain is based in Europe and OECD countries.

The Company has established regional procurement offices in North America (Herndon, VA), India (Bangalore), Asia Pacific (Singapore) and China (Beijing) to support local procurement initiatives. The regional procurement offices represent the Procurement function in the respective regions. They are responsible for strategic sourcing, general procurement and supplier development (procurement operations) while supporting the application of the Company's procurement processes, policy and digital solutions.

The Company strives to make environmental and social responsibility a core element of its procurement strategy. This includes managing the relationships with suppliers through the different phases of the procurement process: sourcing strategy definition, supplier selection, contract management and supplier monitoring and development. The Company's sustainable supply chain ambition is built around the Company's four sustainability commitments. Derived from those, the Company's Sustainable Supply Chain Roadmap is based on a three-step approach: supplier commitment, supplier assessment, supplier engagement and development.

This approach is based on the following key elements and principles of due diligence aligned with the OECD Due Diligence Guidance for Responsible Business Conduct and applicable law:

―	supply base risk mapping;
―	supplier engagement and contractual requirements;
―	supplier assessment/audits and development plans;
―	policies, tools and reporting.

As the Company's commercial aircraft business and its two Divisions are certified ISO14001, the Procurement function acts in adherence with ISO 14001 requirements.

II. Governance

In order to drive the Sustainable Supply Chain Roadmap ("SSCR"), a quarterly steering committee chaired by the Head of Sustainability & Environment, the Head of Procurement Governance & Strategy and sponsored by the Chief Procurement Officer ("CPO") of the Company is implemented. The steering committee includes the Heads of Procurement of Airbus Helicopters and of Airbus Defence and Space, and the Head of Ethics & Compliance, or their nominated representatives. The CSO and Communications and the CPO of the Company act as sponsors of the SSCR.

The CPO also reports to the ECSC on the progress of the Company's responsible sourcing strategy implementation.

Concrete sustainability targets have been included in the 2023 objectives of the Company's CPO and are cascaded through the Company's Procurement organisation:

―	commitment by suppliers to Airbus Supplier Code of Conduct for 89% of the 2022 sourcing volume;
―	supplier sustainability assessments completed for 75% of the 2022 sourcing volume;
―	response of suppliers to CDP assessment for 75% of the 2022 sourcing volume.

The Procurement function has further reinforced its cooperation with the Legal & Compliance function for anti-corruption topics in the supply chain as well as in the frame of the further development of the Company's due diligence mechanisms (see "- IV. Supply chain vigilance plan").

The Company's suppliers must comply with all applicable laws and regulations. In addition, all business shall be conducted by suppliers in compliance with the principles of the Company's Supplier Code of Conduct ("SCoC"), which is the document of reference for the Company's responsible supplier management. This SCoC integrates the Company-wide values and principles, in line with internationally recognised standards and conventions such as UNGPs, OECD, ILO and IFBEC, covering human rights (such as child and forced labour, discrimination and harassment, working conditions, health & safety and freedom of association) and the environment (such as emissions, pollution and waste management).

III. Risk management

The Company's procurement-related risks and opportunities are embedded into the Company's ERM process. Risks and opportunities related to the deployment of the sustainability roadmap in the supply chain are managed according to the Procurement ERM plan.

From the extraction of raw materials to the manufacturing of parts delivered to the Company, suppliers' operations may have adverse impacts notably on the environment, the local communities (see "salient human rights issues" in section " - 6.1.10 Human rights") or the Company. The Company deploys specific supplier due diligence actions in the frame of the SSCR as described below to mitigate such impacts or the consequences of suppliers failing to comply with environmental, human/labour rights, health and safety laws and regulations.

IV. Supply chain vigilance plan

The Company's due diligence in its supply chain covers primarily the Company's suppliers (i.e. those with which the Company contracts supply agreements, "Tier-1"); nonetheless, if an alert is raised in relation to a supplier in the upstream supply-chain, the Company will act on it as appropriate. The Company centres its SSCR activities around the three following steps:

1) Commit suppliers to the Company's requirements on sustainability

Contractual requirements

The Company's standard procurement contract templates are regularly updated and include a dedicated "Sustainability and Environment" clause which requires suppliers to:

―	comply with all applicable laws and regulations in connection with human rights, labour and employment, health and safety, environment (including decarbonisation and circularity), anti-corruption, bribery and personal data protection;
―	provide information on substances contained in the products and services and/or used in manufacturing processes (covering both substances of concern and conflict minerals);
―	provide information on environment, health and safety matters for management of products (including those used in services), such as safe usage, across their life cycles (including waste management);
―	implement an Environmental Management System based on ISO 14001 or equivalent requirements;
―	comply with the Company's anti-corruption and bribery requirements;
―	commit to apply and cascade in its supply chain the principles of the Company's SCoC;
―	perform supply chain due diligence and an annual sustainability maturity assessment by an external specialist company;
―	complete a sustainability questionnaire during the call-for-tender phase and support initiatives to minimise waste in the Company production sites (e.g. reusable packaging, buy-back of overstock items). This questionnaire accounts for a minimum weight in the selection process.

Responsible mineral sourcing

The Company places great importance on the responsible sourcing of materials used in manufacturing. Some minerals including 3TG (tin, tungsten, tantalum and gold) are necessary for the proper functioning of components within its products. The Company directly imports minerals in extremely low volumes, however such minerals are found in certain products the Company procures. In that context, the Company requires all suppliers to comply with applicable laws and regulations on conflict minerals, including any 3TG conflict minerals. In 2019, the Company released a Responsible Mineral Policy, which details its engagement to improve safety and human rights conditions in the mineral supply chains. As described in the section Work with External Stakeholders hereafter, the Company benefits from the Responsible Mineral Initiative ("RMI") experience and available audits, tools and standardised ways of working. The SCoC formally requires suppliers to establish a policy and a management system to ensure responsible material sourcing.

2) Assess the suppliers' maturity with regards to sustainability

Alert and grievance mechanism

Since 2019, the Company's OpenLine has been accessible to external stakeholders, such as suppliers and their employees. For further information on OpenLine, see "6.1.14 - Business integrity". Access to OpenLine has been reiterated in the updated SCoC. Apart from OpenLine, the Company may receive alerts from other sources including through media screening, NGO reports, directly from employees or Supplier Compliance Review which is a screening ahead of supplier selection. During 2023, 133 alerts from such sources have been received on potential allegations relating to environmental, human rights and health & safety concerns in its supply chain. Since 2022 the number of alerts has increased due to the systematic inclusion of sustainability criteria into the screening. Analysis and/or investigations of those alerts are managed jointly by the Ethics & Compliance, the Sustainability Legal Affairs, the Procurement Sustainability and the Sustainability & Environment teams as detailed below:

―	initial review to determine if an investigation is needed;
―	detailed analysis of the allegation including collection of evidence;
―	assessment of information and documentation collected during the investigation, summary of the findings and proposal of remedial actions necessary to reasonably respond to and prevent the recurrence of the conduct, if any;
―	closing the investigation and reporting;
―	monitoring of the implementation of remedial actions.

Supplier risk mapping

Since 2018, the Procurement team has carried out annual proactive sustainability inherent risk mapping. In 2023, the Company started to use an upgraded inherent risk mapping methodology building on risk indexes considering the location and the type of activity performed by its Tier-1 suppliers (excluding suppliers of its affiliates and subsidiaries). When relevant, the supplier risk mapping is enhanced by the outcomes of the alerts and grievance mechanisms described above. This led to a risk ranking of suppliers regarding human rights, environment and health and safety. From this, and in line with the programme developed in 2022 with IAEG (see below) the identified riskiest suppliers are invited to undertake an evidence-based desktop sustainability assessment. In 2023, a number of suppliers were prioritised, while coverage is to continuously improve. As a result of the assessment, suppliers not meeting the Company's sustainability expectations with lower scores (classified as a red flag) will be requested to develop and put in place a corrective action plan in a determined time frame.

Evidence-based desktop assessments

The Company conducts evidence-based sustainability maturity desktop assessments, now renewable every year (transitioning from every 3 years with the previous provider), with the support of an external specialist company contracted via the IAEG in 2022. Taking part in this IAEG voluntary sectoral framework for ESG engagement strengthens business resiliency and optimises resources and costs for suppliers. This group-level assessment covers labour and human rights, health and safety, environment, ethics and sustainable procurement.

A total of 73.6% of the 2022 sourcing volume was covered by an evidence-based desktop assessment at the end of 2023, including both risky suppliers and other suppliers already engaged into this sectoral approach.

Assessment - CO ₂

Since 2020, the Company has engaged in the supply chain programme of CDP to foster transparency about climate actions in the Company's supply chain. See section "6.1.2 - Climate change / IV. Transition plan / Supply chain engagement"

On-site assessments

The result of an evidence-based desktop assessment or any sustainability alert may lead the Company to request an on-site assessment at a particular supplier site. In 2023, the Company performed 33 on-site assessments, compared to seven in the previous year. The Company engaged with suppliers on findings in order to improve the situation, when relevant.

Responsible mineral sourcing

The responsible sourcing of tungsten, declared by the smelters, is confirmed by third party audits performed by the RMI. This due diligence exercise is performed at the end of each calendar year and capitalises on data from the smelters, the customs as well as the Procurement organisation of the Company. The Company is also monitoring developments from the European Commission on critical raw materials ("CRM") and is investigating how to take a deeper look at its related supply chain, through direct involvement and/or trade associations.

Gemba Walk

In 2019, the Company introduced Supplier Factory Visits called "the Gemba Walk" pocketbook, applicable to commercial aircraft activities, which is a practical and visual guide for the Company's employees when visiting the shop floor of a supplier, supporting the identification and reporting of risks or improvement opportunities observed during factory visits.

3) Engage and develop Procurement employees and suppliers further on the sustainability journey

Engagement and mitigation measures

In the frame of its due diligence, the Company engages directly with suppliers in a number of different circumstances:

―	If sustainability alerts have been reported linked to those suppliers;
―	If a supplier has been identified as risky in the frame of the inherent risk mapping methodology;
―	If a supplier's assessment results have raised concerns on one or more sustainability aspects.

In addition, the Company reviews its relationship with suppliers who refuse to participate in its assessment programmes.

Substances traceability

At the end of 2021, the Company launched a project to digitise the way suppliers provide information on substances found in their products. The main objective is to improve traceability and transparency on substances in products from the supply chain in line with regulatory requirements while allowing an automated way of sharing this information. In 2023, a Company-wide target has been defined to deploy the digital solution to 700 additional suppliers' sites. This target has been reached and the digital solution is now deployed to more than 1,200 suppliers' sites.

CO ₂ emissions - The Company is seeking to engage its suppliers in the transition towards a low carbon economy as described in the section "6.1.2 - Climate change / IV. Transition plan / Supply chain engagement". See also "6.1.17 - ESG data board".

Supplier cooperation

Sustainability is embedded into all major suppliers' events such as the Annual Supplier Conference of the Company's commercial aircraft business or the Defence and Space Division.

In 2022, the Company launched the first Airbus Supplier Sustainability Council establishing a framework to step-up cooperation within its supply chain on sustainability and fostering a new model of engagement with suppliers. Concrete improvement initiatives were launched and co-led by representatives of the Company and of members of the Council. The focus is on decarbonisation, transparency and substances. The activities run on those topics by the members are acting as key enablers to accelerate specific initiatives from industry bodies such as IAEG and to share best practices across the full supply base. The Company's CPO and the CSO and Communications acted as sponsors of the annual Airbus Supplier Sustainability Council in 2023.

The Company values the commitment, contribution and efforts of its supply chain to improve on sustainability topics. It continues to give awards to its suppliers contributing positively to sustainability. In 2023, two tyre suppliers were awarded by the Company commercial aircraft business: Bridgestone and Michelin. Both companies developed notably lighter weight products for less CO ₂ emissions and the use of more recycled materials. Kuehne & Nagel was awarded for its sustainability efforts and its innovation in plastic reduction, circularity and elimination of delivery notes by Airbus Defence and Space.

Work with external stakeholders

The Company is a founding member of International Aerospace Environmental Group ("IAEG"), which is working on development and promotion of common aerospace industry standards and tools to manage environmental obligations. The Company is represented at the Board of the IAEG by the Head of Procurement Strategy and Sustainability as IAEG board member and the Director in charge of Institutional Relations & Standardisation as Chairman of the Board. The Company, through representatives from different functions, actively participates in different IAEG work groups. More specifically, for the supply chain, IAEG has developed the following materials for voluntary use by companies:

―	a supply chain environmental survey, which the Company implemented in 2019 and which will be used as environmental assessment module, as mentioned in the section Assess above;
―	an Environment Management System ("EMS") implementation guideline to encourage a wider uptake of EMSs as appropriate for each supplier in a phased approach and cost effective, consistent and supportive manner;
―	a definition of an Environmental Qualification Programme to help assess and develop the environmental maturity of suppliers.

Under the Company's leadership, the IAEG (initially focused on environment) extended its scope of actions to environmental, social and governance topics. In 2022, and co-led by the Company, a contract has been established between IAEG and its selected service provider to build a sectoral approach for supplier assessment which was deployed in 2023.

As a co-founder of the International Forum on Business Ethical Conduct ("IFBEC"), the Company is supporting the application of global standards for business ethics and compliance. IFBEC members have established a Model SCoC which expresses the minimum ethical standards to be applied by suppliers throughout the aerospace and defence industries. It also encourages suppliers to go beyond legal compliance, drawing upon internationally recognised standards in order to advance in social and environmental responsibility and business ethics. All Company suppliers are now being asked to sign a confirmation of compliance with the principles of the latest version of the SCoC, or to confirm their own practices are aligned with the principles set out in this Code, and to cascade these principles throughout their own supply chains.

In 2019, the Company joined the Responsible Business Alliance's RMI, in order to further enforce activities of responsible sourcing while applying industry standards for supplier due diligence and data management in accordance with the OECD framework. In 2023, the Company extended its membership to the whole Responsible Business Alliance ("RBA") initiative.

Communication

The Company is continuously raising awareness on its four sustainability commitments and related initiatives, both across its supply chain and own workforce, in particular via awareness sessions, presentations in regular forums or marketplaces.

Different communication means are used: a toolkit which is updated annually, posters, kakemonos, a dedicated intranet website, participation in internal events promoting sustainability initiatives.

Training and awareness

The Procurement Academy defines positions, competences, skills, and associated training to ensure procurement employees in all Divisions are ready to face current and future challenges. Since 2022, sustainability is embedded into the Procurement competences and a dedicated "Procurement Sustainability Officer" position is in place.

To support people upskilling, on top of existing Company-wide training courses on sustainability, the Procurement Organisation implemented:

―	A human rights virtual training for Procurement which was initially tested in 2022. 150 buyers and supply chain quality managers in charge of identified risky suppliers were registered in 2023.
―	A substance management awareness for Procurement in order to improve the understanding of the substance regulatory framework and of the internal projects aiming at increasing the quality of the data provided by the suppliers.

On top of the compulsory commitment to the SCoC (notably for health & safety and ethics & compliance), the Company provides health & safety training to its in-situ subcontractors. This training is mandatory in order to have access granted to the Company's facilities.

V. Other Initiatives

Promoting disability-friendly companies

Since 2011, the Company has been promoting employment of disabled people by its suppliers starting with a particular focus on France. Disability-friendly companies often take part in the call for tender process either through direct offer or partnership. The procurement volume with disability-friendly companies has been multiplied by five over the decade going along with the development of the disability-friendly companies' ecosystem. In 2023, the sourcing volume with disability-friendly companies is around €68 million of annual turnover which represents a 25% increase compared to 2022. Around 70 disability-friendly companies are working with the Company to date. The Company will continue to develop business with disability-friendly companies either through direct contracting or partnerships or subcontracting, primarily in France and then also in Spain and Germany. In addition, the Company is actively developing inclusion awareness. For instance, in November 2023, the Company organised a (Dis)Ability forum in Toulouse with 41 disability friendly companies and five strategic suppliers for the Company. Around 350 people attended this event. In the frame of the Handicap Mission, the Company has signed in April 2023 a partnership with the GESAT, the economical network of the French Disability Friendly Companies, in order to develop further the subcontracted activities with those companies.

Plastic-free supply chain

As part of the Company's roadmap on circularity, a plastic-free supply chain project was launched in 2019 and extended to production in 2021 within the Company's Defence and Space Division. The aim of this project is to reduce, reuse and recycle single-use plastic waste and packaging in the Division's scope of involvement by 2025. The Division managed to reduce the use of single-used plastic by 73% in logistics (2023 versus 2020 baseline) and by 16% in production (2023 versus 2021 baseline) at all sites in 2023. This achievement has been possible through different actions such as the implementation of plastic-free alternatives (eg. tape) or improved processes, including the use of recycled material, for packaging.

VI. Outlook

The SSCR is constantly evolving to actively support the Company's sustainability ambition, to adapt to progressing sustainability requirements and to endeavour to minimise sustainability impacts in the supply chain. It is building upon its current initiatives to deploy them to an even larger number of suppliers. In 2024, notably this will include:

―	Continuing to require the adherence of the Company's SCoC principles throughout the Company's supply base;
―	Reinforcing the risk identification and risk assessment of the Company's supply chain due diligence plan;
―	Extending the coverage of supplier sustainability assessments by requesting more suppliers to perform such an assessment with the objective to reach 75% of the spend volume in 2025;
―	Engaging with suppliers after the assessment outcomes, when required,
―	Improving the Scope 3 Category 1 Procured Goods and Services (PGS) calculation.
―	Deploying learning sessions to develop Procurement community competences on sustainability matters, with an awareness session planned to be developed in 2024 and the specific training on human rights to be further deployed.
―	Pursuing the Company's ambition to work at sector level to promote harmonised sustainability practices throughout the aerospace supply chain.

6.1.16 Community Impact

I. Introduction

The Company takes global collective action across the world where the Company operates to support communities with a focus on three community impact priority themes: the most vulnerable, the environment, and young people. Products, services and employees are mobilised with a focus on equitable and measurable solutions, in line with the Company purpose.

Community Impact	GRI	SDGs
	413 Local communities	All 17 SDGs with a focus on 1,2,3,4,5,13, 14, 15 and 17
Highest governance body(ies) involved	Board of Directors / ECSC Airbus Foundation Board of Directors, Airbus Foundation Endowment Fund Board of Directors
Related Corporate Reference Documents	A42 Community Impact Policy A1133 Directive on Sponsorships, Corporate Donations & Corporate Membership The bylaws of the Airbus Corporate Foundation and the Airbus Foundation Endowment Fund
Key metrics		2022	2023
Number of Sustainability Ambassadors		448	811
% of employees onboarded to the +impact platform		4%	12%
Additional resources	Community impact on Airbus.com; Airbus Foundation on Airbus.com, including its annual reports Airbus Foundation partnership to support Polar POD mission in the Southern Ocean

II. Governance

The Sustainability - Develop & Engage department manages the global strategy and framework for community impact in the Company and supports the operations of the Airbus Foundation. A global network of community impact focal points representing the major countries where the Company operates drive local partnerships and engagement, as welI as a committee of specific topic experts who provide overarching assessment, guidance and recommendations.

A corporate top sustainability objective related to community impact is set annually, with awareness and adoption supported by the Company's transversal sustainability networks. Community Impact is also integrated into the business through a policy and processes at operational levels, including a formalised assessment and decision mechanism for corporate donation requests submitted by business lines. In addition, there are standard reporting lines to the Sustainability & Environment organisation, with top level oversight provided by the ECSC at the Company's Board of Directors level.

The Airbus Foundation and its Endowment Fund are non-profit entities of general interest registered under French law, with specific Articles of Association that define their respective missions and remits. The strategy of the Foundation is governed by its Board of Directors and the Airbus Foundation and Airbus Foundation Endowment Fund annual reports and accounts are submitted annually to the French authorities, as required by law.

III. Implementation / activities

2023 continued to be a year of transition and evolution of the community impact framework. The Company strengthened the established routes for corporate giving and philanthropy, and expanded opportunities for employee engagement through the "+impact" digital platform (launched at the end of 2022). The Company also focused on enabling the future, piloting new projects that contribute to social value and shape a shared value approach. Shared value aims to bring societal needs together with business opportunities and resources to create a win-win situation for all parties, which is both scalable and sustainable. See "Outlook" section below for further details.

Like 2022, this year had a considerable number of events with important implications for communities around the world -geopolitical crises and conflicts, climate related disasters, and rising inflation had significant repercussions for the underserved and undeveloped parts of society. Continuing to evolve its collective approach, the Company developed a corporate disaster response procedure, bringing together key actors from across the business to assess and validate the Company's response strategy for those tragic events. Following the pilot phase in 2022, the Company structured and embedded an annual community impact call for proposals. During 2023, 27 projects across 24 countries were validated, with a focus on responding to local needs and creating sustainable positive change. In 2023, the Airbus Foundation's mandate was renewed for a further five years (2023 to 2028).

Supporting vulnerable communities

During 2023, the Company continued to focus on supporting vulnerable communities through disaster response, innovation or fundraising to tackle topics such as poverty, hunger and access to essential services. Partnerships established in previous years were continued or expanded in several regions. For example, the initial partnership with the Manila Water Foundation to install a clean water station in a school located in a remote province in the Philippines was concluded during the year with more than 12,000 community members benefiting from increased access to clean water. The partnership also includes inspection of the facilities to ensure proper functionality and maintenance, local training, and professional community health assessment to evaluate if the community's sanitation habits improve over time. During the 2023 call for proposals, a number of additional projects related to water access and water stress were received, highlighting the evolving impact of climate change on vulnerable communities. Amongst those validated was a three-year partnership with Engineers without Borders (EWB) in Australia with the aim of ensuring remote communities can reliably access safe and clean water. EWB works alongside communities whose water supply does not fall under public water service provision and are vulnerable to lengthened dry seasons and extreme weather events. The project aims to install robust and self-manageable water systems in an indigenous community, and to support its long term impact, training for community members to establish a governance structure and safely operate the water systems will also be delivered.

The Company's evolving disaster relief procedure was put to the test during the devastating earthquakes that impacted Turkey and Syria. All community impact channels were mobilised with the Company using its procurement network to source and supply humanitarian kits to local relief agencies; the Airbus Foundation coordinated use of the Company's products to help its partners transport essential aid; and a disaster relief appeal was launched with employee donations matched by the Company. This collective approach helped streamline, consolidate and strengthen the support the Company was able to provide.

During the year, the Airbus Foundation continued to provide access to the Company's unique portfolio of products and services to support the disaster response efforts of its humanitarian partners, with actions in Turkey, Malawi, Chad, Central African Republic, Somalia and Sudan, amongst others. In total, the Foundation coordinated 13 humanitarian flights transporting almost 375 tonnes of aid to impacted communities. Additionally, 117 helicopter flight hours were chartered for assessment and transportation of materials in response to earthquakes, flooding, and wildfires. The Foundation also responded to 120 satellite imagery requests (covering 34,000 km2) from partners for disaster assessment and response plans, to monitor displacement and flooding, plan medical activities, as well as environmental monitoring. Support was also provided to an international research project working to estimate supply chain delays along the Douala corridor. Via its partner, the French Foundation of the Academy of Medicine, the Foundation supported the delivery of Helicopter Emergency Medical Services training to 385 medical personnel in Indonesia, Nepal and Brazil.

Supporting the future generation

In 2023, across its community impact channels, the Company collectively reached over 37,600 young people directly through mentorship, workshops, and education outreach. Corporate partnerships and STEM outreach programmes focused on using the expertise and knowledge of the Company's employees to inspire interest in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). The 'Future by Airbus' programme continued in China, engaging more than 100 children through STEM workshops delivered by Company volunteers in collaboration with the Beijing Civil Aviation Museum. Airbus Defence and Space engineers innovated an interactive installation for the GISTA museum in Bangkok, supporting the organisation's hands-on education approach; and STEM outreach programmes across Airbus Defence and Space UK reached more than 3,000 young people. In addition, a significant focus in 2023 was given to widening access to programmes that offer skills-based education to young people, supporting skills pathways that may eventually lead to career opportunities for underserved communities. In India, the Company piloted a new partnership with Tata Strive, equipping 75 young people with digitalisation skills essential for their future careers, which led to 19 of the students gaining employment following participation in the programme. The Company also entered into a partnership with Flight Works Alabama in Mobile, US to provide 10 underserved primary and secondary schools with access to the 'We Build It Better' (WBIB) programmes. WBIB lays a foundation for students to understand the process of developing a new product and equips them with the skills to design and create an innovative solution to a real-world industry-based challenge. Critically, the solution supports teachers to deliver the programme year on year through continuous professional development. Responding to the widening STEM skills gap in areas of the UK, a pilot of the We Build it Better programme was also launched with a secondary school in Stevenage, providing a year-long immersion into a work-like STEM environment.

The Airbus Foundation enriched its Airbus Foundation Discovery Space content with two new video mini series - "Satellites are fascinating" and "Helicopters in emergency situations". The videos aim to encourage discussions around subjects like climate change and the importance of being good custodians of the planet. The Foundation also designed a personal development booklet for teenagers, introducing topics such as self care, empathy, and civic engagement, to support young people facing an uncertain world and increasing incidences of mental health issues. The Foundation's youth programmes span 34 locations in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and the Americas. In 2023, almost 350 Company volunteers participated, and the programmes directly reached 16,805 students. The fifth edition of the Moon Camp Challenge built on the success of previous years with 2,055 projects submitted by over 5,350 students from 39 countries, supported by nearly 495 teachers.

Protecting the future of our planet

During 2023, the community impact projects again focused primarily on employee awareness and action to preserve and restore local biodiversity. In Vietnam, the Company supported a community forest project in collaboration with the French Chamber of Commerce and Industry in Vietnam and Gaia Nature Conservation. 500 trees were planted by Company employees in Vietnam over 1.25 hectares of land in the Dong Nai Biosphere Reserve. The Company also saw emerging needs around education on sustainable development topics. Following a school-based pilot in 2022, the Company entered into a 2-year partnership with Ocean Generation to scale their Wavemakers programme which aims to reach and equip 3,000 young people aged 16-24 with accurate and science-based environmental information, encourage a solution focused mindset, and build confidence for them to take action on social and environmental issues within their areas of influence.

The Airbus Foundation continued its environment partnerships, focusing on climate change mitigation and monitoring, disaster prevention and protecting biodiversity. This included developing its collaboration with Connected Conservation Foundation through the "Satellites for Biodiversity" award that provided high resolution satellite data to three community-based organisations. Focus areas included informing local conservation management of Asian elephant habitat in Thailand's Sai Yok National Park and helping local communities protect vital habitats for the endangered Matschie tree kangaroo in Papua New Guinea. In addition, the Foundation entered the second phase of its 3-year project with IUCN, providing technical data, satellite images and project management to contribute to the validation of IUCN's forest restoration barometer. A new model developed in 2023, has delivered improved SAR imagery-machine learning methodology with 80-85% accuracy.

Employee engagement

The Company's Sustainability Ambassador network grew by 81% in 2023 with a total of 811 members representing all functions and located across 20 countries. A key enabler for awareness, engagement and culture change, the network was instrumental in engaging employees through the "+impact" platform through sustainability challenges such as 'Digital Clean Up' with employees recording almost 3000 positive actions across all challenges. Following its launch at the end of 2022, participation in the +impact platform grew from 4% to 12% of the employee population during the year. Generously donating towards multiple disaster relief appeals during the year, the Company's employees also worked together to participate in volunteering and fundraising actions around the world. A particular highlight was the charity run in Toulouse in partnership with La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, where more than 2000 employees participated in the event and over 40 employees volunteered in the preparations and on the day. In place for 22 years, the Lucky Pennies payroll giving initiative in Germany continued to grow, supporting 63 local projects during the year; and the Company's digital function supported an education project in Kenya, equipping a remote community school and training teachers to deliver ICT curriculum in accordance with government requirements. For a third year, the Airbus Foundation supported the Action Against Hunger global wellbeing event, Connected Against Hunger, enabling almost 4,000 employees to participate and raise funds for Action Against Hunger's lifesaving work.

V. Outlook

With a baseline now in place for its community impact philanthropic activities, the Company intends to evolve its strategy further towards a shared value approach, seeking new opportunities that bring both business and societal value to ensure scalable and sustainable impact. Activities will focus on social procurement, building and expanding on activity already well developed with 'disabled friendly' companies (see Responsible Supply Chain section), product and services development, and closely aligning with early careers programmes to expand equitable access to skills pathways.

Additional employee engagement mechanisms will also be introduced, including a 'mecenat de competence' (loan of skills to eligible organisations, such as non-profits) scheme for the Company's employees in France.

The Airbus Foundation is redefining its youth strategy to focus on the most vulnerable populations. In 2024 a call for proposals will be organised to seek new environmental partnerships in additional topic areas, and the Foundation's new partner, Ocean Polaire will begin the operational phase of its Polar Pod project.

6.1.17 ESG data board

ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE

	GRI	KPI	Unit	2023	2022	2021
Energy		Total energy consumption (excl. electricity generated by CHP on site for own use) ✔	GWh	3,646	3,690	3,739
		Energy intensity (per Total Revenues) ✔	GWh/bEUR	54.8	61.9	70.7
		Energy consumption from stationary sources and electricity ✔	GWh	2,540	2,586	2,709
		• of which purchased grid electricity and other energies (gas and other stationary fuels)	GWh	2,534	2,584	2,708
		Energy consumption from stationary sources ✔	GWh	1,098	1,180	1,343
		• natural gas	GWh	1,002	1,096	1,299
		• • of which bio-methane	GWh	120	21	10
		• heat generated from biomass	GWh	36	37	25
		• other fuels	GWh	60	46	19
		Energy consumption from electricity, heat and steam ✔	GWh	1,442	1,406	1,365
		• purchased electricity (incl. renewable or low carbon sources from grid)	GWh	1,298	1,283	1,231
	EN3	• • of which purchased electricity with REC/GoO ^*	GWh	576	596	414
	EN4	• purchased electricity from renewable sources PPA ^*	GWh	20.1	0.1	0.0
		• self-generated electricity from renewable sources	GWh	1.5	1.2	0.8
		• percentage renewable electricity	%	45.2%	46.5%	33.7%
		• heat and steam	GWh	122	121	134
		Energy consumption from mobile sources ✔	GWh	1,106	1,104	1,031
		• kerosene	GWh	757	715	681
		• • of which Sustainable Aviation Fuel	GWh	86	22	4
		• • % of SAF used in own operations	%	11.3%	3.1%	0.5%
		• • of which used in Beluga Transport	GWh	364	330	298
		• • of which used in flight test	GWh	393	385	382
		• road & maritime fuel used in Oversize Surface Transportation	GWh	311	351	321
		Energy consumption from renewable or low-carbon sources ✔	GWh	1,008	800	585
		Percentage energy from renewable or low-carbon sources	%	27.7%	21.7%	15.6%
Air emissions		Total Scope 1 + Scope 2 CO ₂ emissions (location based) ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	766	852	883
		Total Scope 1 + Scope 2 CO ₂ emissions "market-based" (location based net of REC) ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	645	757	805
	EN15	Scope 1&2 GHG intensity (per Total Revenues) ✔	gCO ₂ e/EUR	9.7	12.7	15.2
Scope 1&2	EN16	Total Scope 1 GHG emissions (1) ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	486	549	565
	EN18	• • of which from flight test	ktons CO ₂ e	97	99	99
		Total Scope 2 GHG emissions - location based ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	279	303	319
		Total Scope 2 GHG emissions - "market-based" (location based net of REC)✔	ktons CO ₂ e	159	208	240
		Indirect GHG emissions - Category 11 - Use of Sold Products: ^*
		• Commercial aircraft IEA-SDS SAF uptake ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	464,136	425,454	400,611
		• GHG efficiency for delivered commercial aircraft (as per SBTi-validated target) ^* ✔	gCO ₂ /pax.km	62.9	64.4	66.3
Scope 3	EN17	• Commercial aircraft - ("no SAF" scenario) ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	548,701	494,893	458,738
	EN18	• GHG efficiency for delivered commercial aircraft ("no SAF" scenario) ^* ✔	gCO ₂ /pax.km	74.3	74.9	75.9
		• Other products ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	8,646	10,993	9,586
		Indirect GHG emissions - Category 1 - Purchased Goods and Services ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	N/A	10,325	8,439
		Indirect GHG emissions - Category 6 - Business Travel ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	77	47	17
VOC	EN20	Total VOC emissions ^* ✔	tons	1,103	1,098	1,041
SOx		Total SOx emissions	tons	17	17	13
NOx		Total NOx emissions	tons	179	212	224
Other Information		Internal Carbon Pricing	EUR/ton	150	150	150
		CDP Rating (based on previous year disclosure)	Score	A-	A-	A-
Water		Total water withdrawal ✔	m3	3,535,867 3,687,717 3,347,368 3,699,762 4,563,138
		• • of which percentage purchased	%	78%	79%	79%
	EN8	• • of which percentage from surface water sources and collected rainwater	%	2%	2%	2%
		• • of which percentage from ground water sources	%	16%	16%	16%
		• • of which percentage from all areas with high water stress ^*	%	37%	37%	39%
	EN22	Total water discharge	m3	3,130,257 2,953,488 2,844,056 3,189,150 3,858,056
Waste		Total waste production, excluding exceptional waste ✔	tons	77,208	74,443	71,138
	EN23	• • of which percentage hazardous waste ^*	%	27%	25%	26%
		• • Material recovery rate ^* ✔	%	60%	61%	54%
		• • Energy recovery rate	%	19%	18%	20%
		• • Landfill and incineration without energy recovery rate	%	21%	21%	25%
EMS certification		Percentage of operations with ISO 14001 / EMAS certification (in % workforce)	%	87%	88%	88%
		Percentage of operations covered by reporting (in % workforce)	%	90%	92%	92%

	GRI	KPI	Unit	2020	2019
Energy		Total energy consumption (excl. electricity generated by CHP on site for own use) ✔	GWh	3,792	4,601
		Energy intensity (per Total Revenues) ✔	GWh/bEUR	75.4	64.0
		Energy consumption from stationary sources and electricity ✔	GWh	2,664	2,984
		• of which purchased grid electricity and other energies (gas and other stationary fuels)	GWh	2,663	2,983
		Energy consumption from stationary sources ✔	GWh	1,268	1,389
		• natural gas	GWh	1,228	1,345
		• • of which bio-methane	GWh	0	0
		• heat generated from biomass	GWh	24	27
		• other fuels	GWh	16	17
		Energy consumption from electricity, heat and steam ✔	GWh	1,396	1,595
		• purchased electricity (incl. renewable or low carbon sources from grid)	GWh	1,272	1,459
	EN3	• • of which purchased electricity with REC/GoO ^*	GWh	251	163
	EN4	• purchased electricity from renewable sources PPA ^*	GWh	0.0	0.0
		• self-generated electricity from renewable sources	GWh	0.9	0.2
		• percentage renewable electricity	%	19.8%	11.2%
		• heat and steam	GWh	123	135
		Energy consumption from mobile sources ✔	GWh	1,128	1,617
		• kerosene	GWh	711	1,061
		• • of which Sustainable Aviation Fuel	GWh	1	0
		• • % of SAF used in own operations	%	0.2%	0.0%
		• • of which used in Beluga Transport	GWh	290	421
		• • of which used in flight test	GWh	421	640
		• road & maritime fuel used in Oversize Surface Transportation	GWh	389	520
		Energy consumption from renewable or low-carbon sources ✔	GWh	398	323
		Percentage energy from renewable or low-carbon sources	%	10.5%	7.0%
Air emissions		Total Scope 1 + Scope 2 CO ₂ emissions (location based) ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	930	1,136
		Total Scope 1 + Scope 2 CO ₂ emissions "market-based" (location based net of REC) ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	875	1,100
	EN15	Scope 1&2 GHG intensity (per Total Revenues) ✔	gCO ₂ e/EUR	17.4	15.3
Scope 1&2	EN16	Total Scope 1 GHG emissions (1) ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	580	739
	EN18	• • of which from flight test	ktons CO ₂ e	109	165
		Total Scope 2 GHG emissions - location based ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	350	396
		Total Scope 2 GHG emissions - "market-based" (location based net of REC)✔	ktons CO ₂ e	295	361
		Indirect GHG emissions - Category 11 - Use of Sold Products: ^*
		• Commercial aircraft IEA-SDS SAF uptake ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	383,266	650,366
		• GHG efficiency for delivered commercial aircraft (as per SBTi-validated target) ^* ✔	gCO ₂ /pax.km	67.7	72.2
Scope 3	EN17	• Commercial aircraft - ("no SAF" scenario) ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	432,245	723,110
	EN18	• GHG efficiency for delivered commercial aircraft ("no SAF" scenario) ^* ✔	gCO ₂ /pax.km	76.4	80.3
		• Other products ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	NA	NA
		Indirect GHG emissions - Category 1 - Purchased Goods and Services ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	9,940	NA
		Indirect GHG emissions - Category 6 - Business Travel ^* ✔	ktons CO ₂ e	22	109
VOC	EN20	Total VOC emissions ^* ✔	tons	1,048	1,457
SOx		Total SOx emissions	tons	13	13
NOx		Total NOx emissions	tons	207	232
Other Information		Internal Carbon Pricing	EUR/ton	30	30
		CDP Rating (based on previous year disclosure)	Score	A-	B
Water		Total water withdrawal ✔	m3	3,535,867 3,687,717 3,347,368 3,699,762 4,563,138
		• • of which percentage purchased	%	78%	80%
	EN8	• • of which percentage from surface water sources and collected rainwater	%	2%	2%
		• • of which percentage from ground water sources	%	17%	15%
		• • of which percentage from all areas with high water stress ^*	%	40%	39%
	EN22 Total water discharge		m3	3,130,257 2,953,488 2,844,056 3,189,150 3,858,056
Waste		Total waste production, excluding exceptional waste ✔	tons	74,959	99,128
	EN23	• • of which percentage hazardous waste ^*	%	29%	27%
		• • Material recovery rate ^* ✔	%	51%	54%
		• • Energy recovery rate	%	21%	21%
		• • Landfill and incineration without energy recovery rate	%	28%	25%
EMS certification		Percentage of operations with ISO 14001 / EMAS certification (in % workforce)	%	88%	87%
		Percentage of operations covered by reporting (in % workforce)	%	92%	92%

✔: 2023 data verified by EY® & Associés. Limited assurance report issued by EY® & Associés is available on the Company's website. Scope of reporting: Reported data covers 81 sites. Company's environmental reporting guidelines include sites worldwide with a workforce on-site higher or equal to 100 employees. Only 100% consolidated entities are taken into account with the exception of ATR and Tianjin operations.

^* Methodology and assumptions:

Emissions restatements: 2019-2023 figures as well as 2015 baseline of related targets were restated following the refinement of emission factors. 2022 market-based scope 2 restatement also included the correction of REC accounting, mainly for four sites.

Energy - Purchased electricity from renewable sources: Power Purchase Agreements ("PPA") - it is a contract under which a legal entity agrees to purchase renewable electricity directly from an electricity producer. For the Company this means purchase of electricity from predefined renewable production facilities and/or purchase of electricity from renewable electricity generation facilities that can be built near to a Company site and that is connected to the site via and the direct wire.

Energy - Purchased electricity from renewable sources REC/GoO: Renewable Electricity Certificates ("REC") or Guarantees of Origin ("GoO") - is an energy certificate representing 1MWh which has the sole function of providing evidence to a final customer that a given share or quantity of energy was produced from renewable sources. For the Company, this represents the electricity bought from the grid with energy certificates evidencing that a given share or quantity of energy was produced from renewable sources.

Air Emissions - Scope 1 & 2 - SAF emissions were computed according to the formula set by the ICAO and sustainability certificates.

Air Emissions - Scope 1 & 2 - "market-based" (location based net of REC): location based with purchased guarantees of origin deduced. The Company is working towards improving data collection and market-based methodology implementation. Meanwhile, this metric is used by the Company to measure its progress towards its 2030 target, in order to be able to take into account the contribution of its electricity sourcing on its industrial decarbonisation target. However, this refining of methodology is expected to trigger restatements in the coming years, including of the 2015 baseline).

Air Emissions - Scope 3 - Use of sold products. The main contribution of the Company's value chain on climate change comes from the use of sold products and the Company reports in-use emissions of the products it delivers (Scope 3 - Use of sold products). This started in 2020 with the disclosure of emissions from commercial aircraft products, and was extended to other products from 2021, namely civil helicopters initially and military aircraft and helicopters in 2022, further complemented by satellites in 2023. The Company will continue to progressively extend the scope of reporting to other families of products, for which the calculation methodologies are still under development. Nevertheless, current results and advanced estimations have shown that the vast majority (over 90%) of the Scope 3 - Use of Sold Product impact of the Company's products is due to the commercial aircraft family of products, and that this situation is unlikely to change once all the product families will have been assessed.

Additional methodology information:

―

The Company's emission calculation methodology was developed by a team consisting of key personnel from the engineering and environment departments to be aligned with the guidance provided by the Greenhouse Gas Protocol. The external auditor performed a review of the calculation methodology applied by the Company and assessed the reasonableness of the supporting assumptions.

―

The Company has used a number of assumptions based on internal and external information including assumptions based on publicly-available data.

―

For all products:

―	The estimation includes CO ₂ emissions only. Emissions related to CH4 and N2O were excluded given the very low levels produced by modern aircraft engines. Emissions related to NOx were estimated and excluded given the uncertainty related to the NOx emission factors and the relatively low contribution of this emission stream.
―	CO ₂ emission factors for kerosene are the ICAO internationally recognised lifecycle emission factor to be used for baseline fossil jet fuels (3.846 kg CO ₂ e per kg of fuel for fossil Jet-A /Jet-A1). This factor represents a "well to wake" life cycle analysis to assess the overall greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts of a fuel including each stage of its production and use.

―

For commercial aircraft: assumptions include the aircraft load factor (82.5%), aircraft operational usage and average in-service lifetime. Primary data collected within the Company was also used, such as aircraft performance and configuration parameters. Emissions related to commercial aircraft engine start and taxiing have been included, however, emissions from the Auxiliary Power Units (APU) and ground handling equipment have been excluded. For the purpose of this calculation, the Company integrated into commercial aircraft Scope 3 the likely usage of SAF over the product lifetime, as per the IEA-SDS assumptions. Other operating conditions of the aircraft were considered to be static over the whole service life. In addition, the Company reports for reference an indicative figure based on a zero SAF usage. A330-200 deliveries destined to A330-MRTT conversion were excluded from the commercial aircraft perimeter and included in the military aircraft perimeter as part of the "other products" category.

―

For other products:

―	Helicopters: assumptions include activity data from Company's customer services of helicopter operations such as flight hours per year and region where the helicopter is operated. Direct emissions and indirect emissions from jet fuel production are included over the product's entire service life. Impact of SAF is not considered.
―	Military aircraft: flight hours and mission profiles vary significantly depending on conflicts and humanitarian crises. The estimation assumes the largest number of flight hours each aircraft has been designed for in its lifetime. Impact of SAF is not considered.
―	Satellites: The estimation includes satellites delivered to external customers in 2023 and accounts for emissions linked to the production of the satellites' propellant as well as emissions associated with the launch into space (launcher's propellant production and combustion). Emissions linked to the use of the satellites' propellant are not included as they occur outside of the atmosphere and therefore do not contribute to global warming. Emissions linked to the reception, processing and usage of satellite data on the ground are not included.

Air Emissions - Scope 3 GHG efficiency for delivered commercial aircraft (as per SBTi-validated target). Includes the emissions related to the upstream fuel production and considers the likely usage of SAF over the product lifetime, as per the IEA-SDS assumption.

Air Emissions - Scope 3 Purchased Goods and Services. TThe Company bases its evaluation on the IAEG guidance thus aligning with a sectoral approach. More precisely the Company uses the "spend based" approach allocating emissions to each purchase expense. While this method embeds a certain degree of uncertainty, considered high by the IAEG on a certain number of emissions factors used in the methodology, it provides a relevant view of the sources of GHG emissions in the Company's supply chain and enables comparison of the various Company's scopes throughout its value chain. The calculation will be refined in future years as better quality data becomes available. Adjustments can be expected in future disclosures as the Company intends to further refine its computation, especially integrating mass-based information as data becomes available.

Air Emissions - Scope 3 Indirect GHG emissions Business Travel: Worldwide air travels of Europe-based employees.

Air Emissions - VOC: 2023 VOC emissions data is estimated. 2023 actuals will be consolidated in April 2024.

Water - Areas with high water stress: areas identified with high or extremely high water stress as defined by the Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, "baseline" (Aqueduct version 3.0 for the 2022 and previous data and Aqueduct version 4.0 -updated in August 2023- for the 2023 data).

Waste - Hazardous waste: waste displays one or more of the hazardous properties listed: "Explosive"; "Oxidising"; "Highly flammable"; "Flammable"; "Irritant"; "Harmful"; "Toxic"; "Carcinogenic"; "Corrosive"; "Infectious"; "Toxic for reproduction"; "Mutagenic"; "Sensitizing"; "Ecotoxic", "Pressurised gas".

Waste - Material recovery: any operation wherein products, components of products, or materials that have become waste are prepared to fulfil a purpose in place of new products, components, or materials that would otherwise have been used for that purpose. 2023 material and energy recovery rates will be refined when final waste treatment information of year-end waste - representing about 15% of total - will be provided by waste collector companies. Meanwhile, unavailable information was estimated using 2023 actual breakdown ratios of the 85% available data.

Waste - Exceptional waste: Waste coming from construction/deconstruction of buildings and installations dismembering, from accident/incident caused by external and out of Company's control origin (e.g. fire, chemical spill/pollution, etc.), or from climate events on a non-regular basis.

SOCIAL PERFORMANCE

WORKFORCE	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Total number of employees ✔	147,893	134,267	126,495	131,349	134,931
By business segment ✔
• Commercial aircraft activities	90,032	79,134	73,560	78,487	80,985
• Airbus Helicopters	22,336	20,803	20,126	20,026	20,024
• Airbus Defence and Space	35,525	34,330	32,809	32,836	33,922
By geographic area ✔
• France	52,621	48,238	45,931	48,231	49,143
• Germany	50,418	44,898	42,972	45,568	45,638
• Spain	13,741	12,899	11,881	11,828	12,637
• UK	10,298	9,858	9,368	9,846	11,109
• US	4,546	3,751	3,150	2,980	3,151
• Canada	4,818	4,287	3,788	3,634	3,668
• China	799	762	698	613	653
• Other countries	10,652	9,574	8,707	8,649	8,932
% of active workforce employees
located in Europe	88.6%	88.6%	89.1%
By age ✔
• <30 years old	16,905	13,171	11,120	12,135	13,862
• 30-50 years old	91,407	83,964	79,985	81,709	82,552
• >50 years old	39,581	37,132	35,390	37,505	38,517

	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
% Part time employees	3.90	3.99	4.34	4.36	4.43
By contract type
• Unlimited	142,961	131,307	122,950	128,151	130,591
• Limited contract > 3 months	4,932	2,960	3,156	3,198	4,340
By nationality
• French	34.6%	35.0%	35.4%
• German	31.1%	30.7%	31.5%
• Spanish	10.5%	10.7%	10.3%
• British	6.9%	7.4%	7.7%
• From other countries	17.0%	16.2%	15.1%
Total number of nationalities	154	147	138
Newcomers	17,533	13,946	5,655	5,463	11,270
• Core Divisions	8,738	8,231	2,817	2,413	6,643
• Subsidiaries	8,795	5,715	2,838	3,050	4,627
Leavers (incl. partial retirement)	5,440	6,428	9,394	7,796	5,842
• Core Divisions	2,627	3,365	5,632	4,675	2,902
• Subsidiaries	2,813	3,063	3,762	3,121	2,940
Attrition Rate
• Core Divisions	2.8%	3.8%	5.9%	4.6%	2.9%
• Subsidiaries	5.7%	7.8%	12.2%	9.4%	8.4%
• Total	3.8%	5.0%	7.4%	5.8%	4.3%

GENDER DIVERSITY	2023	2022	2021	2020
% Women in total active workforce ✔	20%	20%	19%	18%
% women per category
• on Board of Directors	33%	33%	25%	25%
• on Executive Committee	25%	25%	25%	16%
• in Senior mgmt - Executives	20%	16%	14%	13%
• in "Level IV" managers	18%	17%	16%	14%
• Newcomers	25%	27%	22%	26%

	2023	2022	2021	2020
By geographic area
• France	22.2%	21.4%	21.2%	20.5%
• Germany	16.4%	16.2%	16.4%	15.3%
• Spain	24.6%	24.0%	22.7%	22.3%
• UK	14.6%	14.0%	12.9%	13.5%
• US	23.5%	22.5%	22.4%	22.4%
• Other countries	23.6%	22.4%	21.0%	20.9%

PEOPLE DEVELOPMENT	2023	2022	2021 2020
Number of classroom training ✔	163,194	116,363	78,984	78,443
Number of digital training ✔	2,052,149 1,645,816		967,495	752,702
Total training hours ✔	2.2mn	1.7mn	1.2mn	1million
Average training hours per employee	17	15	11	10.6
• for women	15	14	9	8
• for men	17	16	11	10
• for production employees	22	19	15	14
• for non-production employees	15	14	10	8
Internal mobilities	>10,700	11460	>10,400	>7,000

LABOUR RELATIONS	2023	2022	2021	2020
Number of meetings with SE-WC	5	7	12	8
% of workforce covered by collective
• bargaining agreements	~ 80%	~ 80%	~ 80%

Note: figures are based on the active workforce, i.e. the number of permanent and short-term employees, irrespective of their individual working times, and having worked in the last 30 days. The headcount is calculated according to the consolidation quota of the respective companies. The scope for HR structure reporting covers 100% of the Company's total active workforce from consolidated companies. Workforce and breakdowns metrics are figures at year-end. Other metrics cover civil year periods, except for training related metrics with reporting periods going from October 1st to September 30th.

✔: 2023 data verified by EY® & Associés. Limited assurance report issued by EY® & Associés is available on the Company's website.

PRODUCT SAFETY	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Fatal accident rate industry-wide Gen4✔	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.04	0.05
% SMS officers nominated ✔	100%	100%	100%	1	-
% SMS officers trained ✔	100%	100%	100%	1	-

CYBER SECURITY	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Number of data breaches reported to data authorities	1	0	1	1	-
Percentage involving confidential information	1	-	100%	1	-
Cyber security awareness training e-learning participation		107,808	67,475	10,328	-

HEALTH & SAFETY	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate ✔	2.21	2.23	3.29
Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate - commercial aircraft business	2.31	2.25	4.31	5	-
Number of Near-miss reports - commercial aircraft business	37,836	28,925	19,305	-	-
Loss Time Injury Severity rate - FISH perimeter ✔	0.122	0.117	-	-	-
Number of health and safety specific training hours delivered ✔	304,420	286,815	128,795	103,070	148,000
Number of industrial safety training hours delivered	55,266	17,301
Number of employees who received Health & Safety training ✔	112,652	90,490	28,144	37,599	20,900
Number of employees having attended "EH&S Certificate modules 1 & 2" ✔	1,763	2,214	1,309	418	-
Number of employees having attended "EH&S Certificate modules 3 & 4" ✔	97
Helpline + Occupational Health consultations for mental health issues, irrespective of cause	12,007
Estimate of core entities certified to ISO45001 or similar standard	~one third	~one third	~one third	-	-
Estimate of workforce covered by ISO45001 or similar certified system	~25%	25%	0	-	-

HUMAN RIGHTS	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
% of investigations completed or in progress - following reports of concerns linked to human rights, including forced and child labour and other labour rights.	100%	100%	100%	1	-
% of sites having undertaken a social assessment - % of the Company's sites with over 100 employees, cumulative since 2020, undergoing a social assessment including human and labour rights (based on number of in scope sites at 2020).	51	29	10	6	-
% of findings closed within 18-months (following social assessments including human and labour rights, carried out on the Company's sites)	100%	100%	100%	1	-
Number of participants to human rights trainings (Cumulative since 2020 number of participants who have completed e-learning modules on human rights and modern slavery; reporting period: 1 Oct - 30 Sep) ✔	96,714	6,955	5,789	4,943	-
Number of alerts of human rights concern from within the Company's supply chain (covering forced and child labour and other labour rights identified through the Supplier Compliance Review, media screening, NGO reports or employees).	59	28	4	5	-

BUSINESS INTEGRITY	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Number of employees per appointed Ethics & Compliance Representatives	338	360	372	390	-
Number of employees per appointed Export Control Point of Contact	242	236	-	-	-
% of employees (non-Exec) who have completed the E&C training objective	96%	96%	90%	1	-
Number of E&C e-learning sessions taken by employees ✔	525,280	290,178	284,774	309,682	-
Of which Export Control e-learning sessions delivered to employees	367,187	149,426	-	-
Number of privacy e-learning sessions delivered to employees (Reporting period: from 1 Oct to 30 Sep.)	9,255	3,181	9,327	35,073	-
Investigative requests received during the year	1,200	847	-	-	-
• of which Compliance-related investigative requests	764	323	-	-	-
• of which HR-related investigative requests	436	524	-	-	-

SUPPLY CHAIN	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Sourcing volume (m€)	~49,000	48,185	37,906	40,712	53,400
Number of suppliers	~19,000	18,000	18,000	21,000	23,000
Split by Division (%)
• Commercial aircraft activities	82%	77%	77%	76%	84%
• Airbus Helicopters	6%	9%	8%	8%	6%
• Airbus Defence and Space	12%	14%	15%	15%	10%
Percentage of sourcing volume covered by supplier commitment to the Supplier Code of Conduct
Percentage of sourcing volume of suppliers invited to CDP who have responded
Percentage of responding suppliers to the CDP scoring A or B
Percentage of identified high risk suppliers, who have undergone a sustainability assessment ✔
Percentage of assessed suppliers not meeting Company's sustainability expectations
Percentage of action plans defined for suppliers not meeting Company's sustainability expectations
Number of sustainability alerts
Number of suppliers registered into Digitalization of Supplier Substance data collection tool

	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Split by region
• EU	67%	69%	74%	74%	59%
• North America	26%	24%	19%	19%	27%
• Asia pacific	6%	6%	6%	6%	8%
• Other regions	<1%	<1%	<1%	<1%	6%
Number of countries	>90	90	90	88	>100
Percentage of sourcing volume covered by supplier commitment to the Supplier Code of Conduct	90%	86%	1	NA	-
Percentage of sourcing volume of suppliers invited to CDP who have responded	80%	78%	68%	56%	-
Percentage of responding suppliers to the CDP scoring A or B	N/A	66%	53%	56%	-
Percentage of identified high risk suppliers, who have undergone a sustainability assessment ✔	37.6%	100%	95%	63%	-
Percentage of assessed suppliers not meeting Company's sustainability expectations	11%	16%	13%	12%	-
Percentage of action plans defined for suppliers not meeting Company's sustainability expectations	50%	31%	15%	NA	-
Number of sustainability alerts	133	43	12	5	-
Number of suppliers registered into Digitalization of Supplier Substance data collection tool	936	298	-	-	-

COMMUNITY IMPACT	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Number of Sustainability Ambassadors	811	448	207	-
% of employees onboarded to the +impact platform	12%	4%

Note: Metrics cover civil year periods, except for training related metrics with reporting periods going from October 1st to September 30th. ✔: 2023 data verified by EY® & Associés. Limited assurance report issued by EY® & Associés is available on the Company's website.

GOVERNANCE

BOARD OF DIRECTORS	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Number of independent directors	11	11	11	11	11
Number of executive directors	1	1	1	1	1
Number of women	4	4	3	3	3
Number of men	8	8	9	9	9
Average age	61	60	60	59	59
Number of nationalities	7	7	7	7	7
Average tenure	6	4.9	4.5	3.5	4

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Number of women	3	3	3	2	2
Number of men	9	9	-	-	-
Number of Executive Committees	4	4	4	4	4

	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Number of Board meetings	9	13	7	13	11
% average attendance	95%	96%	98%	97%	91.00%
Number of Audit Committee	6	5	5	5	7
Number of RNGC	4	5	5	4	7
Number of ECC/ECSC	4	4	6	4	6

SHAREHOLDING	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
Free Float	73.82%	74.06%	74.06%	73.97%	73.94%
GZBV (German State)	10.84%	10.87%	10.90%	10.93%	10.94%
SEPI (Spanish State)	4.09%	4.10%	4.11%	4.12%	4.13%
SOGEPA (French State)	10.86%	10.89%	10.92%	10.95%	10.96%
Airbus SE	0.38%

SUSTAINABILITY-LINKED REMUNERATION	2023	2022	2021	2020	2019
CEO and Executives variable remuneration - common collective component, paid following the end of financial year
R&S KPI 1	LTIFR1	LTIFR1	LTIFR1	LTIFR1
Weight	10%	10%	10%	20%
R&S KPI 2	CO ₂	CO ₂	CO ₂	-
Weight	10%	10%	10%

6.1.18 TCFD Correspondence Table

	See Company's report sections	See CDP Climate Change
		Questionnaire ^* items
Governance
Describe the board's oversight of climate-related risks and opportunities.	- 6.1.1 the Company's approach to sustainability	C1.1a, C1.1b, C1.1d
Describe management's role in assessing and managing climate-related risks and opportunities	- 6.1.2 Climate change	C1.2
Strategy
Describe the climate-related risks and opportunities the organisation has identified over the short, medium, and long term	- 4.6 Risk Factors - Environment, Human Rights,	C2.3, C2.3a, C2.4, C2.4a
Describe the impact of climate-related risks and opportunities on the organisation's businesses, strategy, and financial planning.	Health & Safety Risks - 6.1.2 Climate Change	C2.3a, C2.4a, C3.1, C3.3, C3.4, C3.5
Describe the resilience of the organisation's strategy, taking into consideration different climate-related scenarios, including a 2°C or lower scenario	- see the "Notes to the IFRS Consolidated Financial Statements" (Note 3: Climate impacts)	C3.2, C3.2a, C3.2b
Risk management
Describe the organisation's processes for identifying and assessing climate-related risks.	- 4.5 Enterprise Risk	C2.1, C2.1a, C2.1b, C2.2, C2.2a
Describe the organisation's processes for managing climate-related risks.	Management System	C2.1, C2.2, C4.3, C4.3a, C4.3b, C4.3c,
	- 6.1.1 the Company's	C4.5, C4.5a
Describe how processes for identifying, assessing, and managing climate-related risks are integrated into the organisation's overall risk management.	approach to sustainability	C2.1, C2;1b, C2.2
	- 6.1.2 Climate change
Metrics and targets
Disclosure of the metrics used by the organisation to assess climate-related risks and opportunities in line with its strategy and risk management process.	- 6.1.2 Climate change	C1.3, C1.3a, C4.2,C8.1, C8.2, C8.2a, C8.2b, C8.2c, C8.2d, C8.2e, C8.2g, C8.5, C9.1, C9.3, C9.6a, C11.1a, C11.1b, C11.1d, C11.2a, C11.3a,
Disclose Scope 1, Scope 2, and if appropriate, Scope 3 greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the related risks.	- 6.1.17 ESG data board, section Environmental performance / Emissions	C5, C5.1, C5.1a, C5.1b, C5.1c, C5.2, C5.3, C6.1, C6.2, C6.3, C6.4, C6.5, C6.5a, C6.7, C6.7a, C6.10, C7.1, C7.1a, C7.2, C7.3, C7.3a, C7.4, C7.5, C7.6, C7.6a, C7.7, C7.8a, C7.8b
Describe the targets used by the organisation to manage climate-related risks and opportunities and performance against		C4.1, C4.1a, C4.1b, C4.2a

^* CDP Climate Change Questionnaire is available on Airbus website and CDP website┐.

6.1.19 EU Taxonomy

Foreword

In November 2023, the European Commission officially published a delegated act for the EU Taxonomy Regulation including a set of criteria for aviation. Aviation is recognised as a transitional activity, supported by the decarbonisation potential brought by the latest generation of commercial aircraft through the replacement of the current fleet and the importance of an ambitious SAF ramp up, as well as by "zero direct tailpipe CO ₂ emissions" technologies, which are the cornerstones of the Company's transition plan. Given the Company's product portfolio, the vast majority (see details in "Regulatory disclosure" section below) of amounts reported under EU Taxonomy are expected to be related to the "Manufacturing of aircraft", amongst the eligible amounts corresponding to the latest generation of commercial aircraft contributing substantially to climate change mitigation.

Accordingly, for 2023 and including all reported activities, the Company reports eligible revenues of €59 billion (91%), CapEx of €2.3 billion (77%), and OpEx of €3 billion (93%).

Based on the regulatory timeline, alignment of "Manufacturing of aircraft" is to be reported from January 1st 2025. As a result, the tables below for 2023 do not include any alignment amount related to this activity. According to the published technical screening criteria related to "Manufacturing of aircraft" for substantial contribution to climate change mitigation, the Company estimates that, amongst the eligible amounts corresponding to the latest generation of commercial aircraft (i.e. about 70% of eligible revenue), above 50% could meet the related technical screening criteria for substantial contribution to the climate change mitigation objective. This latter figure corresponds to the fleet replacement ratio as estimated by the Company integrating methodological elements defined by the regulation (see "Future Developments" section below). Alignment will also be subject to meeting all Do No Significant Harm ("DNSH") and Minimum Safeguard criteria. See more detailed information in that accompanying information below.

Regulatory disclosure

The EU Taxonomy is a classification system establishing a list of environmentally sustainable economic activities defined by the EU Taxonomy Regulation ¹⁰. The EU Taxonomy Regulation focuses on six environmental objectives ¹¹ and defines overarching conditions that an economic activity must meet to be considered environmentally sustainable. The EU Taxonomy aims to direct investments towards sustainable projects and activities in order to meet the EU's climate and energy targets and reach the objectives of the European Green Deal.

As the Company is in the scope of the Non-Financial Reporting Directive, the EU Taxonomy Regulation is also applicable to the Company, and therefore must disclose information on the extent to which activities carried out can be considered environmentally sustainable economic activities within the meaning of the EU Taxonomy.

Technical screening criteria ("TSC") have been progressively defined against the six environmental objectives, firstly under the Climate Delegated Act ¹² which became applicable as of 1 January 2022 and the Complementary Climate Delegated Act ¹³ which became applicable as of 1 January 2023. The EU Commission adopted in 2023 the Delegated Act for economic activities substantially contributing to objectives other than climate-related ones ('Environmental Delegated Act' ¹⁴ ) and the amendments to the Climate Delegated Act ¹⁵ to add additional economic activities and criteria, including aviation-related ones.

The lately adopted texts, applicable from January 2024, bring disclosure obligations on these newly added activities in terms of eligibility - covering FY 2023 -, whilst alignment (assessment against the TSC) should be covered for FY 2024. Eligibility and alignment for previously covered activities continue to apply. In order to be aligned with the EU Taxonomy, an eligible activity has to comply with i) the Substantial Contribution criteria; ii) the DNSH criteria; and iii) the minimum safeguards.

EU Taxonomy assessment over FY 2023

The Company performed an analysis of its exposure to taxonomy-eligible activities referenced in the applicable Delegated Acts and has conducted an assessment of compliance with the relevant TSC, including DNSH criteria and the minimum safeguards. The results of this assessment have been included in the following sections (EU Taxonomy KPIs and EU Taxonomy KPIs accompanying information). The Company has performed these calculations based on consolidated information while it is still working on further improving financial data tagging to enable improved reporting in upcoming disclosures. The Company's approach will be refined as additional official guidance on EU Taxonomy implementation and interpretation becomes available.

EU Taxonomy KPIs Proportion of Turnover from Products or Services Associated with Taxonomy-aligned Economic Activities - Disclosure covering Year 2023

Financial year N	Year			Substantial contribution criteria
Economic activities (1)	Code (a) (2)	Turnover (3)	Proportion of Turnover year N (4)	SC5 (5)	SC6 (6)	SC7 (7)
Text		Currency In m €	%	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
Turnover of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)		0	%	%	%	%
Of which enabling		0	%	%	%	%
Of which transitional		0	%	%
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (g)
				EL; N/EL (f)	EL; N/EL (f)	EL; N/EL (f)
Manufacturing of aircraft (c)	CCM 3.21	59 482	91%	EL	N/EL	N/EL
Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)		59 482	91%
A. Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)		59 482	91%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES				SC5 - Climate change mitigation SC6 - Climate change adaptation SC7 - Water SC8 - Pollution SC9 - Circular economy SC10 - Biodiversity
Turnover of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities		5 964	9%
Total		65 446	100%

Financial year N	Substantial contribution criteria			DNSH criteria ('Does Not Significantly Harm'(h)
Economic activities	SC8	SC9	SC10	DN11	DN12	DN13
(1)	(8)	(9)	(9)	(11)	(12)	(13)
Text	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
Turnover of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)	%	%	%	Y	Y	Y
Of which enabling	%	%	%	Y	Y	Y
Of which transitional				Y	Y	Y
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (g)
	EL;	EL;	EL;
	N/EL (f)	N/EL (f)	N/EL (f)
Manufacturing of aircraft (c)	N/EL	N/EL	N/EL
Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)
A. Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	SC5 - Climate change mitigation			DN11 - Climate change mitigation
	SC6 - Climate change adaptation			DN12 - Climate change adaptation
SC7 - Water			DN13 - Water
SC8 - Pollution			DN14 - Pollution
SC9 - Circular economy			DN15 - Circular economy
SC10 - Biodiversity			DN16 - Biodiversity
Turnover of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities
Total

Financial year N	DNSH criteria ('Does Not Significantly Harm'(h)
Economic activities	DN14	DN15	DN16	MS17	Proportion of Taxonomy aligned (A.1) or -eligible (A.2) turnover, year N-1	Cat19
(1)	(14)	(15)	(16)		(18)
Text	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N	%	E
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
Turnover of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)	Y	Y	Y	Y	0%
Of which enabling	Y	Y	Y	Y	0%	E
Of which transitional	Y	Y	Y	Y	0%
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (g)
Manufacturing of aircraft (c)					0%
Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)					0%
A. Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)					0%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	DN11 - Climate change mitigation			MS17 - Minimum safeguards
	DN12 - Climate change adaptation			Cat19 - Category enabling activity
DN13 - Water			Cat20 - Category transitional
DN14 - Pollution			activity
	DN15 - Circular economy
	DN16 - Biodiversity
Turnover of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities
Total

Financial year N
Economic activities (1)	Cat20
Text	T
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
Turnover of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)
Of which enabling
Of which transitional	T
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (g)
Manufacturing of aircraft (c)
Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)
A. Turnover of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	MS17 - Minimum safeguards Cat19 - Category enabling activity Cat20 - Category transitional activity
Turnover of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities
Total

(a) The Code constitutes the abbreviation of the relevant objective to which the economic activity is eligible to make a substantial contribution, as well as the section number of the activity in the relevant Annex covering the objective, i.e.: Climate Change Mitigation: CCM; Climate Change Adaptation: CCA; Water and Marine Resources: WTR; Circular Economy: CE; Pollution Prevention and Control: PPC; Biodiversity and ecosystems: BIO.

(b) Y - Yes, Taxonomy-eligible and Taxonomy-aligned activity with the relevant environmental objective; N - No, Taxonomy-eligible but not Taxonomy-aligned activity with the relevant environmental objective; N/EL - Not eligible, Taxonomy-non-eligible activity for the relevant environmental objective.

(c) Where an economic activity contributes substantially to multiple environmental objectives, the most relevant environmental objective for the purpose of computing the KPIs of financial undertakings while avoiding double counting is indicated in bold. The extent of eligibility and alignment per environmental objective, that includes alignment with each of environmental objectives for activities contributing substantially to several objectives, is reported in the left table.

(d) The same activity may align with only one or more environmental objectives for which it is eligible.

(e) The same activity may be eligible and not aligned with the relevant environmental objectives.

(f) EL - Taxonomy-eligible activity for the relevant objective N/EL - Taxonomy-non-eligible activity for the relevant objective.

(g) Activities are reported in Section A.2 of this template only if they are not aligning to any environmental objective for which they are eligible. Activities that align to at least one environmental objective are reported in Section A.1 of this template.

(h) For an activity to be reported in Section A.1 all DNSH criteria and minimum safeguards shall be met. For activities listed under A2, columns (5) to (17) are filled in on a voluntary basis. The substantial contribution and DNSH criteria that they meet or do not meet may be indicated in Section A.2 by using: (a) for substantial contribution - Y/N and N/EL codes instead of EL and N/EL; and (b) for DNSH - Y/N codes.

	Proportion of turnover / total turnover
	Taxonomy-aligned per objective	Taxonomy-eligibled per objective
CCM	0%	91%
CCA	0%	0%
WTR	0%	0%
CE	0%	0%
PPC	0%	0%
BIO	0%	0%

EU Taxonomy KPIs Proportion of CapEx from Products or Services Associated with Taxonomy-aligned Economic Activities - Disclosure Covering Year 2023

Financial year N	Year			Substantial contribution criteria
Economic activities (1)	Code (a) (2)	CapEx (3)	Proportion of CapEx year N (4)	SC5 (5)	SC6 (6)	SC7 (7)
Text		Currency	%	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
CapEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)		0	0%	%	%	%
Of which enabling		0	0%	%	%	%
Of which transitional		0	%	%
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (g)
				EL; N/EL (f)	EL; N/EL (f)	EL; N/EL (f)
Manufacturing of aircraft	CCM 3.21	2 275	75%	EL	N/EL	N/EL
Production of heat and cool from bioenergy(c)(d)	CCM 4.24 / CCA 4.24	8	0%	EL	EL	N/EL
Installation, maintenance and repair of energy efficiency equipment	CCM 7.3 / CCA 7.3	17	1%	EL	EL	N/EL
Installation, maintenance and repair of renewable energy technologies	CCM 7.6 / CCA 7.6	4	0%	EL	EL	N/EL
Data processing, hosting and related activities	CCM 8.1	0	0%	EL	N/EL	N/EL
CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)		2 304	76%	%	%	%
A. CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)		2 304	76%	%	%	%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES				SC5 - Climate change mitigation SC6 - Climate change adaptation SC7 - Water SC8 - Pollution SC9 - Circular economy SC10 - Biodiversity
CapEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities		748	24%
Total		3 052	100%

Financial year N	Substantial contribution criteria			DNSH criteria ('Does Not Significantly Harm') (h)
Economic activities	SC8	SC9	SC10	DN11	DN12	DN13
(1)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)
Text	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
CapEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)	%	%	%	Y	Y	Y
Of which enabling	%	%	%	Y	Y	Y
Of which transitional				Y	Y	Y
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (g)
	EL;	EL;	EL;
	N/EL (f)	N/EL (f)	N/EL (f)
Manufacturing of aircraft	N/EL	N/EL	N/EL
Production of heat and cool from bioenergy(c)(d)	N/EL	N/EL	N/EL
Installation, maintenance and repair of energy efficiency equipment	N/EL	N/EL	N/EL
Installation, maintenance and repair of renewable energy technologies	N/EL	N/EL	N/EL
Data processing, hosting and related activities	N/EL	N/EL	N/EL
CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)	%	%	%
A. CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)	%	%	%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	SC5 - Climate change mitigation			DN11 - Climate change mitigation
	SC6 - Climate change adaptation			DN12 - Climate change adaptation
SC7 - Water			DN13 - Water
SC8 - Pollution			DN14 - Pollution
SC9 - Circular economy			DN15 - Circular economy
SC10 - Biodiversity			DN16 - Biodiversity
CapEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities
Total

Financial year N	DNSH criteria ('Does Not Significantly Harm') (h)
Economic activities	DN14	DN15	DN16	MS17	Proportion of Taxonomy aligned (A.1) or -eligible (A.2) CapEx year N-1	Cat19
(1)	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)	(18)
Text	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N	%	E
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
CapEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)	Y	Y	Y	Y	%
Of which enabling	Y	Y	Y	Y	%	E
Of which transitional	Y	Y	Y	Y	%
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (g)
Manufacturing of aircraft					0%
Production of heat and cool from bioenergy(c)(d)					0%
Installation, maintenance and repair of energy efficiency equipment					1%
Installation, maintenance and repair of renewable energy technologies					0%
Data processing, hosting and related activities					1%
CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)					2%
A. CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)					2%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	DN11 - Climate change mitigation			MS17 - Minimum safeguards
	DN12 - Climate change adaptation			Cat19 - Category (enabling activity or)
DN13 - Water			Cat20 - Category '(transitional
DN14 - Pollution			activity)'
	DN15 - Circular economy
	DN16 - Biodiversity
CapEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities
Total

Financial year N
Economic activities (1)	Cat20
Text	T
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
CapEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)
Of which enabling
Of which transitional	T
A.2. Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (g)
Manufacturing of aircraft
Production of heat and cool from bioenergy(c)(d)
Installation, maintenance and repair of energy efficiency equipment
Installation, maintenance and repair of renewable energy technologies
Data processing, hosting and related activities
CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned) (A.2)
A. CapEx of Taxonomy-eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	MS17 - Minimum safeguards Cat19 - Category (enabling activity or) Cat20 - Category '(transitional activity)'
CapEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities
Total

(a) The Code constitutes the abbreviation of the relevant objective to which the economic activity is eligible to make a substantial contribution, as well as the section number of the activity in the relevant Annex covering the objective, i.e.: Climate Change Mitigation: CCM; Climate Change Adaptation: CCA; Water and Marine Resources: WTR; Circular Economy: CE; Pollution Prevention and Control: PPC; Biodiversity and ecosystems: BIO.

(b) Y - Yes, Taxonomy-eligible and Taxonomy-aligned activity with the relevant environmental objective; N - No, Taxonomy-eligible but not Taxonomy-aligned activity with the relevant environmental objective; N/EL - not eligible, Taxonomy-non-eligible activity for the relevant environmental objective.

(c) Where an economic activity contributes substantially to multiple environmental objectives, the most relevant environmental objective for the purpose of computing the KPIs of financial undertakings while avoiding double counting is indicated in bold. The extent of eligibility and alignment per environmental objective, that includes alignment with each of environmental objectives for activities contributing substantially to several objectives, is reported in the left table.

(d) The same activity may align with only one or more environmental objectives for which it is eligible.

(e) The same activity may be eligible and not aligned with the relevant environmental objectives.

(f) EL - Taxonomy-eligible activity for the relevant objective N/EL - Taxonomy-non-eligible activity for the relevant objective.

(g) Activities are reported in Section A.2 of this template only if they are not aligning to any environmental objective for which they are eligible. Activities that align to at least one environmental objective are reported in Section A.1 of this template.

(h) For an activity to be reported in Section A.1 all DNSH criteria and minimum safeguards shall be met. For activities listed under A2, columns (5) to (17) are filled in on a voluntary basis. The substantial contribution and DNSH criteria that they meet or do not meet may be indicated in Section A.2 by using: (a) for substantial contribution - Y/N and N/EL codes instead of EL and N/EL; and (b) for DNSH - Y/N codes.

	Proportion of CapEx / total CapEx
	Taxonomy-aligned per objective	Taxonomy-eligibled per objective
CCM	0%	76%
CCA	0%	1%
WTR	0%	0%
CE	0%	0%
PPC	0%	0%
BIO	0%	0%

EU Taxonomy KPIs Proportion of OpEx from Products or Services Associated with Taxonomy-aligned Economic Activities - Disclosure Covering year 2023

Financial year N	Year			Substantial contribution criteria
Economic activities (1)	Code (a) (2)	OpEx (3)	Proportion of OpEx year N (4)	SC5 (5)	SC6 (6)	SC7 (7)
Text		Currency	%	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
OpEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)		0	%	%	%	%
Of which enabling		0	%	%	%	%
Of which transitional		0	%	%
A.2 Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities)
				EL; N/EL (e)	EL; N/EL (e)	EL; N/EL (e)
Manufacturing of aircraft (d)	CCM 3.21	3 022	93%	EL	N/EL	N/EL
OpEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (A.2)			%	%	%	%
A. Opex of Taxonomy eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)			%	%	%	%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES				SC5 - Climate change mitigation SC6 - Climate change adaptation SC7 - Water SC8 - Pollution SC9 - Circular economy SC10 - Biodiversity
OpEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities (B)		235	7%
Total		3 257	100%

Financial year N	Substantial contribution criteria			DNSH criteria ('Does Not Significantly Harm') (f)
Economic activities (1)	SC8	SC9	SC10	DN11	DN12	DN13
	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)	(13)
Text	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y;N; N/EL (b)(c)	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
OpEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)	%	%	%	Y	Y	Y
Of which enabling	%	%	%	Y	Y	Y
Of which transitional				Y	Y	Y
A.2 Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities)
	EL; N/EL (e)	EL; N/EL (e)	EL; N/EL (e)
Manufacturing of aircraft (d)	N/E L	N/E L	N/EL
OpEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (A.2)	%	%	%
A. Opex of Taxonomy eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)	%	%	%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	SC5 - Climate change mitigation			DN11 - Climate change mitigation
	SC6 - Climate change adaptation					DN12 - Climate change adaptation
SC7 - Water					DN13 - Water
SC8 - Pollution					DN14 - Pollution
SC9 - Circular economy SC10 - Biodiversity			DN15 - Circular economy
		DN16 - Biodiversity
OpEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities (B)
Total

Financial year N	DNSH criteria ('Does Not Significantly Harm') (f)
Economic activities (1)	DN14	DN15	DN16	MS17	Proportion of Taxonomy-aligned (A.1) or-eligible (A.2) OpEx; year	Cat19
	(14)	(15)	(16)	(17)	N-1
					(18)
Text	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N	Y/N	%	E
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
OpEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)	Y	Y	Y	Y	%
Of which enabling	Y	Y	Y	Y	%	E
Of which transitional	Y	Y	Y	Y	%
A.2 Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities)
Manufacturing of aircraft (d)					0%
OpEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (A.2)					0%
A. Opex of Taxonomy eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)					0%
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	DN11 - Climate change mitigation			MS17 - Minimum safeguards
	DN12 - Climate change adaptation			Cat19 - Category enabling activity
DN13 - Water			Cat20 - Category transitional activity
	DN14 - Pollution
	DN15 - Circular economy
	DN16 - Biodiversity
OpEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities (B)
Total

Financial year N
Economic activities (1)	Cat20
Text	T
A. TAXONOMY-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES
A.1. Environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned)
OpEx of environmentally sustainable activities (Taxonomy-aligned) (A.1)
Of which enabling
Of which transitional	T
A.2 Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities)
Manufacturing of aircraft (d)
OpEx of Taxonomy-eligible but not environmentally sustainable activities (not Taxonomy-aligned activities) (A.2)
A. Opex of Taxonomy eligible activities (A.1 + A.2)
B. TAXONOMY-NON-ELIGIBLE ACTIVITIES	MS17 - Minimum safeguards Cat19 - Category enabling activity Cat20 - Category transitional activity
OpEx of Taxonomy-non-eligible activities (B)
Total